ولو 30秒で
- Conjunction: 'even if', 'although'.
- Introduces concessive or hypothetical clauses.
- Main clause holds true despite the condition.
- Common in spoken and written Persian.
- Core Meaning
- The Persian word 'ولو' (valow) functions similarly to the English conjunctions 'even if' or 'although'. It introduces a hypothetical or concessive clause, indicating a condition or circumstance that might exist but does not necessarily prevent the main clause from being true or happening. It's a versatile word used to acknowledge a potential obstacle or contrasting situation while asserting the primary point.
- Usage Context
- 'ولو' is commonly used in spoken and written Persian to express a sense of concession or to consider a possibility. For instance, when someone is determined to do something, they might use 'ولو' to acknowledge potential difficulties but emphasize their resolve. It can also be used to introduce a statement that might seem contrary to common expectations. Think of it as a way to say, 'Despite this possibility, this is what will happen,' or 'Even in this scenario, the outcome is...'. It's a crucial connector for expressing nuanced relationships between ideas, particularly when dealing with conditions and their consequences.
- Examples in Action
- Imagine you're planning a picnic. You might say, 'من به پیکنیک میروم، ولو باران ببارد' (Man be picnic mi-ravam, valow bārān be-bārad) – 'I am going to the picnic, even if it rains.' Here, the rain is a potential obstacle, but it won't stop the picnic. Another example: 'او درسش را خواند، ولو خسته بود' (Ou dars-ash rā khānd, valow khasteh bud) – 'He studied his lesson, although he was tired.' The tiredness is a condition, but the studying still happened. It's a word that adds depth to your expression by allowing you to present a more complete picture, acknowledging contributing factors or counterpoints.
او به سفر رفت، ولو که پول کمی داشت.
- Grammatical Role
- 'ولو' primarily functions as a conjunction, introducing a subordinate clause. This clause often expresses a condition, a concession, or a hypothetical situation. It's important to note that 'ولو' can sometimes be followed by 'که' (ke), forming 'ولو که', which further emphasizes the concessive nature. However, 'ولو' alone is also perfectly acceptable and common.
- Nuance and Tone
- The use of 'ولو' can add a layer of sophistication to your Persian. It shows that you can express complex relationships between ideas, acknowledging potential complexities while still making your point clearly. It's a sign of B2 level proficiency, indicating an ability to handle more nuanced language.
ما ادامه میدهیم، ولو که مسیر سخت باشد.
- Basic Structure
- The most straightforward way to use 'ولو' is by placing it before a clause that presents a condition or a contrasting idea. The main clause, which states the primary action or fact, typically comes first. The structure is generally: Main Clause + ولو + Subordinate Clause.
- Adding 'که' (ke)
- Often, 'ولو' is followed by 'که' (ke), forming 'ولو که'. This combination functions identically to 'even if' or 'although' and adds a slight emphasis to the concessive nature of the statement. The structure becomes: Main Clause + ولو که + Subordinate Clause. Both 'ولو' and 'ولو که' are grammatically correct and widely used.
- Connecting Ideas of Determination
- 'ولو' is excellent for expressing determination in the face of challenges. For example, if someone is committed to finishing a project, they might say: 'من این پروژه را تمام میکنم، ولو شب تا صبح کار کنم.' (Man in projeh rā tamām mi-konam, valow shab tā sobh kār konam) – 'I will finish this project, even if I have to work all night.' This highlights the commitment overriding the difficulty.
- Expressing Acceptance of Circumstances
- It can also be used to show acceptance of certain conditions, even if they are not ideal. For instance: 'ما همین غذا را میخوریم، ولو که غذای مورد علاقهام نباشد.' (Mā hamin ghazā rā mi-khorim, valow ke ghazā-ye mowred-e alāyeqam nabāshad) – 'We will eat this food, even if it's not my favorite.' This conveys a pragmatic approach.
