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B1 verb #6,000 よく出る 9分で読める

descomponer

上位6,000

練習する例文メモとヒント descomponer 30秒で

解説 descomponer in your Level:

At the A1 level, you should know that descomponer is a word used when things stop working or when food goes bad. Since A1 focuses on basic needs, you might hear this word if you are at a hotel and the air conditioning doesn't work. However, at this level, it is more common to use simpler words like no funciona (it doesn't work) or está roto (it is broken). If you want to use descomponer, just remember the phrase se descompuso to say something broke down. For example, 'Mi teléfono se descompuso'. You don't need to worry about all the complex conjugations yet; just focus on the third-person singular (se descompuso) for things that happened in the past. It is also helpful to know that it can mean food is 'rotting', though at A1, you might just say la comida está mala. Learning this word early helps you describe problems with technology and appliances, which is very useful for travelers.

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By A2, you are expected to handle more varied past tense situations. You should start recognizing that descomponer is an irregular verb that follows the pattern of poner. This means you should learn the preterite forms: se descompuso (it broke down) and se descompusieron (they broke down). At this level, you can use the word to describe daily frustrations, such as your car breaking down or a computer malfunction. You should also understand the 'accidental se' construction, like se me descompuso la computadora, which is how native speakers naturally express that something stopped working without it being their fault. You will also encounter the word in basic science contexts, such as learning about recycling or nature, where it describes how organic waste turns into soil. It is a step up from A1 vocabulary because it is more precise than just saying 'no funciona'.

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At the B1 level, you should be comfortable with the full conjugation of descomponer in most tenses, including the present, preterite, and imperfect. You should understand the difference between the transitive use (breaking something down into parts) and the reflexive use (something breaking down or rotting). For example, you can explain a process: 'El sol descompone los colores de la tela' (The sun breaks down/fades the colors of the fabric). You should also be aware of the idiomatic use regarding health; if someone says 'me descompuse en el mercado', they mean they felt sick or faint. This level requires you to distinguish between descomponer and its synonyms like estropear or pudrirse depending on the context. You are now using the word to describe more complex scenarios, such as explaining to a mechanic exactly what happened to your car or discussing environmental issues like the decomposition of plastics.

At B2, you should use descomponer with precision in academic and professional settings. You should be able to use it in the subjunctive mood, for instance, expressing a fear: 'Temo que la carne se descomponga si no hay luz'. You will use the word more frequently in its transitive sense to describe analysis. In a business or scientific report, you might talk about descomponer los datos (breaking down the data) to analyze specific trends. You should also understand the nuance of using it for emotional states; descomponerse can describe someone losing their cool or having an emotional outburst. Your vocabulary should include the noun form descomposición and you should be able to discuss the biological and chemical processes of decomposition in detail. At this level, you should also be aware of regional differences, knowing when to choose averiarse over descomponerse to sound more like a local in Spain.

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At the C1 level, you possess a deep understanding of the word's abstract and metaphorical applications. You can use descomponer to describe the breakdown of social structures, political systems, or philosophical arguments. For example, 'La crisis económica descompuso el tejido social' (The economic crisis broke down the social fabric). You should be able to use the verb in complex grammatical structures, such as the future perfect or the past perfect subjunctive, with ease. You also understand the aesthetic and literary uses of the word; a poet might describe how the evening light se descompone over the horizon. Your usage of the 'accidental se' is now second nature, and you can use it to add subtle shades of meaning regarding responsibility and agency. You are also familiar with technical terms like descomposición factorial in mathematics or descomposición cadavérica in forensic science, using them appropriately in specialized discussions.

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At the C2 level, you have a masterly command of descomponer and all its derivatives. You can use it to articulate extremely subtle nuances in high-level academic discourse or literature. You might use it to describe the deconstruction of a text or the disintegration of a complex theory. You are aware of the most obscure idiomatic expressions and can play with the word's multiple meanings for rhetorical effect. Your understanding of the word is not just linguistic but cultural, knowing how its use varies across the entire Spanish-speaking world, from the colloquialisms of the Caribbean to the formal registers of the Southern Cone. You can participate in a debate about environmental policy and use the word to describe the chemical breakdown of pollutants at a molecular level, or write a literary critique discussing how a character's psyche se descompone throughout a novel. The word is no longer just a verb to you; it is a versatile tool for precise expression in any possible context.

