Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use 'must have + V3' when you are 95% sure something happened in the past based on evidence.
- Combine 'must' + 'have' + the past participle (V3) for all subjects: 'She must have left.'
- Use it for logical conclusions, not for past obligations: 'It must have rained' (evidence), not 'I must have gone' (duty).
- The negative 'must not have' is for negative certainties: 'He must not have seen you.'
Overview
must have + V3 という形です。これは、過去の出来事や状態について、強い論理的結論や高い確信を示すことができる、非常に強力な助動詞の形です。手元にある証拠に基づいて、「他に合理的な説明はない」と確信していることを示します。単に事実を述べる過去形とは異なり、must have + V3 は話者の推論を伝えます。例えば、空になったクッキーの瓶を見つけたら、「誰かがクッキーを全部食べちゃったに違いない」と結論付けるかもしれません。must は認識論的な用法で、論理的推論に基づいたほぼ確実であることを示します。直接的な知識がなくても、自信を持って過去の出来事を再構築することを可能にします。これは、義務を表す must（例: You must complete this task）とは異なります。have + V3（完了形）が付加されることで、この推論が過去のことであることが明確になります。must have + V3 の核心は、高い確信を示す助動詞 must と、過去の時間を示すマーカー have + V3 を組み合わせることです。このペアリングにより、話者は現在の視点から過去の出来事について確かな判断を下すことができます。その根底にある原則は、論理的必然性です。つまり、現在の証拠が過去の結論を避けられないものにしている、という考え方です。must have + V3 を使うことで、話者は自身の結論が直接的な観察ではなく、間接的な証拠と論理的推論に基づいていることを暗に示しています。自分が探偵になったつもりで考えてみてください。現在の手がかりを調査し、何が起きたのかについての理論を宣言するのです。例えば、キッチンの床に泥の足跡を見つけたら、「犬がまた外に出たに違いない」と推論するでしょう。現在の証拠（泥の足跡）が、過去の推論（犬が外に出たこと）の根拠となります。must は助動詞なので、常に次に続く動詞の原形である have が続きます。そして、主動詞は過去分詞形（V3）で続きます。この have + V3 の組み合わせが、時間参照を過去にずらすために不可欠です。以下の2つの推論を比較してみましょう。- 現在の推論:
He's not answering his phone. He must be busy.（電話に出ない。彼は忙しいに違いない。） - 過去の推論:
He didn't answer his phone earlier. He must have been busy.（彼は先ほど電話に出なかった。彼は忙しかったに違いない。）
must have + V3 の機能は、結論を最も可能性の高い、ほとんど確実な説明として提示し、話者の心の中で他の可能性を事実上排除することです。これは、観察されていない過去についての、理性的な確信の言語なのです。must have + V3 の構造は、すべての主語で一貫しています。助動詞 must は変化せず、常に助動詞 have の原形が続きます。主語 + must have + 過去分詞 (V3) です。must | have | left | He must have left his wallet at home. （彼は財布を家に忘れてきたに違いない。） |must | have | forgotten | They must have forgotten about the meeting. （彼らは会議のことを忘れてしまったに違いない。） |must | have | seen | The company must have seen a market opportunity. （その会社は市場機会を見出したに違いない。） |can't have + V3 を圧倒的に使用します。must not have + V3 ではありません。これは重要な区別です。Can't have + V3 は論理的な不可能性を表現します。can't | have | finished | She can't have finished the report already. （彼女がもうレポートを終えたはずがない。） |can't | have | known | They can't have known we were coming. （彼らが私たちが来ていることを知っていたはずがない。） |must not have + V3 についての注記：この形は存在しますが、あまり一般的ではなく、意味が異なります。これは、過去において義務を果たさなかった、あるいは禁止されていたことを示唆します。例えば、He must not have read the instructions carefully は「彼は指示を注意深く読むべきだったのに、読まなかったようだ」という意味になります。can't have + V3 と同じような直接的な論理的推論ではありません。- 自然な表現:
Do you think they must have gotten lost?（彼らは道に迷ったと思いますか？） - まれ/修辞的:
Must they have made such a mess?（彼らがそんなにひどい散らかり方をしたに違いないのですか？） （これは、真の質問というよりは、うんざりした気持ちを表現します。）
must have + V3 を使用します。確信度が高い瞬間に限定して使用してください。- 1明確な現在の証拠に基づいて論理的な推論を行う場合。 これが最も一般的な使い方です。現在見ていることと、それ以前に起きたことを結びつけます。
