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B1 noun #6,000 よく出る 8分で読める

مخلفات

mokhalafat
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解説 مخلفات in your Level:
At the A1 level, think of 'mokhallafat' as 'extra food.' When you eat a sandwich, the lettuce and tomato are 'mokhallafat.' In Persian culture, we love to eat many small things with our main meal. You can use this word when you want to ask for 'more things' on the table. It is a plural word, so it means many items. Just remember: Food + Mokhallafat = A big, happy meal! For example, if you know the word for yogurt (mast) or salad, these are all types of mokhallafat.
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For A2 learners, 'mokhallafat' refers to 'side dishes.' It is an essential word for restaurants. When you order a kebab, the waiter might ask if you want 'mokhallafat.' This usually includes things like yogurt, pickles (torshi), and fresh herbs (sabzi). You can use the phrase 'ba mokhallafat' (with side dishes) to ask for the full set. It's a useful word because instead of naming every single side dish, you can just use this one word to cover everything that goes with the main course.
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At the B1 level, you should understand that 'mokhallafat' (مخلفات) is a collective noun for the various accompaniments of a meal. It comes from an Arabic root meaning 'remnants' or 'what is left,' but in Persian, it specifically denotes the culinary extras that complete a table. It is important for B1 learners to distinguish this from 'pish-ghaza' (appetizers). While appetizers are eaten before the meal, 'mokhallafat' are eaten simultaneously. You will hear this word in social gatherings and see it on every traditional restaurant menu. It also appears in more informal contexts like 'sandvich-e por-mokhallafat' (a sandwich with lots of toppings).
At the B2 level, you can explore the nuances of 'mokhallafat.' Beyond its primary meaning of side dishes, it can refer to the 'fixings' or 'appendages' of a system or object in more technical or formal contexts. However, its culinary usage is deeply tied to the Iranian concept of hospitality. A table 'full of mokhallafat' is a sign of a generous host. You should also be aware of its phonetic similarity to 'mokhalefat' (opposition) to avoid errors. In B2 level discussions about culture, you might use 'mokhallafat' to describe the complexity and variety of the Persian 'Sofreh' (dining spread).
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For C1 learners, 'mokhallafat' is a word that demonstrates a grasp of Persian culinary and social philosophy. It encompasses the traditional balance of flavors—acidic pickles to cut through fat, fresh herbs to provide 'coolness' to 'hot' meats. In literature or high-level journalism, 'mokhallafat' might be used metaphorically to describe the 'incidental details' or 'peripheral elements' of a story or a political situation, often implying that while these things are not the 'main course,' they are essential for the complete picture. You should be able to use it fluently in idiomatic expressions and understand its role in the 'Ta'arof' system.
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At the C2 level, you should master the etymological roots and the various registers of 'مخلفات'. While it is an Arabic broken plural, its transition into Persian as a specialized culinary term is a point of linguistic interest. You should be able to distinguish it from synonyms like 'molhaqat' (technical attachments) or 'zava'ed' (superfluous additions). In a C2 context, you might analyze how the presence or absence of 'mokhallafat' in a literary description signifies the socio-economic status of a character or the level of formality of an event. It represents the 'completeness' of an entity, where the main part is insufficient without its accompanying elements.
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مخلفات 30秒で

  • Mokhallafat means side dishes or accompaniments like pickles and herbs.
  • It is used primarily in culinary contexts but can mean 'extras' or 'residue'.
  • In Iran, a meal is considered incomplete without these varied side dishes.
  • It is an Arabic broken plural that is very common in daily Persian speech.

The Persian word مخلفات (pronounced as 'mokhallafāt') is a fascinating term that captures the essence of the Iranian dining experience. At its core, it refers to the wide array of side dishes, condiments, and accompaniments that are served alongside a main course. However, in the context of Persian culture, it is much more than just 'sides'; it represents the hospitality, the balance of flavors, and the traditional medicinal philosophy of food known as 'Garm' and 'Sard' (Hot and Cold temperaments). When you sit at a Persian Sofreh (dining cloth), the main dish—be it a rich Ghormeh Sabzi or a succulent Kabab—is rarely alone. It is surrounded by مخلفات like fresh herbs (Sabzi Khordan), yogurt with cucumbers (Mast-o-Khiar), various pickles (Torshi), and perhaps the most prized of all, marinated olives (Zeytun Parvadeh).

Culinary Identity
In a culinary sense, mokhallafat are the items that provide contrast. If the main dish is fatty or heavy, the side dishes are often acidic or fresh to cleanse the palate. This linguistic term is the plural form of an Arabic-rooted word meaning 'remnants' or 'things left behind,' but in Persian, it has evolved to signify the essential 'extras' that complete a meal.
Social Context
When hosting guests, an Iranian host will often say, 'The food is simple, but we have plenty of mokhallafat.' This is a form of 'Ta'arof' (ritual politeness), suggesting that while the main protein might be humble, the effort put into the variety of sides ensures a grand feast.