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練習する例文メモとヒント

descomponer 30秒で

Descomponer is an irregular Spanish verb meaning to decompose, rot, or break down mechanically, following the conjugation pattern of the verb poner.
It is commonly used for biological decay, car or appliance malfunctions, and analytical tasks like breaking down data or mathematical numbers.
The reflexive form 'descomponerse' is essential for describing items that break on their own or food that spoils over time.
In some contexts, it can also mean to feel physically ill (upset stomach) or to lose emotional control and composure.

The Spanish verb descomponer is a multifaceted term that every intermediate Spanish learner must master. At its core, the word is constructed from the prefix des- (indicating reversal or negation) and the root verb componer (to compose or put together). Therefore, to descomponer literally means to 'un-compose' something. Depending on the context, this can range from the biological process of rotting to the mechanical failure of an engine, or even the mathematical act of breaking down a complex number into its factors. Understanding the nuances of this word requires looking at the specific domains where it appears most frequently: science, mechanics, and daily life.

Biological Decay: In nature, descomponer refers to the process where organic matter breaks down. This is the equivalent of 'to rot' or 'to decay'. For example, when leaves fall in the forest, bacteria and fungi work to descomponer the plant matter, returning nutrients to the soil. This is a vital ecological process.

Las bacterias ayudan a descomponer los residuos orgánicos en la composta.

Mechanical Failure: When a machine, vehicle, or electronic device stops working, Spanish speakers often use the reflexive form: descomponerse. If your car breaks down on the highway, you would say 'mi carro se descompuso'. This usage is extremely common in Latin America, whereas in Spain, you might hear 'averiarse' or 'estropearse' more frequently.

El ascensor se volvió a descomponer esta mañana.

Chemical and Mathematical Analysis: In a laboratory or a classroom, descomponer is used to describe the separation of a substance into its constituent elements. Scientists might descomponer water into hydrogen and oxygen. Similarly, a mathematician might descomponer a number into prime factors or a vector into its vertical and horizontal components.

Es posible descomponer la luz blanca usando un prisma.

El profesor nos pidió descomponer el polinomio en factores simples.

Se descompuso del estómago después de comer mariscos.

Mastering descomponer requires an understanding of its irregular conjugation, as it follows the pattern of the verb poner. Because poner is one of the most common irregular verbs in Spanish, descomponer inherits all its quirks. For example, in the present tense 'yo' form, it becomes descompongo. In the preterite, it changes significantly to descompuse, descompusiste, descompuso, and so on. This irregularity is a common hurdle for students, but once you know poner, you know descomponer.

Transitive Usage (To Break Down Something): When you are the agent performing the action of breaking something into parts, the verb is used transitively. This is common in scientific, mathematical, or analytical contexts. You are 'composing' the breakdown.

El químico logró descomponer la muestra en sus componentes básicos.

Reflexive Usage (To Break Down / To Rot): When something breaks down on its own or undergoes a natural process of decay, the reflexive pronoun se must be used. This changes the meaning to 'to break down' (mechanical) or 'to decay' (biological). This is the most frequent way you will encounter the word in conversation.

Si dejas la carne fuera del refrigerador, se va a descomponer pronto.

The 'Accidental Se' Construction: In Spanish, we often use the 'accidental se' to distance ourselves from blame. Instead of saying 'I broke the computer' (which implies intent), we say 'The computer broke down on me'. This is structured as: se + [indirect object pronoun] + descompuso.

Se me descompuso el teléfono ayer y no pude llamarte.

¿Se les descompuso el aire acondicionado durante el viaje?

In summary, use the non-reflexive for active analysis or breaking things into parts, and the reflexive for natural decay or mechanical failure. Remember the 'poner' irregularities to sound like a native speaker.