The ground is covered in snow. It must have snowed overnight.（地面は雪で覆われている。昨夜雪が降ったに違いない。） (証拠：地面の雪 → 推論：雪が降った）Her flight landed two hours ago, but she's not here. She must have gotten stuck in traffic.（彼女の飛行機は2時間前に着陸したが、彼女はここにいない。交通渋滞に巻き込まれたに違いない。） (証拠：飛行機が着陸したにもかかわらず彼女がいない → 推論：渋滞）There's a huge dent in the side of the car. Someone must have hit it in the parking lot.（車の側面に大きなへこみがある。誰かが駐車場でぶつけたに違いない。） (証拠：へこみ → 推論：ぶつけられた）
- 1原因が明示的に知られていない過去の状況や行動を説明する場合。 自分の推論を使って、過去の出来事の最も可能性の高い説明を提供します。
He seemed exhausted and withdrawn at the party. He must have had a very stressful week.（彼はパーティーで疲れ果てていて、引っ込み思案に見えた。彼は非常にストレスの多い週を過ごしたに違いない。）The ancient ruins are remarkably well-preserved. The original builders must have used incredibly durable materials.（古代遺跡は驚くほどよく保存されている。元の建設者たちは信じられないほど耐久性のある素材を使ったに違いない。）
- 1一般的な知識や経験に基づいた強い確信を表現する場合。 推論は直接的な物理的証拠に基づいているのではなく、世界の仕組みについての理解に基づいています。
To become a surgeon, she must have studied for many years.（外科医になるためには、彼女は何年も勉強したに違いない。） (医学教育に関する知識に基づく）This 19th-century painting is so detailed. The artist must have been extremely patient.（この19世紀の絵画は非常に詳細だ。その芸術家は非常に忍耐強かったに違いない。） (美術に関する知識に基づく）
Must have は過去の推論における確信の度合いのスケールで最上位に位置します。Must have + V3 | 非常に高い（約95%） | 論理的必然性。唯一の論理的な結論。 *The lights are off. They must have left.（電気が消えている。彼らは帰ったに違いない。（他に可能性がない。））* |Should have + V3 (推論的) | 高い（約75%） | 合理的な期待。そうであったはずだということ。 *They left an hour ago. They should have arrived by now.（彼らは1時間前に出発した。今頃は到着しているはずだ。（しかし、確実ではない。））* |May/Might/Could have + V3 | 低い〜中程度（約30-50%） | 可能性。複数の選択肢の一つ。 *I'm not sure where they are. They might have stopped for coffee.（彼らがどこにいるか分からない。コーヒーを飲むために立ち寄ったのかもしれない。）* |Can't have + V3 | 非常に高い否定 | 論理的不可能性。そうではなかったと確信している。 *The car is still here. They can't have left yet.（車はまだここにある。彼らがもう出発したはずがない。）* |must have + V3 をマスターするには、意味を不明瞭にしたり、不自然に聞こえたりする可能性のある、いくつかの一般的な落とし穴を避けることが重要です。- 1
must haveの代わりにmust ofと書くこと。 これは最も頻繁な間違いです。話し言葉では、must haveはしばしばmust've(/ˈmʌstəv/) と短縮され、これはmust ofと全く同じように聞こえます。しかし、ofは前置詞であり、助動詞の後には文法的に誤りです。常にhaveと書くようにしてください。
- 誤り:
He must of forgotten the keys. - 正解:
He must have forgotten the keys.（彼は鍵を忘れたに違いない。）
- 1
must haveの後に間違った動詞の形を使うこと。 この構造では、過去分詞（V3）が必要であり、単純過去（V2）や原形（V1）ではありません。特に不規則動詞の場合、これは特に難しいです。
- 誤り:
She must have took the wrong turn.(tookは V2) - 正解:
She must have taken the wrong turn.(takenは V3) （彼女は道を間違えたに違いない。） - 誤り:
They must have went home early.(wentは V2) - 正解:
They must have gone home early.(goneは V3) （彼らは早く家に帰ったに違いない。）
- 1推論 (
must have) と後悔または批判 (should have) を混同すること。 これらの2つの構造は似ていますが、全く異なる機能を持っています。Must haveは論理的結論のためであり、should haveは過去に別の行動が望ましかったことを表現するためです。
- 誤り（後悔の意図で）:
I failed the exam. I must have studied harder.（試験に落ちた。もっと勉強したに違いない。）← これは「もっと勉強するべきだった」という意味にならない。 - 正解（後悔の意図で）:
I failed the exam. I should have studied harder.（試験に落ちた。もっと勉強するべきだった。） - 正解（推論の意図で）:
He passed the exam without opening a book. He must have found it very easy.（彼は本を開かずに試験に合格した。彼はそれが非常に簡単だったに違いない。）