ما برای ناهار کباب سفارش دادیم، اما مخلفات سفره از خودِ کباب بیشتر بود!
We ordered kebab for lunch, but the side dishes on the table were more than the kebab itself!

بدون مخلفات، غذا اصلاً صفا ندارد.
Without the side dishes, the meal has no soul/joy at all.

Beyond the dinner table, the word can occasionally be used metaphorically or technically. In a more formal or scientific context, it can refer to 'accessories' or 'appendages' of a system, or even 'waste materials' in industrial settings. However, 95% of the time in daily Persian life, you are talking about the delicious things surrounding your plate of rice. It’s important to distinguish this from 'Chashni' (seasoning/relish). While a Chashni is meant to add flavor to the cooking process or as a dip, mokhallafat are independent entities eaten alongside the meal.

این ساندویچ با تمام مخلفاتش چقدر می‌شود؟
How much is this sandwich with all its extras (toppings/sides)?

Common Items Included
  • Torshi: Pickled vegetables in vinegar.
  • Sabzi Khordan: A basket of fresh mint, tarragon, radish, and scallions.
  • Mast: Yogurt, often mixed with shallots (Mast-o-Musir).
  • Salad Shirazi: Finely diced cucumbers, tomatoes, and onions.

Using مخلفات correctly involves understanding its grammatical role as a plural noun. In Persian, even though it is plural, it often functions as a collective concept. When you are at a restaurant, you might see it on the menu as a separate section. In a home setting, it is the subject of much praise. Let's explore the various syntactical patterns where this word appears.

لطفاً چلوکباب را با تمام مخلفات بیاورید.
Please bring the Chelow-Kabab with all the side dishes/accompaniments.

In the sentence above, 'با تمام مخلفات' (with all the sides) is a very common phrase. It implies that you want the full experience: the grilled tomato, the butter, the sumac, the onions, and perhaps a side of yogurt. It shows that mokhallafat acts as an encompassing term for everything that isn't the rice or the meat.

Pattern 1: The 'Full Package'
The phrase '[Food] + با تمام مخلفات' is used to request or describe a complete meal. For example, 'ساندویچ با تمام مخلفات' usually includes lettuce, tomato, pickles, and special sauces.
Pattern 2: The 'Host's Pride'
Using the word to describe the richness of a table: 'سفره‌شان پر از مخلفات بود' (Their table was full of side dishes). This is a high compliment in Iranian culture.

مادر همیشه برای مخلفات کنار غذا بیشتر از خودِ غذا وقت می‌گذارد.
Mother always spends more time on the side dishes than on the main food itself.

You can also use it when talking about the 'ingredients' or 'fixings' of a specific dish that are added at the end. For instance, when making 'Abgoosht' (a traditional stew), the pieces of bread, the mashed meat, and the broth are served, but the onions and pickles are the mokhallafat that make the experience authentic.

توی این رستوران، مخلفات رایگان است.
In this restaurant, the side dishes are free.

Formal vs. Informal
In formal writing, you might see 'ملحقات' (molhaqat) used for 'attachments' or 'appendages,' but in the kitchen and at the table, mokhallafat remains the undisputed king of terms.

If you spend any time in an Iranian household or a Persian restaurant, مخلفات will be one of the most frequent words you encounter. It’s a word that bridges the gap between the kitchen and the dining room. Let’s look at the specific environments where this word thrives.

ببخشید، مخلفات چی دارید؟
Excuse me, what side dishes do you have? (Commonly asked to waiters)

In restaurants, especially 'Dizi-sara' (traditional stew houses) or 'Kababi' (kebab shops), the waiter might list the mokhallafat as a way to upsell or simply to inform the customer of the daily fresh items. You’ll hear: 'We have garlic pickles, shallot yogurt, and seasonal salad.'

Scenario 1: The Grocery Store
When someone is preparing for a party, they might say: 'I bought the meat, now I just need to get the mokhallafat.' Here, it refers to buying the herbs, the yogurt, the drinks, and the pickles.
Scenario 2: Cooking Shows
On Iranian TV, chefs often emphasize that the secret to a professional-looking table is the arrangement of the mokhallafat. They focus on the colors of the pomegranate seeds, the green of the herbs, and the white of the yogurt.

این رستوران کبابش خوب است، ولی مخلفاتش تعریفی ندارد.
This restaurant's kebab is good, but its side dishes aren't anything to write home about.

Interestingly, you might also hear this word in non-culinary contexts, though less frequently. For example, in a workshop, a mechanic might refer to the smaller parts of an engine as mokhallafat, or a lawyer might refer to the 'minor details' of a case using this term to suggest they are secondary but necessary components of the whole.

While مخلفات is a common word, its Arabic roots and specific Persian usage can lead to a few pitfalls for learners. Understanding these will help you sound more like a native speaker and avoid awkward misunderstandings.