You will encounter descomponer in a variety of real-world scenarios, from the mundane to the highly technical. Because it covers both 'rotting' and 'breaking down', it is a staple of everyday vocabulary in Latin America, while in Spain, it retains a slightly more formal or scientific flavor. Let's look at the three primary places where you are likely to hear this word spoken by native speakers.

At the Mechanic or Repair Shop: If you are traveling through Mexico, Colombia, or Argentina and your car starts making a strange noise or simply won't start, descomponer is your go-to word. You'll hear mechanics ask, '¿Cuándo se le descompuso?' (When did it break down on you?). It is the standard way to describe a malfunction in any complex machinery.

Mi lavadora se descompuso y ahora tengo toda la ropa mojada.

In the Kitchen and Grocery Store: Food safety is another major area for this word. If a refrigerator loses power, the concern is that the food will descomponerse. You might hear a mother warning her child: 'No comas eso, ya se está descomponiendo' (Don't eat that, it's already starting to rot/spoil). In this context, it is synonymous with 'pudrirse' (to rot), but descomponerse sounds slightly more clinical or descriptive of the process.

El calor hizo que la leche se descompusiera en pocas horas.

In Healthcare and Personal Well-being: A very common idiomatic use in many Spanish-speaking countries refers to health. If someone says 'me descompuse', they usually mean they felt faint, got a sudden upset stomach, or had a drop in blood pressure. It describes a sudden loss of physical stability. Similarly, it can describe a loss of emotional control: 'se descompuso al oír la noticia' (he/she broke down/lost it upon hearing the news).

Pobre María, se descompuso en la boda por el intenso calor.

No te descompongas, todo tiene solución.

Learning to use descomponer correctly involves navigating its irregular forms and its specific range of meanings. English speakers often make mistakes by overusing it or confusing it with other verbs like 'romper' or 'dañar'. Here are the most common pitfalls to avoid so you can speak with greater accuracy.

Mistake 1: Forgetting the Irregular Conjugation: The most frequent error is treating descomponer as a regular '-er' verb. Students often say 'descomponió' instead of the correct preterite descompuso, or 'descomponí' instead of descompuse. Because it follows poner, it is essential to internalize the 'pus-' root in the preterite and the 'pong-' root in the present 'yo' form.

Incorrecto: El motor se ~~descomponió~~ ayer.
Correcto: El motor se descompuso ayer.

Mistake 2: Using 'Descomponer' for Physical Breakage: In English, 'break' can mean a mechanical failure ('the car broke') or a physical snap ('the stick broke'). In Spanish, descomponer is for the former (malfunction), while romper is for the latter (physical damage). If you drop a glass and it shatters, you rompes the glass; you do not descompones it.

Incorrecto: Se ~~descompuso~~ mi lápiz al escribir.
Correcto: Se rompió mi lápiz al escribir.

Mistake 3: Omitting the Reflexive 'Se': Many learners say 'El coche descompuso' instead of 'El coche se descompuso'. Without the 'se', the sentence sounds incomplete or implies the car was actively breaking something else down. In Spanish, most 'unintentional' or 'passive' changes of state require the reflexive pronoun.

Incorrecto: La fruta ~~descompone~~ rápido en el calor.
Correcto: La fruta se descompone rápido en el calor.

Mistake 4: Confusing Regional Preferences: While descomponer is understood everywhere, using it for a car breakdown in Spain might sound a bit odd or overly formal. In Spain, 'averiarse' or 'estropearse' are much more common for mechanical issues. Conversely, in Mexico, 'descomponer' is the standard. Be aware of your audience to sound more natural.

En España: El coche se ha estropeado.
En México: El coche se descompuso.

Spanish has several verbs that overlap with descomponer. Choosing the right one depends on whether you are talking about food, machines, or abstract concepts. Here is a breakdown of the most common alternatives and how they differ from our main word.

Pudrirse vs. Descomponerse: Pudrirse is the direct translation of 'to rot'. It is more visceral and common in daily speech for food or organic matter. Descomponerse is more clinical or scientific. You would say an apple 'se pudre', but a scientist would study how an organism 'se descompone'.

