A1 noun #1,995 よく出る 11分で読める

nose

The nose is an essential facial feature positioned centrally above the mouth. It serves two primary functions: breathing and smelling.

Air enters the respiratory system through the nostrils, which are the two external openings of the nose. These nostrils filter, warm, and humidify the air before it reaches the lungs.

Beyond breathing, the nose is crucial for our sense of smell. Specialized receptors inside detect odors, allowing us to perceive various scents from our environment and food.

Moreover, the nose contributes to the resonance of our voice, affecting how we sound when we speak.

The nose, a prominent facial feature situated centrally above the mouth, serves a dual vital role in human physiology. Primarily, it acts as the primary gateway for the respiratory system, facilitating the intake of air essential for oxygen exchange. Beyond respiration, the nose is indispensable for the sense of olfaction, housing specialized receptors that detect and differentiate a vast array of scents. Its internal structure, including the nostrils and nasal passages, warms, humidifies, and filters inhaled air, protecting the delicate lung tissues from environmental particulates and pathogens. Consequently, the nose is not merely a cosmetic element but a sophisticated organ critical for both survival and sensory interaction with the environment.

The nose, a prominent facial feature situated superior to the mouth, serves a dual vital role in human physiology. Primarily, it acts as the initial conduit for the respiratory system, facilitating the inspiration and expiration of air. Concurrently, it houses the olfactory receptors responsible for the sophisticated perception and discrimination of scents. This intricate organ, fortified by bone and cartilage, is equipped with vibrissae and a mucous membrane that collectively filter, warm, and humidify incoming air, thereby safeguarding the delicate pulmonary tissues. Furthermore, its internal structure, comprising turbinates, significantly increases the surface area for these crucial functions, underscoring its pivotal contribution to both survival and sensory experience.

The nose, an anatomical protuberance centrally positioned on the human face, serves as the primary organ for olfaction and a crucial conduit for respiration. It is intricately structured with nasal passages and conchae that warm, humidify, and filter inhaled air before it reaches the lungs. This complex organ not only facilitates the essential physiological processes of breathing and smelling but also significantly contributes to the resonance and articulation of human speech.

§ What does 'nose' mean?

The word 'nose' is a noun that refers to a very important part of your face. It's the part that sticks out above your mouth. Imagine looking at yourself in a mirror – the central part of your face that you use to breathe and smell things is your nose.

DEFINITION
The nose is the part of the face located above the mouth that you use for breathing and smelling. It contains nostrils which allow air to enter the respiratory system.

Think about how you smell a delicious meal, like a pizza or a freshly baked cookie. You use your nose for that! And every time you take a breath, air goes into your body through your nose. Inside your nose, there are two holes called nostrils. These are like little doors that let air in and out.

§ When do people use 'nose'?

People use the word 'nose' in everyday conversations when talking about their body, their senses, or even in some common expressions. Here are a few situations:

  • Talking about breathing: When you mention breathing, especially when someone is having trouble breathing, you might say something about their nose.
  • Talking about smelling: This is one of the most common uses. If you want to describe a smell, good or bad, you'll likely mention your nose.
  • Describing appearance: Sometimes people talk about the shape or size of someone's nose as part of their appearance.
  • In common phrases: There are many idiomatic expressions in English that use the word 'nose'. For example, 'to stick your nose into something' means to get involved in something that isn't your business.

I can smell the flowers with my nose.

My nose is running because I have a cold.

He has a small nose.

Learning to use 'nose' correctly is important for basic communication about your body and your senses. It's a fundamental word in English that you will encounter very often.

You might also hear people talk about 'blowing their nose' when they have a cold and need to clear it. This is a very common action and phrase.

I need to blow my nose.

Another interesting use is when something is 'right under your nose,' meaning it's very obvious and you didn't notice it. For instance, if you're looking for your keys and they are on the table in front of you, you could say, 'They were right under my nose the whole time!'

The nose is truly a fascinating and essential part of the human body, playing a crucial role in our daily lives, from enjoying the scent of a blooming garden to helping us detect potential dangers through smell. Its presence in so many everyday phrases also highlights its importance in language.

§ Understanding 'Nose' (Noun)

The word 'nose' is a common noun at the CEFR A1 level, meaning it's one of the first words you'll learn in English. It refers to the prominent part of your face that plays a crucial role in two primary senses: breathing and smelling. It's an essential body part, and understanding its function and common usage is fundamental for basic communication.

DEFINITION
The nose is the part of the face located above the mouth that you use for breathing and smelling. It contains nostrils which allow air to enter the respiratory system.

Think of your nose as a dual-purpose organ. It's the gateway for air to enter your lungs, and it also allows you to detect a vast array of smells, from the aroma of freshly baked bread to the scent of rain. The small openings in your nose are called nostrils, and they are where the air comes in and out.

I have a small nose.

She held her nose because of the bad smell.

§ Using 'Nose' in Sentences: Grammar and Prepositions

When using 'nose' in a sentence, it typically functions as a singular or plural noun. As a body part, it's often used with possessive adjectives (my, your, his, her, its, our, their) or with the definite article 'the' when referring to a general nose or a specific, already-mentioned nose.

Common Prepositions with 'Nose'

While 'nose' doesn't have a vast array of unique prepositional phrases, some common prepositions are used in conjunction with it to describe actions or locations relative to the nose.

  • On/At the nose: This can refer to something being directly on the nose, or in a more idiomatic sense, precisely right.

He had a smudge of dirt on his nose.

  • Through the nose: This usually refers to paying an exorbitant amount for something, an idiom meaning a very high price.

I had to pay through the nose for that concert ticket.

  • Up one's nose: This implies an irritating or annoying presence, or something that is bothering someone.

He always has something up his nose about the new rules.

  • By a nose: This means winning or succeeding by a very small margin, often used in racing contexts.

The horse won the race by a nose.

§ Plural Form: 'Noses'

The plural form of 'nose' is 'noses'. This is a regular plural, meaning you simply add '-es' to the end of the word.

Humans have two nostrils in their noses.

§ Common Phrases and Collocations

Here are some common phrases where 'nose' is used:

  • To blow one's nose: To clear one's nose of mucus, often when sick or allergic.

He had to blow his nose because of his cold.

  • To pick one's nose: To remove mucus from the nose with a finger. This is generally considered impolite.
It's not polite to pick your nose in public.

