aunque 30秒で
- Means 'although' with indicative.
- Means 'even if' with subjunctive.
- Used to show an obstacle.
- Connects two contrasting ideas.
The conjunction aunque is one of the most versatile and frequently used words in the Spanish language. It primarily translates to 'although' or 'even if' in English, depending on the grammatical mood that follows it. Understanding the dual nature of this word is essential for mastering Spanish syntax and expressing nuanced ideas regarding concessions, obstacles, and hypothetical situations. When used with the indicative mood, it acknowledges a known fact or reality, translating best to 'although' or 'even though'. When paired with the subjunctive mood, it introduces a hypothetical, unknown, or irrelevant condition, translating to 'even if'. This distinction is a cornerstone of Spanish grammar and allows speakers to convey subtle shades of meaning that English often requires entirely different vocabulary to express.
- Indicative Usage
- Used to express a concrete fact or an action that is definitely happening or has happened.
Voy a salir aunque llueve.
- Subjunctive Usage
- Used to express a hypothetical situation, a future uncertainty, or a fact that the speaker considers irrelevant.
Voy a salir aunque llueva.
Beyond its basic grammatical function, 'aunque' serves as a critical rhetorical tool. It allows speakers to concede a point before introducing a counter-argument, making it invaluable in debates, persuasive writing, and polite disagreements. The word itself is derived from the combination of 'aun' (even) and 'que' (that), literally meaning 'even that'. This etymological root helps explain its function as a concessive conjunction. In literature and formal speech, 'aunque' is often used to build tension or highlight the resilience of a subject against opposing forces. The ability to seamlessly switch between the indicative and subjunctive moods with 'aunque' is often considered a hallmark of advanced Spanish proficiency, yet its basic usage is introduced early in the learning journey due to its sheer necessity in daily communication.
- Position in a Sentence
- It can be placed at the beginning of a sentence or in the middle, connecting two clauses.
Aunque estoy cansado, seguiré trabajando.
Seguiré trabajando aunque estoy cansado.
In summary, mastering 'aunque' is not just about memorizing a translation; it is about adopting a new way of structuring thoughts regarding conditions and concessions. It forces the learner to constantly evaluate the reality and certainty of the statements they are making, thereby deepening their overall understanding of the Spanish language's mood system.
No lo compraré aunque tenga dinero.
Using aunque correctly requires a solid grasp of Spanish sentence structure and, most importantly, the distinction between the indicative and subjunctive moods. The fundamental rule is that 'aunque' introduces a concessive clause—a clause that expresses an obstacle or objection to the main action. The choice of mood within this concessive clause entirely alters the meaning of the sentence. This section will break down the mechanics of using 'aunque' in various contexts, providing clear guidelines and examples to ensure accurate application.
- Rule 1: Aunque + Indicative
- Use the indicative mood when the information following 'aunque' is a known, objective fact that the speaker is acknowledging.
Aunque hace frío, no llevo abrigo.
In the example above, the speaker knows it is cold. It is an established reality. The translation is 'although' or 'even though'. This is the most straightforward use of 'aunque' and is typically the first way learners are taught to use it. It functions very similarly to its English counterparts, simply linking a factual concession to a main clause.
- Rule 2: Aunque + Subjunctive
- Use the subjunctive mood when the information is hypothetical, unverified, in the future, or when the speaker wants to emphasize that the condition does not matter.
Aunque haga frío mañana, no llevaré abrigo.
The subjunctive usage is where learners often stumble, as English does not always make this mood distinction so explicitly. When you say 'aunque haga frío', you are stating that the weather is irrelevant to your decision; whether it is cold or not, your action remains the same. This can also apply to facts that are known but treated as irrelevant by the speaker (e.g., 'Aunque sea rico, no es feliz' - Even if he is rich / Despite him being rich, he is not happy).
Lo haré aunque me cueste la vida.
- Tense Agreement
- The tense of the verb in the 'aunque' clause must logically align with the main clause, whether in the past, present, or future.
Aunque estudió mucho, no aprobó.
Aunque hubiera estudiado, no habría aprobado.
By mastering these rules, you will be able to express complex conditions and concessions with native-like accuracy. Remember that 'aunque' is a tool for contrast, and the mood you choose paints the reality of that contrast.