- 1確信度が低い場合に
must haveを使いすぎること。 証拠が弱い場合にmust haveを使うと、過度に自信がある、あるいは独断的に聞こえることがあります。他の可能性が存在する場合は、might haveやcould haveを使う方が適切で、より自然に聞こえます。
- 状況: 同僚が自分の席にいない。
- 過度な確信:
He's not here. He must have gone to lunch.（彼はここにいない。昼食に行ったに違いない。） (しかし、会議中かもしれないし、トイレにいるかもしれない。） - より自然な表現:
He's not here. He might have gone to lunch.（彼はここにいない。昼食に行ったのかもしれない。）
must have + V3 が、メッセージやプロフェッショナルなメールなど、自然な日常会話でどのように使われるかを示します。Did anyone see the final client feedback? They loved the proposal! （最終的なクライアントからのフィードバックを見た人いる？提案をとても気に入ってくれたよ！）Wow, that's great news. They must have appreciated the new data visualizations we added. （わあ、それは素晴らしいニュースだね。私たちが追加した新しいデータビジュアライゼーションを評価してくれたに違いない。）Totally. And they signed the contract this morning. The legal team must have worked fast to get it approved. （全くその通り。そして今朝、契約にサインしてくれたんだ。法務チームは承認を得るために迅速に動いたに違いない。）Hey, sorry I missed your call earlier. Was in a dead zone. （やあ、さっきの電話に出られなくてごめん。圏外だったんだ。）No worries! Figured you must have lost signal. The reception up there is terrible. （気にしないで！電波が悪くなったんだろうと思ったよ。あそこは電波がひどいからね。）Tell me about it. My phone died too. The cold must have drained the battery. （本当だよ。私のスマホもバッテリーが切れたんだ。寒さでバッテリーが消耗したに違いない。）I couldn't follow Professor Chen's last point at all. It was so complex. （チェン教授の最後のポイントが全く理解できなかった。とても複雑だった。）Same. He must have assumed we already understood the base theory from last semester. （同じだよ。彼は、私たちが前学期から基本的な理論をすでに理解していると仮定したに違いない。）Exactly. I looked around and everyone seemed confused. He must have noticed our faces, right? （まさにそれ。周りを見渡したら、みんな困惑しているように見えた。彼は私たちの顔を見て気づいたに違いないよね？）Investigators are on the scene of the overnight warehouse fire. While the cause is still under investigation, officials note the building's outdated electrical system. （捜査官たちが、夜間の倉庫火災の現場にいます。原因はまだ調査中ですが、当局は建物の老朽化した電気系統に言及しています。）Given the age of the wiring and the pattern of the blaze, a short circuit must have triggered the initial spark. The fire must have spread very quickly. （配線の古さと火災の延焼パターンを考えると、ショートが最初の火花を引き起こしたに違いない。火は非常に速く燃え広がったに違いない。）must have + V3 は過去のことだけに使われますか？have + V3（完了形）の構造は、推論を現在の瞬間よりも前の時点に明確にシフトさせます。must have + V3 を使えますか？He left at 9 PM.（彼は午後9時に出発した）のように。Must have + V3 は、既知の事実ではなく、推論を通じて到達した結論を表現するためのものです。must have と might have の主な違いは何ですか？Must have は高い確信（それが唯一の論理的な結論だと信じている）を示しますが、might have は低い確信（可能性の一つに過ぎない）を示します。日本語で「〜に違いない」と「〜かもしれない」の違いに似ていますが、英語では助動詞の選択によってその確信度がより厳密に表現されます。must have + V3 は同じように使えますか？must have + V3 よりも少し広い意味で使われることがあります。例えば、非常に強い願望や期待から「彼はきっと合格したに違いない」と言う場合、英語では確信の度合いによっては should have passed（合格するはずだったのに、というニュアンスを含む場合もある）や、単なる推測なら must have passed となります。Must have + V3 は、あくまで現在の証拠に基づく論理的推論であることを意識してください。日本語の「〜したはずだ」という表現も近いですが、こちらも文脈によって確信度が異なります。Conjugating 'Must Have' for All Subjects
| Subject | Modal | Auxiliary | Past Participle (V3) | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
I
|
must
|
have
|
finished
|
I must have finished.