  • To turn up one's nose at something: To show disdain or contempt for something.

She always turns up her nose at fast food.

  • To follow one's nose: To go straight ahead, or to follow one's intuition.

Just follow your nose and you'll find the bakery.

Understanding these common phrases will enrich your vocabulary and help you comprehend native English speakers. For A1 level, focus on recognizing them rather than actively using all of them.

§ Related Vocabulary at A1 Level

Here are some other words you might learn alongside 'nose' at the A1 level:

  • Face: The front part of the head.
  • Mouth: The opening in the lower part of the human face, surrounded by the lips, through which food is taken in and from which speech and other sounds are emitted.
  • Eyes: The organs of sight.
  • Ears: The organs of hearing and balance.
  • Smell (verb): To perceive or detect the odor or scent of (something).
  • Breathe (verb): To take air into the lungs and then expel it.

§ Common Misunderstandings

The word "nose" seems straightforward, but learners at the A1 CEFR level often encounter a few common pitfalls. Understanding these can help avoid confusion and improve accuracy when speaking and writing in English.

§ Using "nose" for other body parts

A frequent mistake is confusing "nose" with other facial features or body parts. While it's clear in many languages, English has specific words for each. For instance, some learners might mistakenly refer to an animal's snout as a "nose" when English uses the more specific term. Similarly, they might use "nose" when they mean "mouth" or "face" in a general sense.

DEFINITION
The nose is the part of the face located above the mouth that you use for breathing and smelling. It contains nostrils which allow air to enter the respiratory system.

§ Pluralization of "nose"

Another common error relates to pluralization. While "nose" itself is a regular noun (plural "noses"), the concept of having multiple noses is unusual for humans, leading to potential confusion when learners try to apply plural rules in contexts where it doesn't quite fit naturally. For instance, you wouldn't say "my two noses" if referring to your own face.

She has a small nose.

Clowns often wear big red noses.

§ Prepositions with "nose"

Using the correct prepositions with "nose" can also be tricky. For example, you might hear "on my nose" for something resting on it, or "through my nose" for breathing. Incorrect prepositions can change the meaning or make the sentence sound unnatural.

  • Incorrect: "He has a spot in his nose."
  • Correct: "He has a spot on his nose." (referring to the outside surface)
  • Incorrect: "Air goes to my nose."
  • Correct: "Air goes into my nose." or "Air goes through my nose." (referring to the action of breathing)

§ Using "nose" in idiomatic expressions (A1 level awareness)

While A1 learners aren't expected to master idioms, it's good to be aware that words can have meanings beyond their literal definitions. "Nose" appears in many English idioms, such as "to have a nose for something" (to be good at finding something) or "to pay through the nose" (to pay a lot of money). At the A1 level, focusing on the literal meaning is key, but a brief mention of idioms can set the stage for future learning.

The dog has a good nose for treats.

§ Pronunciation

The pronunciation of "nose" is generally straightforward for most learners, but some might struggle with the 's' sound if their native language doesn't have a similar voiced 'z' sound at the end of a word (often confused with 's' as in 'cat-s').

Correct pronunciation: /noʊz/

§ Summary of Key Takeaways

To avoid common mistakes with "nose" at the A1 level:

  • Ensure you're using "nose" for the correct body part, not substituting it for others.
  • Remember the regular plural form "noses" and use it appropriately.
  • Pay attention to prepositions; "on," "in," "into," and "through" have distinct uses.
  • Focus on the literal meaning for now, leaving idioms for later stages of learning.
  • Practice the correct pronunciation, especially the final 'z' sound.

By being mindful of these points, A1 learners can confidently use "nose" accurately in their English communication.

§ Similar Words and When to Use 'Nose' vs. Alternatives

The word 'nose' is quite specific, referring to the organ of smell and breathing on the face. While there aren't many direct synonyms, understanding the nuances of related terms can be helpful for A1 learners.

DEFINITION
The visible part of the nose, often referring to its shape or size, especially in informal contexts.

You might hear people say 'big nose' or 'small nose' to describe someone's facial features. This is a common way to talk about the physical characteristic.

She has a small nose.

DEFINITION
The openings in the nose through which air passes.

When talking about breathing, you might mention nostrils specifically. For example, if someone has a blocked nose, they might say their nostrils are stuffy.

I can feel air through my nostrils.

While 'nose' is the standard and most common word, sometimes you might encounter phrases that use 'snout' or 'muzzle'. These are generally used for animals and not for humans.

  • DEFINITION
    The projecting part of the head of an animal, including the nose, mouth, and jaws.

    A dog has a snout. You wouldn't use this word to describe a human nose.

    The pig had a pink snout.

  • DEFINITION
    The projecting part of the face of an animal, including the nose and mouth.

    Similar to snout, muzzle is used for animals, particularly dogs and cats. It also refers to a covering placed over an animal's mouth to prevent it from biting.

    The dog's muzzle was wet.

There are also some idiomatic expressions that use 'nose', but these are more advanced and might not be relevant for A1 learners immediately. For instance, 'to nose around' means to look for something secretly, and 'to keep one's nose clean' means to stay out of trouble.

For basic communication, sticking to 'nose' for the human facial feature and its functions is the most appropriate and clear choice.

知っておくべき文法

Nouns are words that represent a person, place, thing, or idea. 'Nose' is a noun because it names a thing (a body part).

My nose is cold. (Here, 'nose' is the subject of the sentence.)

The definite article 'the' is used before a noun when the noun is specific or has already been mentioned. In the definition, 'the nose' refers to that particular body part.

The dog sniffed the ground with its nose. (The definite article 'the' specifies which nose.)

Possessive adjectives (like 'my', 'your', 'his', 'her', 'its', 'our', 'their') are used before nouns to show ownership or association. In the example 'My nose is cold', 'my' shows that the nose belongs to the speaker.

Her nose is small. (Here, 'her' indicates that the small nose belongs to a female.)

Verbs like 'is', 'are', 'has', 'have' are often used with nouns to describe their state or actions. In the definition, 'is located' and 'contains' are verbs associated with the noun 'nose'.

The nose has two nostrils. ('Has' is the verb describing a feature of the nose.)

Prepositions (like 'above', 'for', 'with', 'in', 'of') are used to show the relationship between a noun and other words in a sentence. In the definition, 'above the mouth' and 'for breathing' use prepositions to describe the nose's location and purpose.