The conjunction aunque is ubiquitous in the Spanish-speaking world. You will encounter it in every register of the language, from the most informal street slang to the highest levels of academic and literary prose. Its versatility makes it an indispensable word for anyone communicating in Spanish. Understanding where and how it is used in different contexts can significantly enhance your listening comprehension and cultural fluency.
- Everyday Conversation
- In daily life, 'aunque' is constantly used to explain decisions, make excuses, or describe overcoming minor obstacles.
Voy a ir a la fiesta aunque estoy muy cansada.
In casual settings, you will often hear it spoken quickly, sometimes blending into the surrounding words. It is a key component of storytelling among friends, where speakers contrast their expectations with reality. For instance, someone might say, 'Aunque le dije que no, lo hizo igual' (Even though I told him no, he did it anyway). This highlights the word's role in narrating conflict and resolution.
- News and Journalism
- Journalists use 'aunque' to present balanced reporting, acknowledging counter-arguments or contrasting facts.
La economía creció, aunque a un ritmo más lento.
In media, 'aunque' is a formal tool for nuance. It allows writers to qualify their statements. You will frequently see it in opinion pieces and editorials where the author is building a complex argument. 'Aunque es cierto que...' (Although it is true that...) is a classic rhetorical device used to concede a minor point before delivering a stronger counter-point.
- Music and Poetry
- In artistic expressions, 'aunque' is used to express deep emotional resilience, unrequited love, or enduring commitment.
Te amaré aunque pasen los años.
Aunque me duela, te dejaré ir.
Finally, 'aunque' is deeply embedded in Spanish proverbs and idioms. The famous saying 'Aunque la mona se vista de seda, mona se queda' (Even if the monkey dresses in silk, it remains a monkey) perfectly illustrates the subjunctive use of 'aunque' to describe a hypothetical or futile condition. Recognizing these patterns across different mediums will solidify your understanding of the word.
Aunque no lo creas, es la verdad.
While aunque is a common word, it is also a frequent source of errors for Spanish learners. The most prevalent mistakes stem from a misunderstanding of the mood required (indicative vs. subjunctive) or confusing 'aunque' with other conjunctions like 'pero' (but). Addressing these common pitfalls is crucial for achieving fluency and ensuring that your intended meaning is accurately conveyed. This section highlights the typical errors and provides strategies to avoid them.
- Mistake 1: Always using the indicative
- Learners often default to the indicative mood after 'aunque', ignoring the hypothetical 'even if' meaning.
Incorrect: Lo compraré aunque es caro. (When meaning 'even if it is expensive')
This error happens because English speakers often use 'even if' and 'even though' without changing the verb form in a noticeable way. In Spanish, failing to switch to the subjunctive ('sea' instead of 'es') completely changes the meaning from a hypothetical condition to a declared fact. If you don't know the price yet, you must use the subjunctive.
- Mistake 2: Confusing 'aunque' with 'pero'
- Using 'aunque' when 'pero' (but) is the grammatically correct choice for coordinating two independent clauses.
Incorrect: Es inteligente, aunque no estudia. (When meaning 'He is smart, but he doesn't study')
While 'aunque' and 'pero' can sometimes be translated similarly, their syntactic functions are different. 'Aunque' creates a complex sentence with a dependent clause, whereas 'pero' joins two independent clauses. Using 'aunque' where 'pero' belongs can make a sentence sound awkward or incomplete to a native speaker.
- Mistake 3: Incorrect tense sequence
- Mixing past and present tenses illogically when using 'aunque'.
Incorrect: Fui al parque aunque llueve.
Incorrect: Lo haría aunque no tengo tiempo.
Tense agreement is vital. If the main action is in the past, the concession introduced by 'aunque' must also reflect the past (using imperfect indicative or imperfect subjunctive, depending on whether it was a fact or a hypothetical in the past). Paying close attention to these common mistakes will drastically improve the grammatical accuracy of your Spanish.
No iré aunque me inviten.
To enrich your Spanish vocabulary and avoid repetition, it is helpful to know synonyms and related expressions for aunque. While 'aunque' is the most common and versatile concessive conjunction, several other phrases can convey similar meanings, often adding a slightly different nuance or fitting better into a specific register (formal vs. informal). Exploring these alternatives will make your Spanish sound more natural and sophisticated.
- A pesar de que
- Translates to 'despite the fact that' or 'in spite of'. It is slightly more formal than 'aunque'.