Estropearse vs. Descomponerse: Estropearse is a general term for 'to get ruined' or 'to spoil'. It can be used for food, machines, or even a plan. While descomponerse implies a total breakdown or rot, estropearse might just mean it is no longer in good condition. In Spain, this is the preferred word for mechanical failure.

La lluvia estropeó nuestros planes de picnic.

Averiarse vs. Descomponerse: Averiarse is specifically used for technical or mechanical breakdowns, usually in vehicles or industrial machinery. It comes from the noun 'avería' (a breakdown/damage). It is more formal than descomponerse and is the standard term in Spain for car trouble.

El avión tuvo que aterrizar porque el motor se averió.

Malograrse vs. Descomponerse: Common in Peru and other Andean countries, malograrse is the everyday word for 'to break down' or 'to spoil'. If a TV stops working in Lima, they say 'se malogró'. It is a perfect synonym for descomponerse in those specific regions.

How Formal Is It?

豆知識

Because 'descomponer' is built on 'poner', it shares the same ancient Indo-European root as the English words 'position', 'post', and 'component'.

発音ガイド

UK /des.kom.poˈneɾ/

US /des.kom.poˈneɾ/

The stress is on the last syllable 'ner' because it is an infinitive ending in 'r'.

韻が合う語

comer beber tener hacer saber querer poder ver

よくある間違い

Pronouncing the 'd' like an English 'd'. In Spanish, it should be softer, with the tongue touching the back of the teeth.
Stressing the wrong syllable, like 'des-COM-poner'. Always stress the 'ner'.
Nasalizing the 'om' too much like in French. Keep the 'o' pure.
Failing to pronounce the 's' clearly before the 'k' sound.
Rolling the 'r' too much. It is a single tap, not a trill.

難易度

読解 3/5

Easy to recognize due to the English cognate 'decompose'.

ライティング 7/5

Difficult due to the irregular conjugation following 'poner'.

スピーキング 6/5

Requires practice with the 'accidental se' construction.

リスニング 4/5

Clear pronunciation, but can be confused with 'componer' in fast speech.

次に学ぶべきこと

前提知識

poner romper materia comida carro

次に学ぶ

avería pudrir recomponer disponer análisis

上級

enzima electrólisis factorial inmarcesible

知っておくべき文法

Irregular Preterite

Yo descompuse (I broke down), Él descompuso (He broke down).

Accidental Se

Se me descompuso el reloj (My watch broke down on me).

Reflexive vs Transitive

La bacteria descompone (transitive) vs La fruta se descompone (reflexive).

Subjunctive with doubt

Dudo que se descomponga (I doubt it will rot).

Future with 'ir a'

Se va a descomponer (It is going to rot/break down).

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レベル別の例文

Mi radio se descompuso.

My radio broke down.

Uses the reflexive 'se' + preterite for a sudden breakdown.

La comida se descompone sin frío.

Food rots without cold.

Present tense showing a general truth.

El carro se descompuso ayer.

The car broke down yesterday.

Preterite tense for a specific past event.

No quiero que el televisor se descomponga.

I don't want the TV to break down.

Uses the present subjunctive after 'no quiero que'.

La manzana se está descomponiendo.

The apple is rotting.

Present progressive with '-iendo'.

Se descompuso la lámpara.

The lamp broke down.

Word order puts the subject at the end for emphasis.

Mi juguete se descompuso.

My toy broke down.

Simple reflexive use.

¿Tu computadora se descompuso?

Did your computer break down?

Question form in the preterite.

Se me descompuso el reloj.

My watch broke down on me.

The 'accidental se' (se me) indicates it wasn't the person's fault.

Las hojas se descomponen en el jardín.

The leaves decompose in the garden.

Plural subject with plural verb.

El motor se descompuso a mitad del camino.

The engine broke down halfway.

Preterite 'descompuso' showing a completed action.

Si no lo arreglas, se va a descomponer más.

If you don't fix it, it's going to break down more.

Future with 'ir + a + infinitive'.

Siempre se descompone la impresora cuando la necesito.

The printer always breaks down when I need it.

Present tense for a habitual action.

Se nos descompuso el aire acondicionado.

The air conditioning broke down on us.