Mistake 1: Confusing with 'Mokhalefat'
This is the most common error. Mokhalefat (مخالفت) means 'opposition' or 'disagreement.' Because they sound similar (both starting with 'Mokh'), learners often swap them.
Wrong: من با این غذا مخالفت می‌خواهم. (I want opposition with this food.)
Right: من با این غذا مخلفات می‌خواهم. (I want side dishes with this food.)
Mistake 2: Using it for Main Ingredients
Do not use mokhallafat to refer to the primary components of a recipe like meat or rice. It strictly refers to the things served *alongside* or the *toppings*. If you are making a stew, the meat is an 'asli' (original/main) ingredient, not a 'mokhallafat'.

اشتباه: گوشت یکی از مخلفات اصلیِ خورش است.
Incorrect: Meat is one of the main 'side dishes' of the stew. (Meat is the main ingredient, not a side).

Mistake 3: Singular vs. Plural
Learners often try to find the singular of this word to refer to one side dish. While 'mokhallef' exists in Arabic, it is not used in Persian to mean 'one side dish.' If you want to refer to just one item, use its specific name (like 'Torshi') or 'kenar-ghaza' (side of food).

To truly master Persian, you need to know which 'flavor' of 'side dish' or 'extra' you are talking about. مخلفات is the most common, but several other words occupy nearby semantic space.

چاشنی (Chashni)
Meaning: Seasoning, relish, or appetizer.
Difference: A Chashni is usually something that enhances the flavor of the food directly, like a sauce or a spice. Mokhallafat are more substantial dishes eaten alongside.
کنارِ غذا (Kenar-e Ghaza)
Meaning: Beside the food.
Difference: This is a literal descriptive phrase. It is more neutral and less 'culinary' than mokhallafat. You might use this for fries or a piece of bread that isn't traditionally part of the Persian side-dish repertoire.
پیش‌غذا (Pish-ghaza)
Meaning: Appetizer / Starter.
Difference: A Pish-ghaza is served *before* the main meal (like soup). Mokhallafat are served *with* the main meal.

ما اول سوپ خوردیم (پیش‌غذا) و بعد کباب را با مخلفات آوردند.
First we ate soup (appetizer), and then they brought the kebab with the side dishes.

In a modern, perhaps more Westernized context in Iran, you might also hear the word 'دورچین' (Dour-chin). This specifically refers to the way vegetables or garnishes are 'arranged around' the plate in a restaurant. While mokhallafat are usually in separate bowls, dour-chin is part of the main plate's presentation.

How Formal Is It?

豆知識

While the root means 'leftovers,' in Persian culture, 'mokhallafat' are often the freshest part of the meal, prepared right before serving!

発音ガイド

UK /mʊxællæˈfɒːt/
US /moʊxælæˈfɑːt/
Final syllable (fāt).
韻が合う語
مجازات (Mojazat) ملاقات (Molaqat) عبادات (Ebadat) حیوانات (Heyvanat) احساسات (Ehsasat) امکانات (Emkanat) اطلاعات (Etela'at) اشتباهات (Eshtebahat)
よくある間違い
  • Pronouncing 'kh' as 'k' (e.g., mok-al-afat).
  • Confusing the stress with the first syllable.
  • Mispronouncing the double 'l' (it should be slightly held/geminated).
  • Confusing it with 'mokhalefat' (opposition).
  • Shortening the final 'at' sound.

難易度

読解 3/5

Easy to recognize once the 'kh-l-f' root is known.

ライティング 4/5

The double 'l' and the 'kh' sound require attention.

スピーキング 4/5

Must distinguish from 'mokhalefat'.

リスニング 3/5

Common in restaurants and homes.

次に学ぶべきこと

前提知識

غذا میز خوردن ترشی ماست

次に学ぶ

چاشنی پیش‌غذا دسر سفره پذیرایی

上級

ملحقات زوائد متعلقات توابع

知っておくべき文法

Arabic Broken Plurals in Persian

مخلفات (from mokhallef), اطلاعات (from etela'), ...

Ezafe Construction with Nouns

مخلفاتِ لذیذ (Delicious sides)

Collective Nouns as Subjects

مخلفات روی میز است/هستند. (Sides are on the table.)

Compound Adjectives with 'Por-' (Full)

پرمخلفات (Full of extras/sides)

Compound Adjectives with 'Bi-' (Without)

بی‌مخلفات (Without extras/sides)

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レベル別の例文

1

من ساندویچ با مخلفات می‌خواهم.

I want a sandwich with 'extras'.

Noun + با (with) + مخلفات

2

مخلفات کجاست؟

Where are the side dishes?

Simple question with 'koja' (where).

3

این مخلفات خوشمزه است.

These side dishes are delicious.

Subject + Adjective.

4

ماست و ترشی مخلفات هستند.

Yogurt and pickles are side dishes.

Listing items.

5

مخلفات بیاور.

Bring the side dishes.

Imperative verb.

6

من مخلفات دوست دارم.

I like side dishes.

Subject + Object + Verb.

7

سفره مخلفات دارد.

The table has side dishes.

Verb 'dashtan' (to have).

8

دو تا ساندویچ با مخلفات، لطفاً.