|
|
You
|
must
|
have
|
seen
|
You must have seen it.
|
|
He / She / It
|
must
|
have
|
forgotten
|
She must have forgotten.
|
|
We
|
must
|
have
|
misunderstood
|
We must have misunderstood.
|
|
They
|
must
|
have
|
left
|
They must have left.
|
Spoken Contractions
| Full Form | Contraction | Pronunciation Hint |
|---|---|---|
|
must have
|
must've
|
sounds like 'must-uv'
|
|
must not have
|
mustn't've
|
sounds like 'muss-unt-uv' (rare)
|
Meanings
Used to express a high degree of certainty that a particular action or state occurred in the past, based on logical reasoning or physical evidence available in the present.
Logical Deduction
Concluding that something was true because it is the only logical explanation for a current situation.
“The lights are off and the car is gone; they must have gone out.”
“He looks exhausted; he must have stayed up all night studying.”
Strong Assumption
Expressing a belief that something happened, even without direct physical proof, based on someone's character or habits.
“Knowing Sarah, she must have finished the report already.”
“They must have forgotten about the meeting; they are usually so punctual.”
Negative Conclusion
Using 'must not have' to conclude that an event definitely did NOT happen.
“She didn't answer my call; she must not have heard her phone.”
“The cat is still hungry; you must not have fed him this morning.”
Reference Table
| Subject | Modal + Have | Main Verb (V3) | Example Sentence | 意味 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
I
|
must have
|
forgotten
|
I `must have forgotten` my wallet.
|
ほぼ確実に忘れたと思います。
|
|
You
|
must have
|
seen
|
You `must have seen` her leave.
|
彼女が出て行くのをきっと見たはずです。
|
|
He/She/It
|
must have
|
gone
|
He `must have gone` home.
|
彼はきっと家に帰ったでしょう。
|
|
We
|
must have
|
misunderstood
|
We `must have misunderstood` the instructions.
|
指示を誤解していたに違いありません。
|
|
They
|
must have
|
finished
|
They `must have finished` the report.
|
彼らはレポートを終えたに違いありません。
|
|
The car
|
must have
|
broken down
|
The car `must have broken down`.
|
車は故障したに違いありません。
|
フォーマル度スペクトル
It is highly probable that the individual has neglected to bring their keys. (Daily life)
He must have forgotten his keys. (Daily life)
He must've left his keys behind. (Daily life)
Man, he totally blanked on his keys. (Daily life)
「Must Have + V3」の論理
目的
- 確信度 ほぼ100%確実
- 証拠 手がかりに基づく
構造
- 助動詞 Must
- 補助動詞 Have
- 主動詞 過去分詞 (V3)
対比
- Might Have 確信度が低い（可能性）
- Can't Have 強い否定（ありえない）
過去を推測する：助動詞の比較
「Must Have + V3」の使いどころ
過去のことについて話していますか？
強い証拠がありますか？
あなたの推測はほぼ確実ですか？
「Must Have + V3」のシナリオ
不在の説明
- • 彼はバスを逃したに違いない。
- • 彼らは家に帰ったに違いない。
結果の推測
- • 彼女はコンペで優勝したに違いない。
- • プロジェクトは成功したに違いない。
原因の推論
- • パイプが破裂したに違いない。
- • 彼は財布を忘れたに違いない。
状態の観察
- • 彼女は疲れ果てていたに違いない。
- • 彼らはとても幸せだったに違いない。
レベル別の例文
He is not here. He must have gone home.
He is not here. He must have gone home.
You have a new car! It must have cost a lot.
You have a new car! It must have cost a lot.
The cake is gone. Someone must have eaten it.