Air enters through the nose. ('Through' is a preposition showing how air enters.)

レベル別の例文

1

I smell flowers with my nose.

In Chinese: 我用鼻子闻花。 (Wǒ yòng bízi wén huā.)

Simple present tense, subject-verb-object structure.

2

My nose is small.

In Spanish: Mi nariz es pequeña. (mee nah-rees es peh-keh-nyah)

Simple present tense, 'to be' verb for description.

3

He has a big nose.

In French: Il a un grand nez. (eel ah uhn grahn nay)

Simple present tense, 'to have' verb for possession/description.

4

My nose is cold in winter.

In German: Meine Nase ist kalt im Winter. (my-neh nah-zeh ist kalt im vint-er)

Simple present tense, 'to be' verb for state/condition.

5

She cleans her nose.

In Japanese: 彼女は鼻をきれいにします。(Kanojo wa hana o kirei ni shimasu.)

Simple present tense, verb 'to clean'.

6

I can breathe with my nose.

In Italian: Posso respirare con il mio naso. (pos-soh res-pee-rah-reh kon eel mee-oh nah-zoh)

Modal verb 'can' for ability.

7

The dog has a wet nose.

In Portuguese: O cão tem um nariz molhado. (oo kow tehm oom nah-reez moh-lyah-doo)

Simple present tense, 'to have' verb.

8

My nose is red when I cry.

In Korean: 내가 울면 코가 빨개져요. (Naega ulmyeon koga ppalgaejyeoyo.)

Simple present tense, 'to be' verb for state/condition, 'when' clause.

1

She has a small nose.

Ella tiene una nariz pequeña.

2

My nose is running because I have a cold.

Mi nariz gotea porque tengo un resfriado.

3

He picked his nose, which was a bit impolite.

Él se hurgó la nariz, lo cual fue un poco descortés.

4

The smell of fresh bread filled my nose.

El olor a pan fresco llenó mi nariz.

5

The dog used its nose to find the toy.

El perro usó su nariz para encontrar el juguete.

6

I bumped my nose on the door.

Me golpeé la nariz con la puerta.

7

She wears glasses on her nose.

Ella usa gafas en su nariz.

8

My nose gets red when it's cold outside.

Mi nariz se pone roja cuando hace frío afuera.

1

The detective followed his nose, intuitively sensing the right direction to pursue the elusive suspect through the labyrinthine city.

Following one's nose means to trust one's instincts or intuition.

Idiomatic expression.

2

Despite numerous setbacks, she kept her nose to the grindstone, diligently working late nights to perfect her revolutionary scientific theory.

Keeping one's nose to the grindstone means to work hard and continuously.

Idiomatic expression.

3

He had a nose for trouble, always seemingly present whenever a controversial debate or an unforeseen problem arose in the political arena.

To have a nose for something means to have a natural ability to find or recognize it.

Idiomatic expression.

4

After the grueling hike, the aroma of freshly brewed coffee led her by the nose to the quaint mountain lodge, promising much-needed warmth and respite.

To lead someone by the nose means to control them completely or to guide them strongly.

Idiomatic expression.

5

The company's groundbreaking innovation allowed them to get their nose in front of the competition, securing a significant market share early on.

To get one's nose in front means to gain a lead or an advantage over others.

Idiomatic expression.

6

He paid through the nose for the antique watch, but its historical significance and intricate craftsmanship justified the exorbitant price in his eyes.

To pay through the nose means to pay an excessively high price.

Idiomatic expression.

7

She made a clean sweep, turning up her nose at the offer to compromise, insisting on her original terms for the complex international treaty.

To turn up one's nose at something means to reject it scornfully or disdainfully.

Idiomatic expression.

8

The experienced journalist was always poking her nose into government affairs, uncovering scandals and holding those in power accountable for their actions.

To poke one's nose into something means to interfere or meddle in someone else's business.

Idiomatic expression.

1

The scent of freshly baked bread wafted tantalizingly to her nose, a nostalgic aroma that instantly transported her back to her grandmother's kitchen.

Waited tantalizingly to her nose: came to her nose and made her want it very much. Nostalgic aroma: smell that brings back memories.

Complex sentence structure with a participial phrase ('wafted tantalizingly') and an appositive phrase ('a nostalgic aroma').

2

Despite his initial bravado, the pungent odor emanating from the clandestine laboratory made his nose wrinkle involuntarily, betraying a hint of unease.

Pungent odor: very strong and sharp smell. Clandestine laboratory: secret laboratory. Nose wrinkle involuntarily: his nose showed his disgust without him meaning it to. Betraying a hint of unease: showing a little bit of worry.

Use of a participle ('emanating') to modify 'odor' and another participle ('betraying') to indicate a concurrent action.

3

She had a nose for trouble, an uncanny ability to sniff out potential dangers long before they materialized, a skill honed by years of navigating treacherous urban landscapes.

Had a nose for trouble: was good at finding trouble. Uncanny ability: strange and unusual ability. Sniff out: discover. Materialized: appeared. Honed: improved. Treacherous urban landscapes: dangerous city environments.

Idiomatic expression ('a nose for trouble') and a past participle ('honed') used as an adjective phrase.

4

With her nose buried deep in academic tomes, she remained oblivious to the chaotic din of the bustling campus, her focus unwavering amidst the sensory assault.

Nose buried deep in academic tomes: completely focused on studying serious books. Oblivious to the chaotic din: unaware of the loud noise. Bustling campus: busy university grounds. Unwavering amidst the sensory assault: not losing focus despite all the distractions.

Metaphorical use of 'nose buried deep' and a descriptive phrase with several adjectives ('chaotic din,' 'bustling campus,' 'sensory assault').

5

He possessed an extraordinary nose for vintage wines, capable of discerning subtle nuances in bouquet and flavor that eluded even seasoned connoisseurs.

Extraordinary nose for vintage wines: excellent ability to recognize good old wines. Discerning subtle nuances: noticing small differences. Bouquet and flavor: smell and taste. Eluded even seasoned connoisseurs: were missed by even experienced experts.

Figurative use of 'nose' and the verb 'eluded' to suggest difficulty in perception for others.

6

The detective, known for his keen nose for clues, meticulously examined the crime scene, hoping to unearth a microscopic detail that would unravel the perplexing mystery.