Two sandwiches with extras, please.

Ordering phrase.

1

رستوران مخلفات رایگان می‌دهد.

The restaurant gives free side dishes.

Adjective 'raygan' (free).

2

آیا کباب مخلفات دارد؟

Does the kebab have side dishes?

Question form.

3

من ترشی و ماست و دیگر مخلفات را خریدم.

I bought pickles, yogurt, and other sides.

Using 'digar' (other).

4

مخلفات این غذا خیلی زیاد است.

The side dishes for this food are very many.

Using 'kheyli ziad' (very much).

5

بدون مخلفات غذا نخور.

Don't eat food without side dishes.

Negative imperative.

6

مخلفات را روی میز بگذار.

Put the side dishes on the table.

Preposition 'ru-ye' (on).

7

او همیشه مخلفات زیادی درست می‌کند.

She always makes many side dishes.

Adverb 'hamishe' (always).

8

مخلفات تازه بخرید.

Buy fresh side dishes.

Adjective 'taze' (fresh).

1

در ایران، کباب بدون مخلفاتی مثل پیاز و سماق سرو نمی‌شود.

In Iran, kebab is not served without accompaniments like onion and sumac.

Passive-like structure with 'serv nemishavad'.

2

برای مهمانی امشب باید مخلفات متنوعی تهیه کنیم.

We must prepare varied side dishes for tonight's party.

Modal 'bayad' (must) + subjunctive.

3

این ساندویچی به خاطر مخلفاتِ مخصوصش معروف است.

This sandwich shop is famous for its special fixings.

Possessive Ezafe construction.

4

مخلفات سفره شامل سبزی خوردن، ماست و انواع ترشی بود.

The table's accompaniments included fresh herbs, yogurt, and various pickles.

Verb 'shamel budan' (to include).

5

لطفاً مخلفات را هم در صورت‌حساب بیاورید.

Please include the side dishes in the bill as well.

Compound verb 'dar surat-hesab avardan'.

6

او به جزئیات و مخلفاتِ کنارِ غذا خیلی اهمیت می‌دهد.

He cares a lot about the details and the sides alongside the food.

Verb 'ahamiyat dadan' (to care/give importance).

7

آیا این قیمت شامل مخلفات هم می‌شود؟

Does this price include the sides too?

Question with 'shamel shodan'.

8

مخلفاتِ گیلانی واقعاً بی‌نظیر هستند.

Gilan province side dishes are truly unique.

Proper adjective 'Gilani'.

1

فلسفه وجود مخلفات در سفره ایرانی، ایجاد تعادل بین طبع سرد و گرم است.

The philosophy of side dishes in the Iranian spread is creating balance between cold and hot natures.

Complex noun phrase as subject.

2

او ترجیح می‌دهد غذای ساده بخورد اما مخلفاتش کامل باشد.

He prefers to eat simple food but for its accompaniments to be complete.

Contrast using 'ama' (but).

3

در این کتاب، نویسنده به مخلفات و حواشیِ داستان بیش از حد پرداخته است.

In this book, the author has dealt with the 'extras' and margins of the story excessively.

Metaphorical usage.

4

بسیاری از رستوران‌ها مخلفات را به صورت سلف‌سرویس ارائه می‌دهند.

Many restaurants offer side dishes as self-service.

Adverbial phrase 'be surate' (as/in the form of).

5

زیتون پرورده یکی از محبوب‌ترین مخلفات در شمال ایران است.

Zeytun Parvadeh is one of the most popular side dishes in northern Iran.

Superlative 'mahbub-tarin'.

6

هزینه مخلفات جداگانه محاسبه خواهد شد.

The cost of side dishes will be calculated separately.

Future passive tense.

7

بدون مخلفات، چلوکباب خشک و بی‌مزه به نظر می‌رسد.

Without the sides, Chelow-Kabab seems dry and tasteless.

Verb 'be nazar residan' (to seem).

8

آن‌ها تمام مخلفات لازم برای پیک‌نیک را فراموش کردند.

They forgot all the necessary 'extras' for the picnic.

Adjective 'lazem' (necessary).

1

تنوع مخلفات در سفره‌های اعیانی، نشان‌دهنده تمول و سخاوت میزبان بود.

The variety of accompaniments in aristocratic spreads indicated the wealth and generosity of the host.

Gerund ' نشان‌دهنده' (indicating).

2

این پرونده قضایی مخلفات و پیچیدگی‌های زیادی دارد که نباید نادیده گرفته شوند.

This judicial case has many 'appendages' and complexities that should not be ignored.

Metaphorical technical usage.

3

برخی معتقدند که مخلفات نباید طعم اصلی غذا را تحت‌الشعاع قرار دهند.

Some believe that side dishes should not overshadow the main flavor of the food.

Idiomatic verb 'taht-osh-sho'a gharar dadan'.

4

در گویش‌های محلی، گاهی واژه‌های متفاوتی برای اشاره به مخلفات به کار می‌رود.

In local dialects, sometimes different words are used to refer to side dishes.