The cake is gone. Someone must have eaten it.
She is crying. She must have hurt herself.
She is crying. She must have hurt herself.
The phone rang but no one answered. They must have been busy.
The phone rang but no one answered. They must have been busy.
I can't find my keys. I must have left them in the car.
I can't find my keys. I must have left them in the car.
He didn't come to the party. He must not have known about it.
He didn't come to the party. He must not have known about it.
The window is broken. A ball must have hit it.
The window is broken. A ball must have hit it.
You've been traveling for 20 hours. You must have been exhausted.
You've been traveling for 20 hours. You must have been exhausted.
The streets are wet. It must have rained while we were in the cinema.
The streets are wet. It must have rained while we were in the cinema.
She didn't pass the test. She must not have studied hard enough.
She didn't pass the test. She must not have studied hard enough.
The letter hasn't arrived. The postman must have missed our house.
The letter hasn't arrived. The postman must have missed our house.
Given the fingerprints on the safe, the thief must have worn gloves.
Given the fingerprints on the safe, the thief must have worn gloves.
They haven't replied to our offer; they must have received a better one.
They haven't replied to our offer; they must have received a better one.
The engine is still warm. The driver must have just left the vehicle.
The engine is still warm. The driver must have just left the vehicle.
He must not have realized the implications of his decision at the time.
He must not have realized the implications of his decision at the time.
The ancient civilization must have possessed advanced knowledge of astronomy.
The ancient civilization must have possessed advanced knowledge of astronomy.
The witness must have been coerced into changing her testimony.
The witness must have been coerced into changing her testimony.
The sheer scale of the project must have required immense logistical planning.
The sheer scale of the project must have required immense logistical planning.
He must not have been thinking clearly when he signed that restrictive contract.
He must not have been thinking clearly when he signed that restrictive contract.
To have achieved such a feat, the architect must have been a visionary far ahead of his time.
To have achieved such a feat, the architect must have been a visionary far ahead of his time.
The sheer audacity of the move suggests he must have known something we didn't.
The sheer audacity of the move suggests he must have known something we didn't.
The manuscript must have undergone several revisions before reaching its final form.
The manuscript must have undergone several revisions before reaching its final form.
One must have lived through the era to truly appreciate the cultural shift that occurred.
One must have lived through the era to truly appreciate the cultural shift that occurred.
間違えやすい
Learners often use 'must not have' when 'can't have' is more natural for negative certainty.
Mixing up the levels of certainty.
Confusing logical deduction with past obligation.
よくある間違い
He must has gone.
He must have gone.
I must have go.
I must have gone.
It must of rained.
It must have rained.
She musted have left.
She must have left.
I must have to go yesterday.
I had to go yesterday.
They must not had seen it.
They must not have seen it.
Must he have arrived?
Do you think he has arrived? / He must have arrived, right?
He must have been arrived.
He must have arrived.
She must have should told me.
She should have told me.
It must have been raining for hours when I woke up.
It must have been raining for hours (correct, but often confused with simple form).
The dinosaurs must have died by a meteor.
The dinosaurs must have been killed by a meteor.
He must have not seen me.
He must not have seen me.
文型パターン
The ___ is ___, so they must have ___.
You look ___, you must have ___.
Real World Usage
You didn't reply! You must've been asleep lol.
The project was a success; the team must have worked very hard.
That sunset! You must have had the best view!
The suspect must have entered through the back window.
The pilot must have encountered some turbulence.
The driver must have gotten lost; he's been on the same street for 10 minutes.
証拠を探しましょう！
There must have been clear evidence that he was the culprit.
「must of」は使わないで！
助動詞のスペクトラムをマスター
推測に最適！
That character must have had no other choice.
行動か状態か
must have left）にも、過去の状態（例: must have been tired）にも言及できることを覚えておきましょう。どちらも過去についての有効な推測です。 He must have taken the wrong road or must have been tired.
Smart Tips
Stop! Change it to 'must have'. 'Of' is a preposition and cannot follow a modal verb.
Use the contraction 'must've' in spoken English, but keep 'must have' in formal writing.
Ask yourself: 'Am I guessing?' If yes, use 'must have'. If it was a requirement, use 'had to'.
Use 'That must have been...' to validate someone's feelings.