Keen nose for clues: excellent ability to find clues. Meticulously examined: looked at very carefully. Unearth a microscopic detail: find a very tiny detail. Unravel the perplexing mystery: solve the confusing mystery.

Adjective 'keen' modifying the figurative 'nose for clues' and a verb 'unravel' to indicate solving a complex problem.

7

Try as she might, she couldn't keep her nose out of other people's business, an inveterate habit that often led to awkward social encounters and strained relationships.

Couldn't keep her nose out of other people's business: couldn't stop getting involved in other people's private matters. Inveterate habit: a very old and strong habit. Awkward social encounters: uncomfortable meetings with people. Strained relationships: difficult relationships.

Idiomatic expression ('keep her nose out of') and descriptive adjectives ('inveterate,' 'awkward,' 'strained').

8

The journalist, with his nose to the ground, tirelessly pursued every lead, convinced that a groundbreaking exposé was within his grasp, despite the formidable obstacles.

Nose to the ground: actively investigating and looking for information. Tirelessly pursued every lead: followed every clue without getting tired. Groundbreaking exposé: a sensational report revealing important new information. Within his grasp: almost achieved. Formidable obstacles: very difficult challenges.

Idiomatic expression ('nose to the ground') and a participial phrase ('convinced that...') explaining the journalist's motivation.

類義語

snout nasal organ proboscis beak schnoz

反対語

tail rear

よく使う組み合わせ

runny nose
stuffy nose
bloody nose
broken nose
big nose
small nose
pointy nose
hook nose
aquiline nose
pig nose

よく使うフレーズ

to blow one's nose

to pick one's nose

to turn up one's nose at something

to keep one's nose out of something

to follow one's nose

to have a nose for something

to pay through the nose

to lead someone by the nose

to get up one's nose

to put one's nose in the air

慣用句と表現

"To keep one's nose clean"

To stay out of trouble; to avoid illegal or immoral activities.

After his last brush with the law, he's been trying to keep his nose clean.

neutral

"To pay through the nose"

To pay a very high price for something.

We had to pay through the nose for tickets to the concert because we bought them last minute.

informal

"To have one's nose in a book"

To be deeply engrossed in reading a book.

Whenever I see her, she always has her nose in a book.

neutral

"To look down one's nose at someone/something"

To consider someone or something inferior; to show disdain.

He always looks down his nose at people who didn't go to university.

neutral

"To follow one's nose"

To go straight ahead; to trust one's instincts or intuition.

I wasn't sure which way to go, so I just followed my nose and eventually found it.

informal

"To get up someone's nose"

To annoy or irritate someone greatly.

His constant complaining really gets up my nose.

informal

"To cut off one's nose to spite one's face"

To harm oneself by an act of revenge or anger.

Don't quit your job just because you're angry; you'd be cutting off your nose to spite your face.

neutral

"To lead someone by the nose"

To completely control someone and make them do exactly what you want.

He's so naive; his business partner is practically leading him by the nose.

neutral

"To turn up one's nose at something"

To reject something because you feel it is not good enough.

She turned up her nose at the free concert tickets because she only likes classical music.

informal

"To put one's nose into someone's business"

To interfere in other people's private affairs.

I wish he wouldn't always put his nose into my business.

informal

使い方

The word "nose" refers to the facial feature. It can also be used in phrases like "to have a good nose for something," meaning to be good at finding or detecting it.

よくある間違い

A common mistake is confusing "nose" with "knows," which is the present tense form of the verb "to know." For example, 'He nose a lot' is incorrect; it should be 'He knows a lot.'

ヒント

Look and Learn

When you encounter a new word like 'nose', point to it on your face. This physical association helps to solidify the meaning in your memory.

Use it in a Simple Sentence

Try to create a very basic sentence using 'nose'. For example: 'I have one nose.' or 'My nose is small.'

Draw a Picture

For concrete nouns like 'nose', draw a simple picture of it. Label the picture with the English word. Visual aids are very helpful.

Listen and Repeat

Find an audio pronunciation of 'nose' and repeat it several times. Pay attention to the sound and how your mouth moves.

Identify Related Words

Think about other words related to 'nose'. For example, 'smell', 'breathe', 'face'. This helps build your vocabulary network.

Flashcards

Create a flashcard. On one side, write 'nose'. On the other, draw a nose or write the definition in your native language. Review daily.

Label Objects in Your Home

If you have a toy or a picture of a face, label the nose with the English word. Immersion helps a lot.

Mime the Action

When you hear 'nose', touch your nose. If the word were 'run', you could mime running. This kinetic learning is effective.

Practice Spelling

Write the word 'nose' down multiple times. Say the letters out loud as you write them. This reinforces spelling and recognition.

Use a Dictionary (Simple)

Look up 'nose' in a simple English-English dictionary designed for learners. Focus on understanding the basic meaning and examples.

暗記しよう

記憶術

Imagine a 'NOSE' that knows everything, always saying 'NO' to bad smells and 'YES' to good ones. The 'S' in nose can stand for 'smell' and the 'E' for 'everything'.

視覚的連想

Picture a prominent nose on a face, with two distinct nostrils. As you breathe in, visualize air rushing through the nostrils and filling your lungs. For smelling, imagine a delicious aroma, like freshly baked cookies, wafting towards your nose, and you taking a deep sniff to enjoy it.

Word Web

face smell breathe nostrils respiratory system

チャレンジ

Describe five different things you can smell with your nose, such as flowers, coffee, or rain. Then, describe how your nose feels when you breathe in cold air versus warm air.

よくある質問

10 問

The nose is a part of your face, right above your mouth. You use it to breathe and to smell things.

It's located on your face, specifically above your mouth and between your eyes.

The main things your nose does are breathing and smelling.

Yes, absolutely! The nose is how air gets into your body when you breathe.

Yes, your nose is the part of your body that lets you smell all sorts of things, like flowers or food.

The nostrils are the two holes in your nose. Air goes through them when you breathe.

For basic understanding, yes, its main jobs are breathing and smelling.

Yes, all humans have a nose on their face.

If you hold your nose, you will stop air from entering your body, and you won't be able to smell.

Yes, 'nose' is a very common and basic word, even for people just starting to learn English (A1 CEFR level).

自分をテスト 90 問

fill blank A1

My ___ helps me smell flowers.

正解! おしい! 正解: nose

The nose is used for smelling.

fill blank A1

You breathe through your ___.