- Hypothetical Scenarios
- 'ولو' can introduce hypothetical scenarios without necessarily implying they are true. 'اگر او بیاید، ولو که دیر کند، خوشحال میشوم.' (Agar ou bi-yāyad, valow ke dir konad, khoshhāl mi-shavam) – 'If he comes, even if he is late, I will be happy.' This focuses on the potential arrival and the positive reaction, irrespective of the timing.
آنها به مهمانی رفتند، ولو که دعوت نشده بودند.
- Emphasis on Effort
- You can use 'ولو' to emphasize the effort involved, regardless of the outcome. 'من تمام تلاشم را کردم، ولو که موفق نشدم.' (Man tamām-e talāsh-am rā kardam, valow ke movaffaq nashodam) – 'I tried my best, even though I didn't succeed.' This highlights the effort itself.
- Dealing with Uncertainty
- 'ولو' is also useful when dealing with uncertain situations. 'فردا میآیم، ولو که هوا خوب نباشد.' (Fardā mi-yāyam, valow ke havā khoob nabāshad) – 'I will come tomorrow, even if the weather is not good.' This reassures someone despite potential external factors.
- Expressing a Choice
- It can indicate a choice made despite certain conditions. 'من همین کتاب را میخوانم، ولو که کتابهای بهتری وجود داشته باشد.' (Man hamin ketāb rā mi-khānam, valow ke ketāb-hā-ye behtar-i vojud dāshteh bāshad) – 'I will read this book, even if there are better books available.' This shows a preference or a decision.
او قبول کرد، ولو که شرایط سخت بود.
- Everyday Conversations
- You'll hear 'ولو' frequently in informal conversations among native Persian speakers. When friends discuss plans, family members talk about their day, or colleagues chat about work, 'ولو' is used to add nuance. For instance, someone might say, 'میخواهم بروم بیرون، ولو که هوا سرد است' (Mi-khāham baram biroon, valow ke havā sard ast) – 'I want to go out, even if the weather is cold.' This is a very common way to express a desire or intention that persists despite an inconvenient circumstance.
- Media and Entertainment
- In Persian movies, TV shows, and radio programs, 'ولو' is used extensively to make dialogue sound natural and relatable. Characters often use it when expressing their feelings or making decisions under specific conditions. For example, a character might say, 'من به تو کمک میکنم، ولو که این کار برایم سخت باشد' (Man be to komak mi-konam, valow ke in kār barāyam sakht bāshad) – 'I will help you, even if this task is difficult for me.' This adds a layer of empathy or determination to the character's words.
- Literature and Formal Writing
- While perhaps slightly more common in spoken language, 'ولو' also appears in written Persian, including newspapers, magazines, and literature. In more formal contexts, it can lend a sophisticated tone, acknowledging complexities or potential counterarguments. For example, an article might state, 'حکومت قول داده است که مشکلات را حل کند، ولو که زمانبر باشد.' (Hokumat qowl dādeh ast ke moshkelāt rā hall konad, valow ke zamān-bor bāshad) – 'The government has promised to solve the problems, even if it takes time.' This conveys a sense of realism and acknowledgment of the process.
- Expressing Resilience
- The word is often heard when people are discussing resilience or perseverance. A common sentiment might be, 'ما تسلیم نمیشویم، ولو که با سختیهای زیادی روبرو شویم.' (Mā taslim nemi-shavim, valow ke bā sakhti-hā-ye ziyādi rooberoo shavim) – 'We will not give up, even if we face many difficulties.' This is a powerful expression of determination.
- Acknowledging Compromises
- In negotiations or discussions about compromises, 'ولو' is useful. Someone might say, 'من با این پیشنهاد موافقم، ولو که ایدهآل نباشد.' (Man bā in pishnahād mowāfegham, valow ke ideal nabāshad) – 'I agree with this proposal, even if it is not ideal.' This shows a willingness to accept a less-than-perfect solution.
آنها به پارک رفتند، ولو که هوا بارانی بود.