A pesar de que llovía, salimos.
'A pesar de que' is an excellent alternative when you want to strongly emphasize the obstacle that was overcome. Like 'aunque', it can be followed by the indicative (for facts) or the subjunctive (for hypotheticals, though this is less common than with 'aunque'). Note that 'a pesar de' (without 'que') must be followed by an infinitive or a noun, not a conjugated verb.
- Por más que
- Translates to 'no matter how much' or 'however much'. It emphasizes the intensity or repetition of the obstacle.
Por más que estudio, no entiendo.
This expression is highly idiomatic and frequently used in spoken Spanish. It vividly conveys the idea that despite maximum effort or extreme conditions, the outcome remains unchanged. It almost always triggers the subjunctive when referring to the future or hypothetical situations ('Por más que llores, no irás' - No matter how much you cry, you won't go).
- Si bien
- Translates to 'although' or 'while it is true that'. It is mostly used in formal or written Spanish.
Si bien es costoso, vale la pena.
Aprobó el examen, si bien con una nota baja.
Other related terms include 'aun cuando' (even when), which is very similar to 'aunque' but slightly more formal, and 'pese a que' (despite that), which functions identically to 'a pesar de que'. By incorporating these variations into your vocabulary, you can express concessions with greater precision and stylistic variety.
Aun cuando no esté de acuerdo, lo aceptaré.
How Formal Is It?
難易度
知っておくべき文法
Indicative vs. Subjunctive mood
Subordinate clauses
Sequence of tenses (Concordancia de tiempos)
Concessive clauses (Oraciones concesivas)
Adverbial clauses
レベル別の例文
Aunque es tarde, quiero comer.
Although it is late, I want to eat.
Uses indicative 'es' because it is a known fact that it is late.
Voy a la escuela aunque llueve.
I go to school although it is raining.
Indicative 'llueve' indicates the rain is currently happening.
Aunque el coche es viejo, funciona bien.
Although the car is old, it works well.
Simple factual contrast using present indicative.
Me gusta el café aunque es amargo.
I like coffee although it is bitter.
Expressing a preference despite a factual characteristic.
Aunque estoy cansado, leo un libro.
Although I am tired, I read a book.
Connecting a physical state with an action.
El vestido es bonito aunque es caro.
The dress is pretty although it is expensive.
Contrasting two known facts about an object.
Aunque hace frío, juego en el parque.
Although it is cold, I play in the park.
Weather condition as a factual obstacle.
No quiero dormir aunque es de noche.
I don't want to sleep although it is night.
Basic sentence structure: Main clause + aunque + dependent clause.
Aunque estaba enfermo, fui a trabajar.
Although I was sick, I went to work.
Using imperfect indicative 'estaba' for a past fact.
Compré el libro aunque costaba mucho.
I bought the book although it cost a lot.
Past tense contrast.
Aunque no hablo bien español, entiendo mucho.
Although I don't speak Spanish well, I understand a lot.
Self-assessment of skills using present indicative.
Salimos a caminar aunque hacía viento.
We went out for a walk although it was windy.
Past weather condition as an obstacle.
Aunque la película fue larga, me gustó.
Although the movie was long, I liked it.
Preterite tense 'fue' for a completed past event.
No comí la sopa aunque tenía hambre.
I didn't eat the soup although I was hungry.
Contrasting a physical need with an action in the past.
Aunque viven lejos, los visito a menudo.
Although they live far away, I visit them often.
Routine action despite a factual obstacle.
El examen fue difícil aunque estudié.
The exam was difficult although I studied.
Concession in the past using preterite.
Iré a la fiesta aunque llueva.
I will go to the party even if it rains.
Introduction of the subjunctive 'llueva' for a future hypothetical.
Aunque no tenga dinero, viajaré.
Even if I don't have money, I will travel.
Subjunctive 'tenga' shows the lack of money is a hypothetical or irrelevant condition.
No te perdonaré aunque me pidas perdón.
I won't forgive you even if you apologize.
Subjunctive used to emphasize that a future action will not change the outcome.
Aunque sea difícil, aprenderé a tocar la guitarra.
Even if it is difficult, I will learn to play the guitar.
'Sea' (subjunctive) implies 'whether it is difficult or not'.
Lo compraré aunque cueste cien euros.