Passive voice 'be kar miravad'.

5

او با وسواس عجیبی مخلفاتِ کنارِ دیس را تزئین می‌کرد.

He decorated the accompaniments on the side of the platter with a strange obsession.

Adverbial 'ba vasvas-e ajibi'.

6

حذف مخلفات از منوی رستوران باعث نارضایتی مشتریان همیشگی شد.

Removing side dishes from the restaurant menu caused dissatisfaction among regular customers.

Noun phrase as cause.

7

مخلفاتِ صنعتیِ این کارخانه باید به صورت ایمن دفع شوند.

The industrial waste/residue of this factory must be disposed of safely.

Technical/Formal meaning of 'waste'.

8

سفره‌ای که چیده بود، از نظر مخلفات چیزی کم نداشت.

The table she had set lacked nothing in terms of side dishes.

Relative clause 'ke chide bud'.

1

اطناب در سخن، همچون مخلفاتِ زائد بر سفره، گاه موجب ملال شنونده می‌شود.

Verbosity in speech, like superfluous extras on a table, sometimes causes boredom for the listener.

Literary simile.

2

ساختارِ این پژوهش، فارغ از مخلفاتِ آماری، بر پایه‌ی تحلیل کیفی استوار است.

The structure of this research, regardless of the statistical 'extras', is based on qualitative analysis.

Prepositional phrase 'faregh az'.

3

او در خاطراتش به تفصیل از مخلفاتِ رنگارنگِ سفره‌های دوران کودکی‌اش یاد کرده است.

In his memoirs, he has detailed the colorful accompaniments of his childhood tables.

Compound verb 'yad kardan' (to remember/mention).

4

تقلیلِ مفهومِ مخلفات به صرفاً 'ترشی و ماست'، نادیده گرفتنِ بخشی از تاریخِ خوراک‌شناسی است.

Reducing the concept of 'mokhallafat' to merely 'pickles and yogurt' is to ignore a part of the history of gastronomy.

Abstract noun usage.

5

مخلفاتِ به جا مانده از تمدن‌های باستان، اطلاعاتِ ارزشمندی به باستان‌شناسان می‌دهد.

The remnants left from ancient civilizations give valuable information to archaeologists.

Formal meaning: remnants/residue.

6

در متون طب سنتی، مصرفِ برخی مخلفات به همراهِ غذاهای خاص اکیداً توصیه شده است.

In traditional medicine texts, the consumption of certain accompaniments with specific foods is strictly recommended.

Passive recommendation.

7

تجمل‌گرایی در چیدمانِ مخلفات، گاهی بر کیفیتِ خودِ غذا پیشی می‌گیرد.

Luxury-seeking in the arrangement of sides sometimes overtakes the quality of the food itself.

Verb 'pishi gereftan' (to overtake).

8

او با چنان مهارتی مخلفات را با هم ترکیب می‌کرد که طعمی کاملاً نوین پدید می‌آمد.

He combined the accompaniments with such skill that a completely new flavor emerged.

Result clause 'ke... padid mi-amad'.

よく使う組み合わせ

با تمام مخلفات
مخلفاتِ سفره
تهیه کردن مخلفات
مخلفاتِ رایگان
مخلفاتِ صنعتی
پر از مخلفات
مخلفاتِ کنارِ کباب
بدونِ مخلفات
لیستِ مخلفات
مخلفاتِ سنتی

よく使うフレーズ

مخلفاتش بیشتر از خودش است

— Used when the extras or side issues are more than the main thing.

این کار مخلفاتش بیشتر از خودش است!

با همه مخلفات

— Including everything possible.

خانه را با همه مخلفاتش خرید.

مخلفاتِ جورواجور

— All sorts of different side dishes.

روی میز مخلفات جورواجور چیده بودند.

مخلفاتِ لازم

— Necessary accompaniments.

همه مخلفات لازم برای سالاد را داریم.

مخلفاتِ خوش‌رنگ

— Colorful side dishes.

مخلفات خوش‌رنگ سفره را تزئین کرده بود.

به دنبال مخلفات رفتن

— To go and get/buy the side dishes.

پدر به دنبال مخلفاتِ کباب رفت.

مخلفاتِ اشتهاآور

— Appetizing side dishes.

این ترشی از مخلفات اشتهاآور است.

حذفِ مخلفات

— Removing the extras.

حذف مخلفات باعث کاهش قیمت شد.

مخلفاتِ خانگی

— Homemade side dishes.

ما همیشه مخلفات خانگی مصرف می‌کنیم.

مخلفاتِ فصلی

— Seasonal side dishes.

گوجه‌سبز یکی از مخلفات فصلی است.

よく混同される語

مخلفات vs مخالفت (Mokhalefat)

Means opposition/disagreement. Very common confusion for beginners.

مخلفات vs مختلف (Mokhtalef)

Means 'different' or 'various'. Related root but different function.

مخلفات vs متعلقات (Mota'aleqat)

Means 'belongings' or 'parts'. More formal and less culinary.