Uses 'se nos' to show the group affected.

La basura orgánica se descompone rápido.

Organic waste decomposes quickly.

Adverb 'rápido' modifying the verb.

Ayer se descompusieron los frenos de la bici.

Yesterday the bike's brakes broke down.

Plural preterite 'descompusieron'.

El químico descompuso el agua mediante electrólisis.

The chemist decomposed the water through electrolysis.

Transitive use (no 'se') because the chemist is doing the action.

Me descompuse por el calor de la tarde.

I felt sick/faint because of the afternoon heat.

Idiomatic use referring to health/fainting.

Es necesario descomponer el problema en partes pequeñas.

It is necessary to break down the problem into small parts.

Infinitive after 'es necesario'.

La luz se descompone al pasar por un prisma.

Light breaks down (disperses) when passing through a prism.

Reflexive use for a physical phenomenon.

Si el cadáver se descompone, será difícil identificarlo.

If the body decomposes, it will be hard to identify it.

Conditional 'if' clause with present tense.

Se descompuso emocionalmente al recibir la noticia.

He/she broke down emotionally upon receiving the news.

Adverbial phrase 'emocionalmente' clarifying the type of breakdown.

El hongo ayuda a descomponer la madera muerta.

The fungus helps to decompose dead wood.

Transitive use where the fungus is the agent.

Se me descompuso el estómago después de la cena.

I got an upset stomach after dinner.

Specific idiomatic use for digestive issues.

Debemos descomponer la cifra total para ver los gastos.

We must break down the total figure to see the expenses.

Analytical transitive use.

Dudo que la materia orgánica se descomponga tan rápido aquí.

I doubt that organic matter decomposes so quickly here.

Subjunctive 'descomponga' after 'dudo que'.

El sistema se descompuso tras el ataque cibernético.

The system broke down after the cyber attack.

Reflexive use for a complex system.

Al descomponer el vector, obtuvimos dos componentes.

Upon decomposing the vector, we obtained two components.

'Al + infinitive' meaning 'upon doing something'.

La carne empezó a descomponerse por la falta de refrigeración.

The meat began to decompose due to lack of refrigeration.

Infinitive with reflexive pronoun attached at the end.

Sus rasgos se descompusieron por la ira.

His/her features were distorted by anger.

Literary use referring to facial expressions.

El plástico no se descompone fácilmente en el océano.

Plastic does not decompose easily in the ocean.

Reflexive use for environmental science.

Se descompuso el orden público durante las protestas.

Public order broke down during the protests.

Abstract usage for social situations.

El sociólogo intenta descomponer las causas de la violencia.

The sociologist tries to break down the causes of violence.

Abstract analytical transitive use.

Si no hubiéramos actuado, el tejido social se habría descompuesto.

If we hadn't acted, the social fabric would have broken down.

Conditional perfect 'habría descompuesto' with 'si' clause.

La luz blanca se descompone en un espectro de colores.

White light breaks down into a spectrum of colors.

Scientific reflexive use.

El cadáver presentaba un estado avanzado de descomposición.

The corpse showed an advanced state of decomposition.

Noun form 'descomposición'.

A medida que el imperio caía, la administración se descompuso.

As the empire fell, the administration broke down.

Reflexive use for historical processes.

El software permite descomponer imágenes en píxeles individuales.

The software allows breaking down images into individual pixels.

Technological transitive use.

Su compostura se descompuso ante el interrogatorio.

His/her composure broke down under questioning.

Metaphorical use for emotional control.

Es vital descomponer los factores de riesgo antes de invertir.

It is vital to break down the risk factors before investing.

Transitive use in a financial context.

La obra deconstruye la realidad al descomponer la narrativa lineal.

The work deconstructs reality by breaking down the linear narrative.

Literary/Philosophical transitive use.

El filósofo descompuso el concepto de 'ser' en múltiples categorías.

The philosopher decomposed the concept of 'being' into multiple categories.

Highly abstract transitive use.

Bajo condiciones extremas, la materia misma se descompone.

Under extreme conditions, matter itself decomposes.

Physics-based reflexive use.

La corrupción descompuso las instituciones desde su interior.