I will buy it even if it costs a hundred euros.
Hypothetical condition regarding price.
Aunque me llames, no contestaré.
Even if you call me, I won't answer.
Future condition using present subjunctive.
Seguiré corriendo aunque me duelan las piernas.
I will keep running even if my legs hurt.
Subjunctive 'duelan' for a potential future physical state.
Aunque no quieras, tienes que ir al médico.
Even if you don't want to, you have to go to the doctor.
Using subjunctive to dismiss someone's preference.
Aunque tuviera tiempo, no te ayudaría.
Even if I had time, I wouldn't help you.
Imperfect subjunctive 'tuviera' for a present/future hypothetical.
No habría ido aunque me hubieran invitado.
I wouldn't have gone even if they had invited me.
Pluperfect subjunctive 'hubieran invitado' for a past unrealized hypothetical.
Aunque se lo expliques mil veces, no lo entenderá.
Even if you explain it to him a thousand times, he won't understand.
Present subjunctive for a highly unlikely or futile future action.
Decidió renunciar, aunque le ofrecieron un aumento.
He decided to resign, although they offered him a raise.
Indicative 'ofrecieron' because the offer was a real, past fact.
Aunque parezca mentira, ganamos el partido.
Although it seems like a lie (incredible), we won the game.
Set phrase 'Aunque parezca mentira' always uses the subjunctive.
Lo defenderé aunque todos estén en su contra.
I will defend him even if everyone is against him.
Subjunctive 'estén' for a hypothetical or irrelevant future scenario.
Aunque hubiera sabido la verdad, habría actuado igual.
Even if I had known the truth, I would have acted the same.
Complex past hypothetical using pluperfect subjunctive and conditional perfect.
Trabaja todos los días, aunque sea domingo.
He works every day, even if it is Sunday.
Subjunctive 'sea' used to emphasize that the specific day doesn't matter.
Aunque la mona se vista de seda, mona se queda.
Even if the monkey dresses in silk, it remains a monkey. (You can't put lipstick on a pig).
Classic proverb using the subjunctive 'vista' for a hypothetical scenario.
Aceptó el cargo, aunque con ciertas reservas.
He accepted the position, although with certain reservations.
Elliptical use of 'aunque' without a verb, directly modifying a prepositional phrase.
Aunque me cueste admitirlo, tenías razón.
Even though it is hard for me to admit, you were right.
Subjunctive 'cueste' used stylistically to soften a factual admission.
El proyecto fracasó, y eso que, aunque tarde, intentamos salvarlo.
The project failed, and that's even though, albeit late, we tried to save it.
Nested concessive clause using 'aunque' as an adverbial modifier ('aunque tarde').
No pienso ceder, aunque me amenacen con el despido.
I do not intend to yield, even if they threaten me with dismissal.
Subjunctive 'amenacen' for a severe hypothetical condition.
Aunque fuera el último hombre en la tierra, no me casaría con él.
Even if he were the last man on earth, I wouldn't marry him.
Hyperbolic hypothetical using imperfect subjunctive 'fuera'.
Se mantuvo firme en sus convicciones, aunque ello supusiera el exilio.
He stood firm in his convictions, even if that meant exile.
Imperfect subjunctive 'supusiera' used in a formal narrative context.
Aunque no lo creas, esta obra fue pintada por un niño.
Believe it or not, this artwork was painted by a child.
Common conversational opener using subjunctive to challenge expectations.
Su prosa, aunque densa, revela una lucidez inusitada.
His prose, although dense, reveals an unusual lucidity.
Adjectival concession without a verb, typical of high literary register.
Renunció a su herencia, aunque bien podría haberla reclamado legalmente.
He renounced his inheritance, although he could well have claimed it legally.
Complex conditional structure following 'aunque' to express a missed possibility.
Aunque se erija como el salvador de la patria, sus motivos son espurios.
Even if he sets himself up as the savior of the nation, his motives are spurious.
Subjunctive 'erija' used to cast doubt on a self-proclaimed status.
La ley fue aprobada, aunque a costa de innumerables enmiendas.
The law was passed, although at the cost of countless amendments.
'Aunque' modifying a prepositional phrase to show a heavy compromise.
No claudicaré, aunque los cielos se desplomen sobre mí.
I will not give up, even if the heavens collapse upon me.