- Confusing with 'اگر' (Agar - If)
- A common mistake is to confuse 'ولو' with 'اگر' (agar), which means 'if'. 'اگر' introduces a condition that might or might not happen, and the outcome depends on it. 'ولو', on the other hand, introduces a condition that is acknowledged but does not prevent the main clause from happening. For example, 'اگر فردا بیایی، خوشحال میشوم' (Agar fardā bi-yāyi, khoshhāl mi-shavam) means 'If you come tomorrow, I will be happy' (your happiness depends on their coming). But 'ولو که بیایی، باز هم خوشحال میشوم' (Valow ke bi-yāyi, bāz ham khoshhāl mi-shavam) means 'Even if you come, I will still be happy' (your happiness is guaranteed, regardless of their coming). Using 'اگر' where 'ولو' is needed can change the meaning significantly.
- Incorrect Placement
- 'ولو' typically functions as a conjunction introducing a subordinate clause. Placing it incorrectly, for example, at the very beginning of a sentence without a preceding main clause, can lead to grammatical errors. The typical structure is Main Clause + ولو + Subordinate Clause. Misplacing it might sound unnatural or confusing to a native speaker. For instance, saying 'ولو که باران ببارد، من نمیروم.' (Valow ke bārān be-bārad, man nemi-ravam) is grammatically correct, meaning 'Even if it rains, I am not going.' However, starting a sentence solely with 'ولو' without a clear preceding context or main idea can be awkward.
- Overuse or Underuse
- Like any vocabulary item, overuse or underuse can be an issue. Overusing 'ولو' might make your speech sound repetitive or overly cautious. Conversely, not using it when appropriate can make your sentences sound too simplistic or lacking nuance. For example, instead of saying 'من میروم، هوا سرد است، ولی میروم' (Man mi-ravam, havā sard ast, vali mi-ravam) - 'I am going, the weather is cold, but I am going' - using 'ولو' would be more concise and elegant: 'من میروم، ولو که هوا سرد است' (Man mi-ravam, valow ke havā sard ast) - 'I am going, even if the weather is cold.' The goal is to use it where it naturally adds meaning and flow.
- Using 'ولو' as a standalone adverb
- 'ولو' is not typically used as a standalone adverb like 'perhaps' or 'maybe'. It functions as a conjunction linking two clauses. While sometimes its meaning can imply a degree of uncertainty in the subordinate clause, it's not an adverbial term on its own. For instance, saying 'او ولو آمد.' (Ou valow āmad) is incorrect. It should be part of a larger sentence, like 'او آمد، ولو که انتظارش را نداشتیم.' (Ou āmad, valow ke entezār-ash rā nadāshtim) - 'He came, even though we didn't expect him.'
- Confusing 'ولو' with 'با وجود اینکه' (bā vojud-e inke)
- While 'ولو' and 'با وجود اینکه' (bā vojud-e inke - 'despite the fact that') both express concession, 'ولو' is generally more concise and common in spoken Persian. Using the longer phrase unnecessarily can sometimes sound a bit more formal or clunky in casual conversation. For instance, 'با وجود اینکه خسته بودم، کار را تمام کردم.' (Bā vojud-e inke khasteh budam, kār rā tamām kardam) is correct, but 'ولو که خسته بودم، کار را تمام کردم.' (Valow ke khasteh budam, kār rā tamām kardam) is often preferred for its brevity and natural flow in everyday speech.
اشتباه: اگر باران ببارد، من به خانه میروم.
صحیح: ولو که باران ببارد، من به خانه نمیروم.
- 'هرچند' (harchand) - Although/Even though
- 'هرچند' is a very close synonym to 'ولو' and is often interchangeable. It also introduces a concessive clause. Example: 'هرچند خسته بودم، کار را تمام کردم.' (Harchand khasteh budam, kār rā tamām kardam) - 'Although I was tired, I finished the work.' 'ولو' might feel slightly more common in casual spoken Persian, but 'هرچند' is perfectly acceptable in both spoken and written contexts.