発音
The 'h' in 'have' is often dropped
In natural speech, 'must have' becomes 'must've'. The 'h' disappears and the 'v' sound connects to 'must'.
The 't' in 'must' is often silent
When speaking quickly, the 't' in 'must've' is often not fully pronounced, sounding like 'muss-uv'.
Emphasis on 'must'
He MUST have seen it!
Conveys strong insistence or disbelief that someone didn't see it.
暗記しよう
記憶術
MUST = My Utterly Sure Thought. Use it when you are sure about the past!
視覚的連想
Imagine a detective with a magnifying glass looking at a footprint. The detective says, 'The thief must have come this way!' The magnifying glass represents the evidence you need to use this grammar.
Rhyme
If the clues are clear and the proof is in sight, 'must have' is the way to get it right!
Story
A man walks into his kitchen and finds his dog wagging its tail next to an empty plate of cookies. He doesn't see the dog eat them, but he sees the crumbs on the dog's chin. He says, 'You must have eaten my cookies!'
Word Web
チャレンジ
Look around your room. Find one thing that is out of place (e.g., a glass on the table). Say out loud: 'I must have left that there this morning.'
文化メモ
In the UK, 'must have' is frequently used for social politeness and empathy, such as 'You must have been so tired after your journey.'
Americans often use 'must have' in a very direct way for logical problem solving, especially in workplace contexts.
Aussies often use the contraction 'must've' almost exclusively in casual speech, sometimes followed by 'reckon' to soften the certainty.
The word 'must' comes from the Old English 'moste,' which was the past tense of 'motan' (to be allowed to/be able to).
会話のきっかけ
Your friend arrives at dinner with a bandage on their arm. What do you say?
You see a famous actor in a very small, cheap car. What's your guess?
A historical mystery: Why did the Maya civilization disappear?
Your neighbor has a brand new, very expensive lawnmower. Speculate!
日記のテーマ
よくある間違い
Test Yourself
She's not answering. She ___ her phone at home.
Find and fix the mistake:
They must of finished the meeting by now.
Choose the correct sentence:
Score: /3
練習問題
8 exercisesThe ground is wet. It ___ rained last night.
She didn't answer the door. She must have ___ (go) out.
Find and fix the mistake:
He must of forgotten his phone at home.
I'm 95% sure that Sarah finished the report.
You can use 'must have' to talk about a past obligation (something you were required to do).
A: Why is the cat so happy? B: Someone ___ him some tuna.
Sort these sentences.
Match the following:
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesThe car is scratched. Someone ___ it.
She must has forgotten my birthday.
Which sentence is correct?
Translate into English: 'Ella debe haber llegado ya.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Match the sentence parts:
They're not here. They ___ to the wrong address.
If he was so good, he must had won the competition.
The package arrived late.
Translate into English: 'Debe haber sido un malentendido.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Considering her academic record, she ___ a scholarship.
Score: /12
よくある質問 (8)
No. After any modal verb (must, can, should, etc.), you must use the base form of the next verb. In this case, it is always `have`.
Certainty. `Must have` means you are almost 100% sure. `Might have` means you are only 30-50% sure.
It is used, but `can't have` is much more common for negative deductions in English. For example, 'He can't have seen me' sounds more natural than 'He mustn't have seen me.'
It's a phonetic mistake. The contraction `must've` sounds exactly like 'must of,' so people write what they hear.
No. `Must have + V3` is strictly for the past. For the future, we use `must be going to` or simply `will probably`.
It is neutral. It is perfectly fine in both a casual text message and a formal academic paper.
Usually, yes. It is a logical conclusion based on something you know or see. Without evidence, 'might have' is safer.
The past of 'must' (obligation) is `had to`. 'I must go now' becomes 'I had to go then.'
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Debió haber + participio
Spanish can also use 'debe de haber' (present) to express past deduction.
A dû + infinitif
French uses the infinitive after the modal, whereas English uses 'have + V3'.
Muss ... haben / sein
German word order places the 'have/be' and 'V3' at the very end.
~ni chigainai (~に違いない)
There is no 'modal + have' structure; it is an auxiliary ending.
La budda annahu (لا بد أنه)
It functions more like 'It must be that he...'
Yiding shi (一定是)
Time is indicated by context or time words (like 'yesterday'), not the verb structure.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
Continue With
関連動画
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