Poetic, highly dramatic hypothetical using present subjunctive.
Aunque hubiera querido intervenir, la celeridad de los hechos se lo impidió.
Even if he had wanted to intervene, the swiftness of the events prevented him.
Pluperfect subjunctive 'hubiera querido' in a formal, narrative explanation.
Es un experto en la materia, aunque peque de arrogante en sus exposiciones.
He is an expert in the field, although he sins of being arrogant in his presentations.
Subjunctive 'peque' used stylistically to soften a criticism of a known fact.
El acuerdo, aunque precario, sentó las bases para la paz futura.
The agreement, although precarious, laid the foundations for future peace.
Concise adjectival concession typical of journalistic or historical writing.
よく使う組み合わせ
よく使うフレーズ
よく混同される語
慣用句と表現
間違えやすい
文型パターン
使い方
The core nuance lies entirely in the mood selection. It is the ultimate test of a learner's grasp of the Spanish subjunctive as a marker of reality vs. unreality.
Neutral. Suitable for all contexts.
Extremely high. One of the top 100 most used words in Spanish.
- Using 'aunque' with an infinitive verb.
- Using the indicative mood for hypothetical future events.
- Confusing 'aunque' with 'pero' in simple contrasting sentences.
- Forgetting tense agreement between the clauses.
- Adding 'que' after 'aunque'.
ヒント
The Reality Test
Before using 'aunque', ask yourself: 'Is this obstacle a 100% confirmed fact?' If yes, use indicative. If no, use subjunctive.
Learn the Set Phrase
Memorize 'aunque parezca mentira' (although it seems incredible/believe it or not). It's a great way to sound native and always takes the subjunctive.
Listen to the End of the Verb
Train your ear to catch the final vowel of the verb after 'aunque'. Hearing 'llueve' vs 'llueva' tells you if the speaker is talking about a fact or a possibility.
Don't Pause
When speaking, link 'aunque' directly to the next word without pausing. It should flow smoothly, e.g., 'aun-ques-tarde' (aunque es tarde).
Comma Placement
In writing, remember the comma rule: 'Aunque [clause], [main clause].' OR '[Main clause] aunque [clause].'
Stop Translating Literally
Don't just map 'aunque' to 'although' in your head. Map 'aunque + indicative' to 'although' and 'aunque + subjunctive' to 'even if'.
Avoid 'Aunque de'
Never say 'aunque de'. It is just 'aunque'. If you want to use 'de', you must use the synonym 'a pesar de'.
The Dismissive Subjunctive
Use the subjunctive to dismiss a fact. 'Aunque sea rico...' means 'I know he is rich, but I don't care, it doesn't change anything.'
Learn the Monkey Proverb
'Aunque la mona se vista de seda, mona se queda' is the perfect example of 'aunque' + subjunctive for a hypothetical scenario.
Transform Sentences
Take a factual sentence like 'Aunque llueve, voy' and practice changing it to a hypothetical one: 'Aunque llueva, iré'. Feel the difference in meaning.
暗記しよう
記憶術
AUNt QUEen goes out ALTHOUGH it rains.
語源
Latin
文化的な背景
Universally used across all Spanish-speaking countries with no significant regional variations in meaning or grammar.
Using 'aunque' with the subjunctive to dismiss someone's point ('Aunque sea verdad, no me importa' - Even if it's true, I don't care) can be perceived as aggressive or dismissive if not used carefully.
'Aunque' is universally acceptable in all registers. However, in highly formal writing, 'si bien' or 'a pesar de que' might be preferred for stylistic variety.
実生活で練習する
実際の使用場面
会話のきっかけ
"¿Qué harías aunque te diera mucho miedo? (What would you do even if it scared you a lot?)"
"¿Hay alguna comida que te guste aunque a los demás no? (Is there a food you like even though others don't?)"
"¿Saldrías de casa hoy aunque lloviera a cántaros? (Would you leave the house today even if it were pouring rain?)"
"¿Qué película recomiendas aunque sea muy antigua? (What movie do you recommend even though it's very old?)"
"¿Seguirías trabajando aunque ganaras la lotería? (Would you keep working even if you won the lottery?)"
日記のテーマ
Escribe sobre una meta que quieres lograr, aunque sea muy difícil. (Write about a goal you want to achieve, even if it is very difficult.)