正解! おしい! 正解: nose

The nose is part of the face that you use for breathing.

fill blank A1

The ___ is above the mouth.

正解! おしい! 正解: nose

The nose is located above the mouth.

fill blank A1

I use my ___ to smell delicious food.

正解! おしい! 正解: nose

The nose is used for smelling.

fill blank A1

Animals have a ___ too, to smell things.

正解! おしい! 正解: nose

Animals also use their nose for smelling, just like humans.

fill blank A1

My ___ can get stuffy when I have a cold.

正解! おしい! 正解: nose

When you have a cold, your nose can get stuffy, making it hard to breathe or smell.

listening A1

The part of your face you use for smelling.

正解! おしい! 正解: I smell a flower with my nose.
正解! おしい! 正解:
listening A1

Where is the nose located?

正解! おしい! 正解: My nose is on my face.
正解! おしい! 正解:
listening A1

What do you do with your nose?

正解! おしい! 正解: Breathe through your nose.
正解! おしい! 正解:
speaking A1

Read this aloud:

My nose is small.

Focus: nose

正解! おしい! 正解:
speaking A1

Read this aloud:

I have one nose.

Focus: one

正解! おしい! 正解:
speaking A1

Read this aloud:

The dog's nose is wet.

Focus: wet

正解! おしい! 正解:
writing A1

Write a short sentence using the word 'nose'.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Sample answer

I smell with my nose.

正解! おしい! 正解:
writing A1

Complete the sentence: My ___ is on my face.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Sample answer

My nose is on my face.

正解! おしい! 正解:
writing A1

Write two things you do with your nose.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Sample answer

I breathe with my nose. I smell with my nose.

正解! おしい! 正解:
reading A1

What does Tom use his nose for?

Read this passage:

My name is Tom. I have a small nose. I use my nose to smell flowers in the garden. I also breathe with my nose.

What does Tom use his nose for?

正解! おしい! 正解: To smell flowers and breathe

The passage states, 'I use my nose to smell flowers in the garden. I also breathe with my nose.'

正解! おしい! 正解: To smell flowers and breathe

The passage states, 'I use my nose to smell flowers in the garden. I also breathe with my nose.'

reading A1

Where is the nose located?

Read this passage:

A nose is on your face. You can smell things with your nose. You also breathe air with your nose. Many animals have noses too.

Where is the nose located?

正解! おしい! 正解: On your face

The passage clearly states, 'A nose is on your face.'

正解! おしい! 正解: On your face

The passage clearly states, 'A nose is on your face.'

reading A1

What is special about the dog's nose?

Read this passage:

My dog has a wet nose. He likes to smell everything. When he breathes, his nose moves a little. His nose is very good for finding treats.

What is special about the dog's nose?

正解! おしい! 正解: It is wet

The first sentence says, 'My dog has a wet nose.'

正解! おしい! 正解: It is wet

The first sentence says, 'My dog has a wet nose.'

fill blank A2

She has a small, cute ___.

正解! おしい! 正解: nose

The sentence describes a facial feature, and 'nose' fits the context of being 'small' and 'cute'.

fill blank A2

I can smell the flowers with my ___.

正解! おしい! 正解: nose

The nose is the part of the body used for smelling.

fill blank A2

He blew his ___ because he had a cold.

正解! おしい! 正解: nose

When you have a cold, you often blow your nose to clear it.

fill blank A2

The dog used its ___ to find the hidden toy.

正解! おしい! 正解: nose

Dogs have a strong sense of smell and use their nose for tracking.

fill blank A2

Don't pick your ___ in public!

正解! おしい! 正解: nose

This is a common idiom related to a social etiquette.

fill blank A2

The clown had a big red ___.

正解! おしい! 正解: nose

Clowns are often depicted with a large, red nose.

multiple choice A2

Which part of your face do you use for smelling?

正解! おしい! 正解: C) Nose

The nose is the organ responsible for the sense of smell.

multiple choice A2

What is located above the mouth and used for breathing?

正解! おしい! 正解: C) Nose

The nose is positioned above the mouth and is essential for breathing.

multiple choice A2

What are the two openings in your nose called?

正解! おしい! 正解: B) Nostrils

Nostrils are the two external openings of the nose that allow air to enter.

true false A2

You use your nose to hear sounds.

正解! おしい! 正解: 間違い

You use your ears to hear sounds, not your nose.

true false A2

The nose helps you breathe.

正解! おしい! 正解: 正しい

The nose is an important part of the respiratory system and helps with breathing.

true false A2

Your nose is below your mouth.

正解! おしい! 正解: 間違い

Your nose is located above your mouth.

writing A2

Describe a time you smelled something wonderful. What was it? What did it remind you of? Use the word 'nose' in your description.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Sample answer

Yesterday, my mom baked cookies, and the smell came directly to my nose. It reminded me of my childhood and made me feel happy.

正解! おしい! 正解:
writing A2

Imagine you have a cold. How does it affect your nose and your ability to smell and breathe? Write a few sentences.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Sample answer

When I have a cold, my nose feels blocked, and it's difficult to breathe. I can't smell food very well, and everything tastes bland.

正解! おしい! 正解:
writing A2

Write three sentences about how animals use their noses differently from humans.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Sample answer

Dogs use their noses to find things and follow scents. Some animals, like elephants, use their noses to drink water. A cat's nose helps it to find food from far away.

正解! おしい! 正解:
reading A2

What is one thing the nose helps us to do?

Read this passage:

Our nose is a very important part of our body. It helps us to smell delicious food, like pizza or cake. It also helps us breathe fresh air every day. When we have a cold, our nose can get blocked, and it becomes hard to smell or breathe properly.

What is one thing the nose helps us to do?

正解! おしい! 正解: To smell food

The passage states, 'It helps us to smell delicious food, like pizza or cake.'

正解! おしい! 正解: To smell food

The passage states, 'It helps us to smell delicious food, like pizza or cake.'

reading A2

What happens to a person's nose if they have allergies?

Read this passage:

Some people have allergies, which can make their nose runny or itchy. When a person has a runny nose, it means liquid comes out of it. This can be uncomfortable, but usually, it is not serious.

What happens to a person's nose if they have allergies?

正解! おしい! 正解: It becomes runny or itchy

The passage says, 'Some people have allergies, which can make their nose runny or itchy.'