- 'با وجود اینکه' (bā vojud-e inke) - Despite the fact that
- This phrase is a more formal and longer way to express concession. It works similarly to 'ولو' but is less common in everyday, rapid conversation. Example: 'با وجود اینکه هوا سرد بود، آنها به بیرون رفتند.' (Bā vojud-e inke havā sard bud, ānhā be biroon raftand) - 'Despite the fact that the weather was cold, they went outside.' While functionally similar, 'ولو' offers a more concise and idiomatic alternative.
- 'اگرچه' (agarche) - Although/Even though
- 'اگرچه' is another common conjunction used for concession, often interchangeable with 'هرچند' and 'ولو'. It is widely used in both spoken and written Persian. Example: 'اگرچه او تلاش زیادی کرد، موفق نشد.' (Agarche ou talāsh-e ziyādi kard, movaffaq nashod) - 'Although he tried hard, he did not succeed.' The choice between these often comes down to personal preference or slight stylistic variations.
- 'ولی' (vali) / 'اما' (ammā) - But
- While 'ولی' and 'اما' mean 'but', they express a stronger contrast rather than a concession. They are used when two ideas are directly opposed. 'ولو' is used when the second idea is acknowledged as a potential obstacle but doesn't negate the first. Example: 'هوا سرد بود، ولی من بیرون رفتم.' (Havā sard bud, vali man biroon raftam) - 'The weather was cold, but I went out.' This emphasizes the contrast between the cold weather and the action. 'ولو' would be used if the focus is on the persistence despite the condition: 'من بیرون رفتم، ولو که هوا سرد بود.' (Man biroon raftam, valow ke havā sard bud) - 'I went out, even though the weather was cold.' The emphasis shifts.
- 'حتی اگر' (hat-tā agar) - Even if
- This phrase is very close in meaning to 'ولو' when 'ولو' is used to introduce a hypothetical condition. 'حتی اگر' explicitly emphasizes the 'even' aspect. Example: 'حتی اگر او نیاید، ما کار را شروع میکنیم.' (Hat-tā agar ou nayāyad, mā kār rā shoru' mi-konim) - 'Even if he doesn't come, we will start the work.' While 'ولو' can convey this, 'حتی اگر' makes the hypothetical condition more prominent.
'ولو' (Even if) vs. 'ولی' (But):
- Comparison Table
Word Meaning Usage ولو (valow) Even if, Although Concession, common in spoken Persian. هرچند (harchand) Although, Even though Concession, widely used in spoken and written. با وجود اینکه (bā vojud-e inke) Despite the fact that Formal concession, longer phrase. اگرچه (agarche) Although, Even though Concession, common in spoken and written. ولی/اما (vali/ammā) But Strong contrast, not concession.
How Formal Is It?
豆知識
While 'ولو' is common, its usage can sometimes be influenced by regional dialects. However, the core meaning of 'even if' or 'although' remains consistent across standard Persian. Its conciseness makes it a very efficient tool for fluent communication.
発音ガイド
- Pronouncing the 'v' as 'w'.
- Using a short 'o' sound instead of a long one.
- Incorrect stress placement.
難易度
At the B2 CEFR level, understanding 'ولو' is expected. It appears in various texts, from news articles to literature, where it's used to convey nuanced relationships between clauses. Recognizing its concessive function is key to accurate comprehension.
Using 'ولو' correctly at the B2 level demonstrates a good command of Persian sentence structure and the ability to express complex ideas. It allows for more sophisticated and natural-sounding writing.
Incorporating 'ولو' into spoken Persian at the B2 level makes conversations sound more fluent and idiomatic. It's a common conjunction used in everyday dialogue to express concessions and determination.
Identifying 'ولو' in spoken Persian is crucial for understanding the speaker's intent, especially when they are acknowledging a potential obstacle but affirming their action or belief.
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知っておくべき文法
Conjunctions introducing subordinate clauses.
'ولو' acts as a subordinating conjunction, connecting a main clause to a dependent clause that provides a condition or concession.
Verb conjugation in subordinate clauses.