Describe un día en el que fuiste feliz, aunque las cosas salieron mal. (Describe a day when you were happy, although things went wrong.)
¿Qué principio defenderías aunque todos estuvieran en tu contra? (What principle would you defend even if everyone were against you?)
Escribe sobre una persona a la que admiras, aunque tenga defectos. (Write about a person you admire, although they have flaws.)
¿Qué harías mañana aunque no tuvieras obligaciones? (What would you do tomorrow even if you had no obligations?)
よくある質問
10 問No. While 'although' is correct when 'aunque' is followed by the indicative mood (stating a fact), it must be translated as 'even if' when followed by the subjunctive mood (stating a hypothetical).
'Pero' means 'but' and connects two independent clauses of equal weight. 'Aunque' means 'although' or 'even if' and introduces a dependent clause that acts as a concession or obstacle to the main clause.
Usually, no, if 'aunque' is in the middle of the sentence (e.g., 'Iré aunque llueva'). However, if the 'aunque' clause starts the sentence, you need a comma after it (e.g., 'Aunque llueva, iré').
No, 'aunque' is followed by a conjugated verb. If you want to use an infinitive to express concession, use 'a pesar de' (e.g., 'A pesar de estar enfermo...').
Advanced speakers may use the subjunctive with a known fact to show that they consider that fact irrelevant or unimportant to the main action (e.g., 'Aunque sea tu cumpleaños, tienes que limpiar' - Even though it's your birthday, you have to clean).
'Aunque' is completely neutral and is used in every register, from street slang to academic literature.
'Aunque sea' literally means 'even if it is', but it is frequently used as a set phrase meaning 'at least' (e.g., 'Come un poco, aunque sea' - Eat a little, at least).
Yes. You can use it with the imperfect or preterite indicative for past facts ('Aunque llovía...') or the imperfect subjunctive for past hypotheticals ('Aunque lloviera...').
They are very similar and often interchangeable when stating facts. However, 'aunque' is much more common for hypotheticals (with subjunctive), whereas 'a pesar de que' strongly emphasizes a factual obstacle.
It is pronounced as two syllables: 'aun-que'. The 'au' is a diphthong sounding like the 'ow' in 'cow', and 'que' sounds like 'keh'. The stress is on the first syllable.
自分をテスト 180 問
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Perfect score!
Summary
The meaning of 'aunque' changes completely based on the verb mood: use indicative for facts ('although') and subjunctive for hypotheticals ('even if').
- Means 'although' with indicative.
- Means 'even if' with subjunctive.
- Used to show an obstacle.
- Connects two contrasting ideas.
The Reality Test
Before using 'aunque', ask yourself: 'Is this obstacle a 100% confirmed fact?' If yes, use indicative. If no, use subjunctive.
Learn the Set Phrase
Memorize 'aunque parezca mentira' (although it seems incredible/believe it or not). It's a great way to sound native and always takes the subjunctive.
Listen to the End of the Verb
Train your ear to catch the final vowel of the verb after 'aunque'. Hearing 'llueve' vs 'llueva' tells you if the speaker is talking about a fact or a possibility.
Don't Pause
When speaking, link 'aunque' directly to the next word without pausing. It should flow smoothly, e.g., 'aun-ques-tarde' (aunque es tarde).
例文
Aunque hace frío, vamos a salir.
関連コンテンツ
関連フレーズ
generalの関連語
a causa de
A2「〜のせいで」や「〜が原因で」という意味です。名詞の前に使います。
a condición de que
B2On condition that, provided that, or given that.
a dónde
A1どこへ？（目的地や場所を尋ねる）
a lo mejor
A2もしかすると、ひょっとしたら。「a lo mejor」は日常会話で非常によく使われます。
a menos que
B1～しない限り. 彼が来ない限り、私は行きません。 (I won't go unless he comes.)
a no ser que
B2「〜でない限り」という意味です。例外を条件として提示する時に使われます。
a pesar de
B1〜にもかかわらず。 '雨にもかかわらず、彼は来ました。' (Despite the rain, he came.)
a_pesar_de
B2雨にもかかわらず、私たちは外出しました。
a propósito
B21. ところで：話題を変える時に使います。 2. わざと：意図的に何かをすること。「ところで、私の本を見た？」、「彼はわざとそれをした。」
a raíz de
B2〜の結果として；〜を受けて。