正解! おしい! 正解: It becomes runny or itchy

The passage says, 'Some people have allergies, which can make their nose runny or itchy.'

reading A2

Why are dogs often used to find missing people?

Read this passage:

Did you know that some animals have an amazing sense of smell? For example, a dog's nose is much better at smelling than a human's nose. This is why dogs are often used to find missing people or detect certain things.

Why are dogs often used to find missing people?

正解! おしい! 正解: Because they have an amazing sense of smell

The passage states, 'a dog's nose is much better at smelling than a human's nose. This is why dogs are often used to find missing people.'

正解! おしい! 正解: Because they have an amazing sense of smell

The passage states, 'a dog's nose is much better at smelling than a human's nose. This is why dogs are often used to find missing people.'

fill blank B1

She wrinkled her ___ at the strong smell of garlic.

正解! おしい! 正解: nose

To 'wrinkle one's nose' is a common expression used when someone encounters an unpleasant smell, indicating the nose is the correct answer in this context for smelling.

fill blank B1

The detective followed the scent with his keen ___, hoping to find a clue.

正解! おしい! 正解: nose

The phrase 'followed the scent with his keen nose' directly relates to the function of smelling, making 'nose' the appropriate word to complete the sentence.

fill blank B1

Despite the cold, his ___ was still running, making it difficult to breathe through it.

正解! おしい! 正解: nose

A 'running nose' is a common symptom of a cold, and the nose is used for breathing, thus fitting the context perfectly.

fill blank B1

He had a distinctive, slightly crooked ___ that made him recognizable.

正解! おしい! 正解: nose

A 'crooked nose' refers to the physical appearance of the nose, which is a feature on the face, making it the correct word.

fill blank B1

The perfumer's job requires a very sensitive ___ to distinguish between subtle fragrances.

正解! おしい! 正解: nose

A perfumer uses their sense of smell to identify and create fragrances, so a 'sensitive nose' is essential for their work.

fill blank B1

When he dives into the pool, he always holds his ___ to prevent water from entering.

正解! おしい! 正解: nose

People often hold their nose when diving to prevent water from entering the nasal passages, which are part of the nose.

fill blank B2

The detective followed his _____ for clues, hoping to sniff out the truth behind the mysterious disappearance.

正解! おしい! 正解: nose

To 'follow your nose' means to go straight ahead or to follow an instinct, often used metaphorically for investigating. Given the context of a detective, it implies following a trail or intuition.

fill blank B2

Despite the financial risks, she decided to lead with her creative vision and stuck her _____ out for the innovative project.

正解! おしい! 正解: neck

To 'stick your neck out' means to take a risk or to put oneself in a vulnerable position. The phrase 'stick one's nose out' is not a common idiom for taking a risk in English.

fill blank B2

He was always poking his _____ into other people's business, which often led to awkward situations and resentment.

正解! おしい! 正解: nose

To 'poke one's nose into' something means to interfere in someone else's affairs, which fits the context of causing awkward situations.

fill blank B2

Even after working all day, she still managed to keep her _____ to the grindstone, studying late into the night for her exams.

正解! おしい! 正解: nose

To 'keep one's nose to the grindstone' means to work hard and diligently, often for a long period, which aligns with studying late into the night.

fill blank B2

I can't believe he had the _____ to ask me for a loan after all the trouble he caused last month.

正解! おしい! 正解: nerve

To 'have the nerve' means to have the impudence or effrontery to do something, which fits the context of someone asking for a loan after causing trouble. 'Nose' is not used in this idiom.

fill blank B2

The strong aroma of freshly baked bread made my _____ twitch, a sure sign of its deliciousness.

正解! おしい! 正解: nose

The nose is responsible for smelling, and a twitch can indicate an immediate physical reaction to a strong smell. This is a more literal use of the word.

listening B2

Focus on 'aroma' and 'wafted'.

正解! おしい! 正解: The distinct aroma of freshly baked bread wafted through the air, tantalizing my senses.
正解! おしい! 正解:
listening B2

Listen for 'crinkled her nose' and 'pungent odor'.

正解! おしい! 正解: She crinkled her nose in disgust at the pungent odor emanating from the old socks.
正解! おしい! 正解:
listening B2

Pay attention to the idiomatic expression 'followed his nose'.

正解! おしい! 正解: The detective followed his nose, which led him to a forgotten alleyway where the suspect was hiding.
正解! おしい! 正解:
speaking B2

Read this aloud:

Despite his initial reservations, he finally decided to follow his nose and embark on a new adventure.

Focus: reservations, embark, adventure

正解! おしい! 正解:
speaking B2

Read this aloud:

Her keen sense of smell allowed her to detect even the faintest hint of smoke.

Focus: keen, faintest, detect

正解! おしい! 正解:
speaking B2

Read this aloud:

I found it quite difficult to breathe through my nose during the severe allergy season.

Focus: difficult, severe, allergy

正解! おしい! 正解:
writing B2

Imagine you are a perfumer describing a new fragrance. How would you describe the subtle scents and aromas you detect with your nose? Use vivid adjectives to convey the experience.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Sample answer

This exquisite new fragrance, 'Midnight Bloom,' opens with a delicate aroma of jasmine and hints of citrus, a truly refreshing scent that immediately captivates the olfactory senses. As it settles, subtle notes of sandalwood and musk emerge, creating a warm and sophisticated base. The overall fragrance is designed to be both intriguing and enduring.

正解! おしい! 正解:
writing B2

You are writing a short story. Describe a character's reaction to a particularly unpleasant smell. Focus on their physical and emotional responses.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Sample answer

As soon as I entered the old warehouse, a truly unpleasant stink assaulted my nose, making me instantly grimace. It was a vile combination of stale water, damp earth, and something vaguely chemical that made my stomach churn. I had to wrinkle my nose to try and filter out the reeking air, but it was a futile effort. The nauseating odor clung to everything, making my eyes water and my head throb.

正解! おしい! 正解:
writing B2

Explain the biological function of the nose in both breathing and smelling. Include details about how it filters air and detects different odors.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Sample answer

The nose plays a crucial dual role in the human body, serving as both the primary entry point for the respiratory system and the organ responsible for our sense of smell. As we breathe, air enters through the nostrils, where it is warmed, humidified, and filtered by mucus and tiny hairs called cilia, protecting the delicate lungs. For smelling, specialized olfactory receptors located in the nasal cavity detect airborne chemical molecules, transmitting signals to the brain that are then interpreted as various odors.