The verb in the clause introduced by 'ولو' will conjugate according to the subject and tense, similar to any other clause. Example: 'او آمد، ولو که دیر کرده بود.' (He came, even though he had been late.)
Use of 'که' after conjunctions.
Many Persian conjunctions, including 'ولو', can be followed by 'که' to create a more explicit connection, forming 'ولو که'. This is common and emphasizes the subordinate nature of the clause.
Sentence structure with concessive clauses.
The typical structure is [Main Clause] + [Conjunction] + [Subordinate Clause]. For example: 'من خواهم رفت، ولو که هوا بارانی باشد.' (I will go, even if the weather is rainy.)
Distinguishing between conditional ('اگر') and concessive ('ولو') clauses.
'اگر' implies the main clause's outcome depends on the condition, while 'ولو' implies the main clause happens regardless of the condition. Example: 'اگر بیایی، خوشحال میشوم.' (If you come, I will be happy - happiness depends on your coming.) vs. 'ولو بیایی، باز هم خوشحال میشوم.' (Even if you come, I will still be happy - happiness is guaranteed.)
レベル別の例文
من به او کمک کردم، ولو که او از من نخواسته بود.
I helped him, even though he hadn't asked me.
'ولو' introduces a concessive clause.
آنها به سفر رفتند، ولو که پول کافی نداشتند.
They went on the trip, even though they didn't have enough money.
The action in the main clause happens despite the condition.
او درسش را خواند، ولو که خیلی خسته بود.
He studied his lesson, although he was very tired.
'ولو که' is a common combination.
ما این فیلم را دیدیم، ولو که تعریفش را زیاد نشنیده بودیم.
We watched this movie, even though we hadn't heard much about it.
'ولو' connects the action to a lack of prior information.
او قبول کرد، ولو که راضی نبود.
He accepted, although he was not pleased.
Expresses acceptance despite internal feelings.
آنها تصمیم گرفتند بروند، ولو که هوا خوب نبود.
They decided to go, even though the weather was not good.
Highlights determination despite external conditions.
من این کار را انجام میدهم، ولو که وقت زیادی نداشته باشم.
I will do this work, even if I don't have much time.
Emphasizes commitment regardless of time constraints.
او با ما آمد، ولو که دلش نمیخواست.
He came with us, although he didn't want to.
'ولو' shows compliance against personal desire.
او به سخنرانی رفت، ولو که از موضوع آن اطلاعی نداشت.
He went to the lecture, even though he had no information about its topic.
Introduces a condition that might seem like a deterrent but doesn't stop the action.
ما پروژه را ادامه دادیم، ولو که با چالشهای غیرمنتظرهای روبرو شدیم.
We continued the project, although we faced unexpected challenges.
'ولو که' is common and natural in this context.
آنها تلاش کردند تا توافق کنند، ولو که اختلاف نظر زیادی داشتند.
They tried to reach an agreement, even though they had significant disagreements.
Shows effort despite a conflicting situation.
او از این فرصت استفاده کرد، ولو که میدانست ریسک بالایی دارد.
He took advantage of this opportunity, even though he knew it had high risk.
Highlights courage in the face of known risks.
این طرح اجرا خواهد شد، ولو که با مخالفتهای زیادی روبرو شود.
This plan will be implemented, even if it faces a lot of opposition.
Indicates a decision that will proceed regardless of opposition.
او به دیدن دوست بیمارش رفت، ولو که خودش هم سرما خورده بود.
She went to see her sick friend, even though she herself had a cold.
Shows altruism despite personal discomfort.
ما به توافق رسیدیم، ولو که همه خواستههایمان برآورده نشد.
We reached an agreement, even though not all our demands were met.
'ولو' signifies a compromise was made.
او حرفهایش را زد، ولو که میدانست ممکن است عواقب بدی داشته باشد.
He said his piece, even though he knew it might have bad consequences.
Indicates speaking out despite potential negative outcomes.
جامعه باید تلاش کند تا عدالت را برقرار سازد، ولو که این امر مستلزم فداکاریهای بزرگ باشد.