慣用句と表現

"مخلفات چیدن"

— To exaggerate or add unnecessary details to a story.

انقدر برای این خاطره مخلفات نچین!

Informal
"سفره بی‌مخلفات"

— A metaphor for a boring or low-quality experience.

زندگی بدون سفر مثل سفره بی‌مخلفات است.

Literary
"با تمامِ مخلفات و متعلقات"

— In its entirety, including every small detail.

او داستان را با تمام مخلفات و متعلقاتش تعریف کرد.

Neutral
"مخلفاتِ زائد"

— Useless extras that hinder progress.

این قانون مخلفات زائد زیادی دارد.

Formal
"آش با جاش و مخلفات"

— Taking everything, including the container and the sides (meaning total possession).

همه چیز را برد، آش با جاش و مخلفات!

Slang
"مخلفاتِ کلام"

— The 'fillers' or rhetorical flourishes in speech.

او مخلفاتِ کلامش زیاد است.

Formal
"بدونِ هیچ مخلفاتی"

— Bare-bones, strictly the minimum.

حرفش را بدون هیچ مخلفاتی زد.

Neutral
"مخلفاتِ سفره‌ رنگین"

— The signs of a lavish lifestyle.

او به مخلفاتِ سفره رنگین عادت دارد.

Literary
"یک دنیا مخلفات"

— A huge amount of extra things/troubles.

این اسباب‌کشی یک دنیا مخلفات دارد.

Informal
"مخلفاتِ جور"

— Side dishes that match the main meal perfectly.

برای ماهی باید مخلفاتِ جور تهیه کرد.

Neutral

間違えやすい

مخلفات vs چاشni (Chashni)

Both refer to things added to food.

Chashni is seasoning/flavoring; Mokhallafat is the actual side dish.

Salt is a chashni; pickles are mokhallafat.

مخلفات vs پیش‌غذا (Pish-ghaza)

Both are 'extra' dishes.

Pish-ghaza is served before; Mokhallafat is served with the main meal.

Soup is pish-ghaza; yogurt is mokhallafat.

مخلفات vs دسر (Dessert)

Both are part of the meal experience.

Dessert is sweet and served after; Mokhallafat is usually savory/acidic and served with.

Baklava is dessert; salad is mokhallafat.

مخلفات vs زوائد (Zava'ed)

Both mean 'extras'.

Zava'ed is often negative (unnecessary); Mokhallafat is positive (essential sides).

Cut the zava'ed (extras) from the text.

مخلفات vs دورچین (Dour-chin)

Both are side items.

Dour-chin is the garnish on the same plate; Mokhallafat are usually in separate bowls.

The parsley on the steak is dour-chin.

文型パターン

A1

من [Food] با مخلفات می‌خورم.

من کباب با مخلفات می‌خورم.

A2

آیا [Food] مخلفات دارد؟

آیا این ساندویچ مخلفات دارد؟

B1

مخلفاتِ این رستوران [Adjective] است.

مخلفات این رستوران عالی است.

B2

بدون مخلفات، [Food] مزه ندارد.

بدون مخلفات، دیزی مزه ندارد.

C1

تنوعِ مخلفات نشان‌دهنده ی [Noun] است.

تنوع مخلفات نشان‌دهنده سخاوت میزبان است.

C2

فارغ از مخلفات، اصلِ [Noun] ...

فارغ از مخلفات، اصلِ موضوع چیز دیگری است.

All

با تمامِ مخلفات

یک پیتزا با تمام مخلفات.

All

مخلفاتِ کنارِ غذا

مخلفات کنار غذا را فراموش نکن.

語族

名詞

مخلف (Mokhallef - Arabic source)
خلف (Khalf - behind)
خلافت (Khalafat - caliphate/succession)

動詞

خلفِ وعده کردن (Khalf-e va'de kardan - to break a promise)

形容詞

مختلف (Mokhtalef - different)
خلف (Khalaf - righteous offspring)

関連

ترشی
ماست
سبزی
سالاد
زیتون
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使い方

frequency

Very common in food/social contexts; rare in academic contexts.

よくある間違い
  • Saying 'Mokhalefat' when you want pickles. → Mokhallafat

    Mokhalefat means 'opposition'.

  • Using 'mokhallafat' for the main meat. → Ghaza-ye asli

    Mokhallafat are only the sides.

  • Using the singular 'mokhallef'. → Mokhallafat (plural)

    Persian uses the plural even for one type of side dish.

  • Pronouncing 'kh' as 'h'. → Mokhallafat (gutteral kh)

    The 'kh' sound is essential for clarity.

  • Confusing it with 'Pish-ghaza'. → Mokhallafat

    Pish-ghaza is an appetizer served before the meal.

ヒント

The Perfect Table

To impress an Iranian host, compliment the 'mokhallafat' as much as the main dish. It shows you appreciate the effort of the whole spread.

Pronunciation

Practice the double 'l' in the middle. It should feel like a tiny pause on the 'l' sound.