正解! おしい! 正解:
reading B2

According to the passage, why is the sense of smell so closely tied to memory and emotion?

Read this passage:

The human nose is an incredibly sophisticated organ, capable of distinguishing between thousands of different scents. Beyond its role in identifying pleasant and unpleasant odors, the sense of smell is intricately linked to memory and emotion. A particular aroma can instantly transport us back to a childhood moment or evoke strong feelings of joy or sadness. This powerful connection is due to the close proximity of the olfactory bulb to the limbic system, the brain's emotional and memory center. Furthermore, the nose plays a vital role in our perception of taste, as much of what we experience as flavor is actually derived from smell.

According to the passage, why is the sense of smell so closely tied to memory and emotion?

正解! おしい! 正解: Because the olfactory bulb is near the limbic system.

The passage states, 'This powerful connection is due to the close proximity of the olfactory bulb to the limbic system, the brain's emotional and memory center.'

正解! おしい! 正解: Because the olfactory bulb is near the limbic system.

The passage states, 'This powerful connection is due to the close proximity of the olfactory bulb to the limbic system, the brain's emotional and memory center.'

reading B2

What are some common reasons people choose to undergo rhinoplasty?

Read this passage:

Rhinoplasty, commonly known as a 'nose job,' is a surgical procedure to change the shape of the nose. People choose rhinoplasty for various reasons, including cosmetic enhancement, to correct breathing problems, or to repair the nose after an injury. The procedure can involve reshaping bone and cartilage to achieve the desired aesthetic or functional outcome. Recovery typically involves swelling and bruising, and the full results may not be visible for several months.

What are some common reasons people choose to undergo rhinoplasty?

正解! おしい! 正解: For cosmetic enhancement, breathing correction, or injury repair.

The passage states, 'People choose rhinoplasty for various reasons, including cosmetic enhancement, to correct breathing problems, or to repair the nose after an injury.'

正解! おしい! 正解: For cosmetic enhancement, breathing correction, or injury repair.

The passage states, 'People choose rhinoplasty for various reasons, including cosmetic enhancement, to correct breathing problems, or to repair the nose after an injury.'

reading B2

What is one key difference between a dog's sense of smell and a human's?

Read this passage:

Animals rely heavily on their sense of smell for survival. Many species use their noses to locate food, detect predators, and even communicate with other members of their species. For example, dogs have an exceptionally keen sense of smell, with millions more olfactory receptors than humans. This allows them to track scents over long distances and detect subtle changes in their environment. In some animals, the nose is also involved in regulating body temperature.

What is one key difference between a dog's sense of smell and a human's?

正解! おしい! 正解: Dogs have millions more olfactory receptors than humans.

The passage mentions, 'dogs have an exceptionally keen sense of smell, with millions more olfactory receptors than humans.'

正解! おしい! 正解: Dogs have millions more olfactory receptors than humans.

The passage mentions, 'dogs have an exceptionally keen sense of smell, with millions more olfactory receptors than humans.'

fill blank C1

The detective followed his ___ for a good story, often leading him to the most unexpected of places.

正解! おしい! 正解: nose

In this context, 'nose' is used idiomatically to mean an intuitive sense or a knack for finding something, similar to a bloodhound following a scent.

fill blank C1

She had a finely tuned ___ for political intrigue, always sensing shifts in power dynamics before anyone else.

正解! おしい! 正解: nose

Here, 'nose' refers to a keen sense of perception or discernment, especially for subtle nuances or hidden meanings in complex situations.

fill blank C1

Despite his best efforts to keep a poker face, the slight twitch of his ___ betrayed his amusement.

正解! おしい! 正解: nose

In this instance, 'nose' is used in a literal sense, but the subtle action of twitching suggests a nuanced, involuntary physical tell that reveals an emotion.

fill blank C1

The experienced sommelier possessed an exceptional ___ for distinguishing the subtle notes in various wines, a skill honed over decades.

正解! おしい! 正解: nose

'Nose' here refers to the sense of smell, specifically in the context of identifying and appreciating the complex aromas in wine, a highly developed skill.

fill blank C1

He was always sticking his ___ into other people's business, much to their annoyance and his own detriment.

正解! おしい! 正解: nose

This is an idiomatic expression, 'to stick one's nose into' meaning to meddle or interfere in matters that do not concern one.

fill blank C1

The company's new CEO, a former journalist, had a sharp ___ for a good story, which he expertly used to craft their public image.

正解! おしい! 正解: nose

Similar to the first example, 'nose' here signifies an instinct or talent for identifying compelling narratives, particularly useful in public relations and marketing.

multiple choice C1

The detective managed to ______ out the truth despite the suspect's elaborate lies, a testament to his keen investigative skills.

正解! おしい! 正解: nose

To 'nose out' means to discover or find something out by searching carefully, often implying a sense of intuition or persistence, which fits the context of a detective uncovering truth. 'Scent out' or 'sniff out' are close but 'nose out' is a more common idiom for this specific meaning. 'Root out' implies finding and removing something completely.

multiple choice C1

Despite initial setbacks, the tenacious entrepreneur continued to ______ for opportunities, eventually establishing a highly successful venture.

正解! おしい! 正解: nose around

'Nose around' means to look for something, often discreetly or persistently, which aligns with an entrepreneur searching for opportunities. 'Poke into' and 'pry about' often carry a negative connotation of being intrusive, and 'delve through' implies a more thorough, often physical, search.

multiple choice C1

The company decided to ______ into the luxury market, a strategic move aimed at diversifying its portfolio and capturing a new demographic.

正解! おしい! 正解: nose

To 'nose into' a market or area means to cautiously or gradually move into it. 'Venture' is a good synonym but 'nose' implies a more subtle or exploratory entry. 'Intrude' has a negative connotation, and 'probe' suggests investigation rather than entry.

true false C1

To 'keep one's nose to the grindstone' implies a dedication to frivolous activities rather than hard work.

正解! おしい! 正解: 間違い

The idiom 'to keep one's nose to the grindstone' actually means to work hard and continuously, often without much rest or distraction. It signifies diligence and sustained effort.

true false C1

If someone 'looks down their nose at' another person, it suggests they hold that person in high esteem.

正解! おしい! 正解: 間違い

To 'look down one's nose at' someone means to regard them with contempt or disdain, implying a feeling of superiority. It indicates a lack of respect, not high esteem.

true false C1

Being 'led by the nose' suggests a strong sense of independence and self-direction.