Corruption decomposed the institutions from within.

Metaphorical transitive use for institutional decay.

Se requiere descomponer la señal en sus armónicos fundamentales.

It is required to decompose the signal into its fundamental harmonics.

Engineering/Mathematical transitive use.

La sintaxis se descompone en el habla de los pacientes con afasia.

Syntax breaks down in the speech of patients with aphasia.

Linguistic reflexive use.

El artista busca descomponer la figura humana en formas geométricas.

The artist seeks to decompose the human figure into geometric shapes.

Artistic transitive use.

Nada queda cuando la esencia de la verdad se descompone.

Nothing remains when the essence of truth decomposes.

Poetic/Philosophical reflexive use.

よく使う組み合わせ

descomponer en factores

descomponer la luz

descomponerse por el calor

descomponer el motor

fácil de descomponer

tardar en descomponerse

descomponer un problema

descomponer la figura

descomponer el estómago

descomponer la unidad

よく使うフレーズ

Se me descompuso...

— My [object] broke down on me. Used for unintentional malfunctions.

Se me descompuso el celular.

Se está descomponiendo

— It is starting to rot or decay. Used for food or organic matter.

Tira esa leche, ya se está descomponiendo.

Descomponer en partes

— To break down into sections or components for better understanding.

Vamos a descomponer el proyecto en partes semanales.

Descomponerse los nervios

— To have a nervous breakdown or become extremely agitated.

Se le descompusieron los nervios con el susto.

Materia en descomposición

— Decomposing matter. A common scientific or descriptive phrase.

Había mucha materia en descomposición en el pantano.

Descomponer la armonía

— To disrupt the peace or balance of a situation.

Su llegada descompuso la armonía de la cena.

Descomponer un gesto

— To change one's facial expression suddenly, usually due to bad news.

Se le descompuso el gesto al oír la verdad.

Descomponer por completo

— To break down entirely or rot completely.

El coche se descompuso por completo en la carretera.

Descomponer la mezcla

— To separate the parts of a physical or chemical mixture.

Es difícil descomponer la mezcla una vez que se calienta.

Dejar descomponer

— To allow something to rot or fail through neglect.

No dejes descomponer la fruta en el frutero.

よく混同される語

descomponer vs romper

Romper is for physical snapping or shattering; descomponer is for malfunctioning or rotting.

descomponer vs dañar

Dañar means to damage or hurt; descomponer means a total breakdown or decay.

descomponer vs parar

Parar means to stop; a car can 'parar' at a light, but 'descomponerse' means it won't start again.

慣用句と表現

"Descomponérsele el cuerpo"

— To feel a sudden physical malaise, faintness, or sickness.

Se me descompuso el cuerpo al ver tanta sangre.

colloquial

"Descomponer el semblante"

— To lose one's calm expression, usually due to anger or shock.

No permitió que la noticia le descompusiera el semblante.

literary

"Descomponerse de risa"

— To break down into fits of laughter (less common than 'morirse de risa').

Todos se descompusieron de risa con su chiste.

colloquial

"Descomponer la figura"

— To lose one's elegant posture or calm demeanor.

A pesar del insulto, ella no descompuso la figura.

formal

"Descomponer el paso"

— To lose one's rhythm or stride while walking or marching.

El tropiezo le hizo descomponer el paso.

neutral

"Descomponer los planes"

— To ruin or disrupt arrangements completely.

La lluvia nos descompuso los planes del fin de semana.

neutral

"Descomponerse el clima"

— For the weather to suddenly turn bad or stormy.

Parece que se va a descomponer el clima esta tarde.

colloquial

"Descomponer la máquina"

— Often used metaphorically for disrupting a well-oiled process.

Tu falta de puntualidad descompone toda la máquina del equipo.

metaphorical

"Descomponerse el estómago"

— To get diarrhea or a very upset stomach suddenly.

Se me descompuso el estómago con el agua del grifo.

colloquial

"Descomponer la jugada"

— In sports or games, to ruin the opponent's strategy.

El defensa logró descomponer la jugada del delantero.

sports

間違えやすい

descomponer vs descomponer vs. pudrir

Both mean to rot.