Ordering

When ordering a sandwich, say 'ba tamame mokhallafat' if you want everything (pickles, tomato, lettuce, etc.).

Avoid Confusion

Remember: Mokhallafat = Food sides. Mokhalefat = I disagree. Don't mix them up at a dinner party!

Root Learning

Learn the root 'kh-l-f'. It will help you understand words like 'Mokhtalef' (different) and 'Khalaf' (behind).

Ezafe

Always use the Ezafe (the 'e' sound) when following it with a description, e.g., 'mokhallafat-e khoshmaze'.

Synonyms

Use 'Chashni' for things like sauces and 'Mokhallafat' for things like salads.

Listening

Listen for this word in restaurant commercials on Persian TV; it's a key selling point.

Hospitality

If you are hosting, always provide at least two types of 'mokhallafat' to make the table look 'complete'.

Formal Context

In a news report about a factory, if you hear 'mokhallafat,' it likely means waste materials, not side dishes!

暗記しよう

記憶術

Imagine a table where the main dish is in the middle, and the 'Mokhallafat' are 'left' (from the root kh-l-f) all around it to fill the gaps.

視覚的連想

Visualize a giant 'M' shaped table where every corner is filled with small bowls of colorful pickles and green herbs.

Word Web

Table Pickles Yogurt Herbs Extras Restaurant Hospitality Balance

チャレンジ

Go to a Persian restaurant menu online and list 5 things that qualify as 'mokhallafat'.

語源

Derived from the Arabic root 'kh-l-f' (خلف), which relates to being behind, following, or remaining.

元の意味： In Arabic, 'mokhallefat' refers to remnants, leftovers, or things left behind after something else is taken.

Semitic root (Arabic) integrated into Indo-European (Persian) culinary lexicon.

文化的な背景

Never call someone's main dish 'mokhallafat'; it implies the food is just a side or unimportant.

In English-speaking cultures, we say 'sides' or 'fixings,' but 'mokhallafat' is more specific to the Persian meal structure where sides are mandatory, not optional.

Mentioned in classical Persian cookbooks as 'Zava'ed-e Sofreh'. Often referenced in Iranian cinema to show a family's warmth. A common theme in Persian 'Sofreh-Arayi' (table decoration) blogs.

実生活で練習する

実際の使用場面

Restaurant Ordering

  • مخلفات چی دارید؟
  • با تمام مخلفات
  • مخلفات رایگان است؟
  • یک پرس مخلفات اضافه

Home Hosting

  • بفرمایید مخلفات
  • مخلفات کمه، ببخشید
  • خودم مخلفات رو درست کردم
  • سفره رو با مخلفات بچین

Grocery Shopping

  • مخلفات کباب رو خریدی؟
  • باید بریم سراغ مخلفات
  • تازه‌ترین مخلفات
  • قیمت مخلفات

Storytelling

  • با کلی مخلفات تعریف کرد
  • اصل مطلب رو ول کرده، چسبیده به مخلفات
  • داستانِ پرمخلفات
  • بدون مخلفات بگو

Technical/Formal

  • مخلفات پرونده
  • دفع مخلفات
  • مخلفات دستگاه
  • جزء مخلفات است

会話のきっかけ

"به نظر شما بهترین مخلفات برای قورمه‌سبزی چیست؟ (What do you think are the best sides for Ghormeh Sabzi?)"

"آیا شما ترشی را به عنوان مخلفات دوست دارید یا ماست؟ (Do you like pickles as a side or yogurt?)"

"در شهر شما چه مخلفات خاصی سرو می‌شود؟ (What special sides are served in your city?)"

"چرا سفره ایرانی بدون مخلفات کامل نیست؟ (Why is a Persian table not complete without sides?)"

"گران‌ترین مخلفاتی که تا به حال خورده‌اید چه بوده؟ (What were the most expensive sides you've ever eaten?)"

日記のテーマ

تجربه خود را از یک مهمانی ایرانی و مخلفات روی سفره بنویسید. (Write about your experience of an Iranian party and the sides on the table.)

اگر بخواهید یک ساندویچ رویایی با تمام مخلفات درست کنید، چه چیزهایی درون آن می‌گذارید؟ (If you wanted to make a dream sandwich with all the fixings, what would you put in it?)

تفاوت بین 'چاشنی' و 'مخلفات' را با مثال توضیح دهید. (Explain the difference between 'chashni' and 'mokhallafat' with examples.)

چرا در رستوران‌ها مخلفات اهمیت زیادی دارند؟ (Why are sides very important in restaurants?)

یک خاطره درباره زمانی که مخلفات یک غذا از خود غذا بهتر بود بنویسید. (Write a memory about a time when the sides were better than the food itself.)

よくある質問

10 問

It is plural. It comes from the Arabic plural form. In Persian, we almost always use it to refer to a group of side dishes.

Yes, you can, especially in a fast-food context (e.g., a burger with sides), but it's more traditional for pickles and herbs.

Sabzi Khordan (fresh herbs), Torshi (pickles), and Mast (yogurt) are the top three.