正解! おしい! 正解: 間違い

To be 'led by the nose' means to be easily manipulated or controlled by someone else, often without realizing it. It signifies a lack of independence and a susceptibility to influence.

fill blank C2

The detective followed his _____ for a lead, sensing a faint scent of jasmine that wasn't native to the area.

正解! おしい! 正解: nose

To 'follow one's nose' colloquially means to follow an instinct or a scent, much like a detective might follow a lead. In this C2 context, it implies a nuanced understanding of idiomatic expressions.

fill blank C2

Despite the opulent decor, the philanthropist turned up her _____ at the garish display of wealth, finding it rather uncouth.

正解! おしい! 正解: nose

To 'turn up one's nose' is an idiom meaning to show disdain or scorn, implying a superior attitude. This fits the C2 level as it requires knowledge of idiomatic expressions.

fill blank C2

The renowned sommelier could identify the vintage of a wine merely by putting his _____ to the glass, a testament to his exquisite olfactory prowess.

正解! おしい! 正解: nose

The context clearly points to the act of smelling (olfactory prowess), making 'nose' the most fitting and sophisticated choice in this C2 scenario.

fill blank C2

The fledgling journalist, eager to make a name for herself, continuously had her _____ in everyone's business, often to their chagrin.

正解! おしい! 正解: nose

To 'have one's nose in everyone's business' is an idiom meaning to be overly inquisitive or meddlesome. This C2-level idiom demonstrates a deeper understanding of English expressions.

fill blank C2

Even with his extensive experience, the seasoned negotiator struggled to keep his own _____ clean amidst the labyrinthine political machinations.

正解! おしい! 正解: nose

To 'keep one's nose clean' is an idiom signifying staying out of trouble or avoiding involvement in illicit activities. This C2-level phrase is crucial for understanding nuanced communication.

fill blank C2

The audacious artist, despite widespread criticism, steadfastly followed his own artistic vision, consistently thumbing his _____ at conventional aesthetic norms.

正解! おしい! 正解: nose

To 'thumb one's nose at' is an idiom indicating open defiance or contempt. This sophisticated idiom is appropriate for a C2 level, requiring an advanced grasp of English expressions.

listening C2

Focus on the biological components and their function in olfaction.

正解! おしい! 正解: The olfactory epithelium, nestled within the nasal cavity, is instrumental in discerning the nuanced tapestry of scents that permeate our environment.
正解! おしい! 正解:
listening C2

Consider the medical terminology and its implications for nasal health.

正解! おしい! 正解: Rhinitis, an inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane, can precipitate a panoply of symptoms, including congestion, rhinorrhea, and incessant sneezing.
正解! おしい! 正解:
listening C2

Grasp the less obvious physiological functions of the nose.

正解! おしい! 正解: While often underestimated, the nose plays a pivotal role in the thermoregulation and humidification of inhaled air, thereby safeguarding the delicate pulmonary tissues.
正解! おしい! 正解:
speaking C2

Read this aloud:

Articulate the sophisticated interplay between the olfactory bulb and the limbic system in the processing and emotional conditioning of scent perception.

Focus: sophisticated, interplay, olfactory, limbic, emotional, conditioning, perception

正解! おしい! 正解:
speaking C2

Read this aloud:

Discuss the surgical interventions available for correcting a deviated nasal septum and their potential impact on respiratory function and aesthetic harmony.

Focus: surgical, interventions, deviated, septum, respiratory, aesthetic, harmony

正解! おしい! 正解:
speaking C2

Read this aloud:

Expound upon the evolutionary advantages conferred by the development of a prominent external nose in hominids, considering factors such as climate adaptation and social communication.

Focus: expound, evolutionary, advantages, conferred, prominent, hominids, climate, adaptation, social, communication

正解! おしい! 正解:
sentence order C2

下の単語をタップして文を組み立てよう
正解! おしい! 正解: The olfactory epithelium within the nose is crucial for discriminating a myriad of aromas.

This sentence describes the advanced function of the olfactory epithelium in the nose for scent discrimination.

sentence order C2

下の単語をタップして文を組み立てよう
正解! おしい! 正解: Beyond its primary role in respiration and olfaction, the nasal cavity also plays a significant part in vocal resonance.

This sentence highlights the additional, complex function of the nasal cavity in vocal resonance, beyond its more commonly known roles.

sentence order C2

下の単語をタップして文を組み立てよう
正解! おしい! 正解: Rhinoplasty, a sophisticated surgical procedure, can recontour the nose to address both aesthetic and functional imperfections.

This sentence details the complex medical procedure of rhinoplasty related to the nose, focusing on both appearance and function.

/ 90 correct

Perfect score!

関連コンテンツ

Healthの関連語

abortion

B2

The medical termination of a pregnancy before the fetus is capable of independent life. It can also describe the premature failure or ending of a plan, project, or mission.

abortions

C1

妊娠が複数回、途中で終わることを指す言葉です。自然に起こることも、人為的に起こることもあります。

abrasion

B2

擦り傷のこと。また、摩擦によって物が削れていく現象を指すこともあるよ。

acuity

B2

Acuity refers to the sharpness or keenness of thought, vision, or hearing. It describes the ability to perceive small details clearly or to understand complex situations quickly and accurately.

acute

B2

突然発生する深刻で強烈な問題や状況を指します。また、感覚や知性が鋭く、敏感である様子を表すこともあります。

addictary

C1

To systematically induce a state of physiological or psychological dependence in a subject through repetitive exposure or habitual engagement. It describes the active process of making someone or something prone to a compulsive habit or substance.

addicted

B1

何かをやめられず、体に悪いとわかっていても必要としてしまう状態。それに依存している。

addiction

B2

Addiction is a chronic and complex condition characterized by the compulsive use of a substance or engagement in a behavior despite harmful consequences. It involves a lack of control over the activity and can manifest as both physical and psychological dependence.

adrenaline

B2

ストレスや興奮を感じたときに体から出るホルモンです。心臓がドキドキして、危険に立ち向かうためのエネルギーを与えます。

advivcy

C1

Relating to the active promotion of vitality, health, and sustained life within a professional, clinical, or structural framework. It describes a proactive and life-affirming stance in guidance or treatment intended to revitalize a system or individual.

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