Pudrir is more common for food in daily life. Descomponer is more scientific or clinical. You can also 'descomponer' a car, but you cannot 'pudrir' a car (unless it's rusting away).

La carne se pudrió. vs. El motor se descompuso.

descomponer vs descomponer vs. estropear

Both mean to break or ruin.

Estropear is very common in Spain and can mean 'to ruin a plan'. Descomponer is more about the internal breakdown of parts.

Se estropeó la fiesta. vs. Se descompuso el ascensor.

descomponer vs descomponer vs. averiar

Both mean mechanical failure.

Averiar is more formal and used mostly for vehicles/machinery in Spain. Descomponer is the standard term in Latin America.

El coche se averió. vs. El carro se descompuso.

descomponer vs descomponer vs. desarmar

Both involve taking things apart.

Desarmar is intentional (to disassemble). Descomponer is usually unintentional (to break down) or chemical.

Desarmé el reloj para limpiarlo. vs. El reloj se descompuso solo.

descomponer vs descomponer vs. analizar

Both mean breaking down information.

Analizar is the general mental process. Descomponer is the specific step of separating the whole into its parts.

Analizamos el texto. vs. Descompusimos el texto en párrafos.

文型パターン

Mi [objeto] se descompuso.

Mi radio se descompuso.

Se me descompuso el/la [objeto].

Se me descompuso la lámpara.

[Sujeto] descompone la [sustancia].

El sol descompone la pintura.

Me descompuse por [causa].

Me descompuse por el marisco.

Espero que no se descomponga [sujeto].

Espero que no se descomponga el motor.

Descomponer [concepto] en [partes].

Vamos a descomponer la teoría en premisas.

A medida que [sujeto] se descompone...

A medida que el tejido social se descompone, surge el caos.

Sin descomponer el semblante...

Respondió a la acusación sin descomponer el semblante.

語族

名詞

descomposición (decomposition)

componedor (composer/fixer)

componente (component)

動詞

componer (to compose)

recomponer (to recompose/fix)

proponer (to propose)

disponer (to dispose/arrange)

形容詞

descompuesto (broken/rotten)

componible (composable)

descomponible (decomposable)

使い方

frequency

Very high in Latin American Spanish; moderately high in Spain.

よくある間違い

El carro descompuso. → El carro se descompuso.
Without 'se', the sentence is incomplete or implies the car broke something else down. Use the reflexive for malfunctions.
Se descomponió ayer. → Se descompuso ayer.
The preterite of 'poner' is 'puso', so 'descomponer' must be 'descompuso'. This is the most common error.
Descompuse el vaso. → Rompí el vaso.
Don't use 'descomponer' for simple physical breakage like a glass or a stick. Use 'romper'.
La carne se descompuso por la sol. → La carne se descompuso por el sol.
A common gender error with 'el sol', but also remember that 'por' is used for cause.
Quiero que el químico descomponga el muestra. → Quiero que el químico descomponga la muestra.
'Muestra' is feminine. Also, ensure you use the subjunctive 'descomponga' after 'quiero que'.

ヒント

Think of Poner

Always remember that 'descomponer' is just 'des-' + 'poner'. If you know 'puse', you know 'descompuse'. This fixes 90% of conjugation errors.

Organic vs Mechanical

Use it for anything that 'falls apart' naturally over time (like fruit) or technically (like a car).

Regional Choice

In Mexico, say 'se descompuso mi carro'. In Spain, say 'se estropeó mi coche' to sound more natural.

The Accidental 'Se'

Use 'Se me descompuso' to avoid sounding like you broke the item on purpose. It's the polite way to report a problem.

Academic Use

In a lab, 'descomponer' is the professional word for breaking a substance into elements.

Factorization

When doing math in Spanish, use 'descomponer' to talk about factors or components of a vector.

Feeling Ill

If you feel a sudden 'crash' in your energy or stomach, 'me descompuse' is a perfect, common expression.

Avoid Repetition

Switch between 'descomponerse', 'pudrirse', and 'dañarse' when writing a story about food to keep it interesting.