In very formal or technical contexts, it can mean 'industrial residue' or 'waste,' but never use it this way for food you are eating!

You say 'بدون مخلفات' (Bedun-e mokhallafat).

In a restaurant, yes. In a home, it's better to wait for the host to offer, though asking for more 'Sabzi' is usually fine.

It is an Arabic word that has been fully adopted into Persian with a specific culinary meaning.

Yes, informally you can say 'مخلفاتِ پیتزا' to refer to the various ingredients on top.

The singular is 'mokhallef' (مخلف), but it's rarely used in Persian culinary contexts.

While the concept is simple, the word itself is an Arabic broken plural and is used in various social and culinary nuances that B1 learners should master.

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自分をテスト 182 問

writing

Write a sentence asking a waiter for the side dishes.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

正解！ おしい！ 正解:
writing

Describe your favorite 'mokhallafat' in Persian.

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正解！ おしい！ 正解:
speaking

Pronounce: Mokhallafat.

Read this aloud:

正解！ おしい！ 正解:
writing

Translate: 'Does this price include side dishes?'

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正解！ おしい！ 正解:
listening

Listen for the word 'mokhallafat' in a restaurant context.

正解！ おしい！ 正解:
正解！ おしい！ 正解:
writing

Use 'با تمام مخلفات' in a sentence about a house.

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正解！ おしい！ 正解:
writing

Translate: 'We need to buy side dishes for the picnic.'

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正解！ おしい！ 正解:
writing

Write a complaint about a restaurant having no side dishes.

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正解！ おしい！ 正解:
writing

Translate: 'The side dishes were more than the food itself.'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

正解！ おしい！ 正解:
writing

Ask: 'What side dishes do you have with Dizi?'

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正解！ おしい！ 正解:
writing

Translate: 'I forgot the side dishes in the car.'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

正解！ おしい！ 正解:
writing

Use 'مخلفات' in a sentence about a picnic.

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正解！ おしい！ 正解:
writing

Translate: 'The host was very generous with the side dishes.'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

正解！ おしい！ 正解:
writing

Write a restaurant review focusing on the sides.

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正解！ おしい！ 正解:
writing

Translate: 'Please bring more pickles and yogurt.'

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正解！ おしい！ 正解:
writing

Translate: 'I don't like these side dishes.'

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正解！ おしい！ 正解:
writing

Ask: 'Is the yogurt part of the side dishes?'

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正解！ おしい！ 正解:
writing

Translate: 'The table was full of colorful side dishes.'

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正解！ おしい！ 正解:
writing

Describe a 'Sofreh' with 3 types of mokhallafat.

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正解！ おしい！ 正解:
writing

Translate: 'I prefer fresh herbs as a side.'

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正解！ おしい！ 正解:
writing

Translate: 'The sandwich was loaded with extras.'

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正解！ おしい！ 正解:
writing

Ask for 'extra side dishes' in Persian.

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正解！ おしい！ 正解:
writing

Translate: 'I love the variety of side dishes.'

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正解！ おしい！ 正解:
writing

Translate: 'Side dishes are the soul of the table.'

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正解！ おしい！ 正解:
writing

Translate: 'Bring all the fixings for the burger.'

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正解！ おしい！ 正解:
writing

Translate: 'We have many types of side dishes today.'

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正解！ おしい！ 正解:
writing

Ask: 'Are the side dishes fresh?'

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正解！ おしい！ 正解:
writing

Translate: 'The pickles were the best part of the sides.'

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正解！ おしい！ 正解:
writing

Translate: 'I don't need any extras.'

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正解！ おしい！ 正解:
writing

Translate: 'The waiter brought the sides late.'

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正解！ おしい！ 正解:
writing

Translate: 'The side dishes are very colorful.'

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正解！ おしい！ 正解:
writing

Translate: 'This restaurant is famous for its side dishes.'

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正解！ おしい！ 正解:
writing

Translate: 'We need more side dishes for the guests.'

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正解！ おしい！ 正解:
writing

Translate: 'I ate too many side dishes.'

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正解！ おしい！ 正解:
writing

Translate: 'The sandwich has everything.'

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正解！ おしい！ 正解:
writing

Translate: 'The table was small for all the side dishes.'

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正解！ おしい！ 正解:
writing

Translate: 'I am looking for the side dishes section in the menu.'

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正解！ おしい！ 正解:
writing

Translate: 'We have variety in our side dishes.'

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正解！ おしい！ 正解:
writing

Translate: 'The side dishes are very fresh today.'

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正解！ おしい！ 正解:
writing

Translate: 'I ordered the kebab with extra side dishes.'

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正解！ おしい！ 正解:
writing

Translate: 'Please don't forget the side dishes.'

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正解！ おしい！ 正解:
writing

Translate: 'The table was full of side dishes.'

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正解！ おしい！ 正解:
writing

Translate: 'I want a sandwich with all the fixings.'

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正解！ おしい！ 正解:

/ 182 correct

Perfect score!

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