Prefix Power

Focus on the 'des-' at the start. It's the signal that something is being undone or failing.

Composition Breakdown

A 'composition' is a whole. To 'des-compose' is to lose that wholeness.

暗記しよう

記憶術

Think of 'De-Compose'. If you 'Compose' a song, you put it together. If you 'Des-componer' it, you take it apart or it falls apart like a rotten apple.

視覚的連想

Visualize a car engine falling into pieces (mechanical) or a banana turning black (biological). Both are 'descomponiéndose'.

Word Web

pudrirse averiarse romperse separar analizar enfermarse fallar dividir

チャレンジ

Try to use 'descomponer' in three different ways today: once for a piece of food, once for a gadget, and once for a math or work problem.

語源

From the Latin 'componere' (to put together), prefixed with 'des-' (undo). The Latin root 'ponere' means 'to place' or 'to put'.

元の意味： To take apart something that was placed together.

Romance (Latin-derived)

文化的な背景

When used for people ('se descompuso'), it is a polite way to say they felt sick or fainted without being too graphic.

English speakers often say 'break' for everything. Spanish is more specific: use 'romper' for snapping/shattering and 'descomponer' for failing/rotting.

Used in scientific documentaries (NatGeo in Spanish) about the Amazon rainforest. Appears in Gabriel García Márquez's novels to describe the decay of towns. Common in technical manuals for cars like Toyota or Ford in Latin America.

実生活で練習する

実際の使用場面

At the mechanic

Se descompuso el motor
¿Qué se descompuso?
Se descompuso ayer
No se puede descomponer

In the kitchen

La carne se va a descomponer
Ya está descompuesto
Huele a descompuesto
Evitar la descomposición

In a science lab

Descomponer la sustancia
Proceso de descomposición
Descomponer la luz
Se descompone en elementos

In math class

Descomponer en factores primos
Descomponer el polinomio
Descomponer la cifra
Descomponer el vector

Talking about health

Me descompuse del estómago
Se descompuso por el sol
Me siento descompuesto
Se descompuso de pronto

会話のきっかけ

"¿Alguna vez se te descompuso el carro en un lugar peligroso?"

"¿Qué tipo de alimentos se descomponen más rápido en tu país?"

"¿Sabes cómo descomponer un número en factores primos sin calculadora?"

"¿Te has descompuesto alguna vez por el calor intenso del verano?"

"¿Crees que es fácil descomponer un problema complejo en el trabajo?"

日記のテーマ

Describe una vez que se te descompuso algo importante, como tu teléfono o tu computadora. ¿Qué hiciste?

Escribe sobre la importancia de descomponer la materia orgánica para el medio ambiente y el reciclaje.

Piensa en un problema grande que tengas ahora. Intenta descomponerlo en cinco pasos pequeños para resolverlo.

¿Cómo te sientes cuando el clima se descompone y arruina tus planes? Describe tus emociones.

Investiga y escribe sobre cómo un prisma puede descomponer la luz en los colores del arcoíris.

よくある質問

10 問

No, for a window you should use 'romper'. 'Descomponer' is for things with internal parts that stop working, or for organic things that rot.

Yes, but for a car breaking down, people in Spain usually say 'estropearse' or 'averiarse'. 'Descomponer' is more common in Latin America for that context.

It follows 'poner'. So: yo descompuse, tú descompusiste, él descompuso, nosotros descompusimos, vosotros descompusisteis, ellos descompusieron.

It usually means you felt sick, fainted, or got a sudden upset stomach. It can also mean you lost your emotional composure.

No, it is used for food, chemicals, light, mathematical numbers, and even social systems.

Yes, that is the correct scientific way to say 'to disperse light' into colors.

It is reflexive (descomponerse) when the subject is rotting or breaking down. It is transitive (descomponer) when someone is actively breaking something into parts.

Romper is for physical damage (a broken stick). Descomponer is for a functional failure (a broken engine).

Yes, it is the past participle used as an adjective, meaning 'broken' or 'rotten'.

In some places, 'descomponerse de risa' means to laugh uncontrollably, but 'morirse de risa' is more common.

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