Society must strive to establish justice, even if this requires great sacrifices.
Elevated language used for abstract concepts.
حتی در مواجهه با ناملایمات شدید، امید باید زنده بماند، ولو که شرایط بسیار دشوار به نظر برسد.
Even in the face of severe adversities, hope must remain alive, even if circumstances appear very difficult.
Focuses on abstract principles and enduring qualities.
پیشرفت علمی اغلب با مقاومتهای سنتگرایانه روبرو میشود، ولو که منافع آن برای همگان آشکار باشد.
Scientific progress often faces traditionalist resistance, even though its benefits might be clear to everyone.
Discusses societal dynamics and intellectual challenges.
ما باید مسئولیت اشتباهات گذشته را بپذیریم، ولو که این پذیرش دردناک باشد.
We must accept responsibility for past mistakes, even if this acceptance is painful.
Addresses ethical considerations and personal growth.
فرهنگ غنی ایران همواره پذیرای عناصر جدید بوده است، ولو که این عناصر با سنتهای کهن در تضاد باشند.
Iran's rich culture has always been receptive to new elements, even if these elements are in conflict with ancient traditions.
Discusses cultural evolution and adaptation.
نظام آموزشی باید دانشآموزان را برای دنیایی متغیر آماده کند، ولو که این امر نیازمند بازنگری اساسی در برنامههای درسی باشد.
The education system must prepare students for a changing world, even if this requires a fundamental revision of curricula.
Focuses on systemic challenges and future preparedness.
باید به دنبال راهحلهای پایدار باشیم، ولو که این راهحلها در کوتاهمدت پرهزینه به نظر برسند.
We must seek sustainable solutions, even if these solutions appear costly in the short term.
Addresses long-term planning and economic considerations.
تاریخ گواه است که پیشرفت واقعی، ولو با دشواریهای فراوان همراه باشد، همواره امکانپذیر بوده است.
History testifies that true progress, even if accompanied by numerous difficulties, has always been possible.
Philosophical reflection on human endeavor.
باید درک کرد که دموکراسی، ولو در خالصترین شکل خود، همواره با تنشهای درونی و چالشهای عملی دست و پنجه نرم میکند.
It must be understood that democracy, even in its purest form, always grapples with internal tensions and practical challenges.
Sophisticated analysis of political systems.
فلسفه وجودی، ولو در مواجهه با پوچی و اضطراب، انسان را به جستجوی معنا و اصالت فرا میخواند.
Existential philosophy, even in confrontation with meaninglessness and anxiety, calls humans to seek meaning and authenticity.
Abstract philosophical discourse.
هرگونه تلاش برای تحمیل یک ایدئولوژی خاص، ولو با حسن نیت، میتواند به سرکوب تنوع و آزادی بیان منجر شود.
Any attempt to impose a specific ideology, even with good intentions, can lead to the suppression of diversity and freedom of expression.
Critical analysis of societal control mechanisms.
علم، ولو در پیشرفتهترین شاخههای خود، همواره با محدودیتهای معرفتشناختی و اخلاقی روبرو است.
Science, even in its most advanced branches, always faces epistemological and ethical limitations.
Meta-analysis of scientific inquiry.
باید پذیرفت که پیشرفت تکنولوژیکی، ولو فواید بیشماری داشته باشد، همواره پیامدهای ناخواسته و چالشهای جدیدی را به همراه دارد.
It must be accepted that technological advancement, even if it has countless benefits, always brings unintended consequences and new challenges.
Balanced perspective on technological impact.
هنر، ولو در انتزاعیترین اشکال خود، همواره تلاشی برای برقراری ارتباط و بیان تجربههای عمیق انسانی است.
Art, even in its most abstract forms, is always an effort to communicate and express deep human experiences.
Deep dive into the nature of art and expression.
مسئولیت تاریخی، ولو در قبال نسلهای آینده، حکم میکند که امروز با بصیرت و دوراندیشی عمل کنیم.
Historical responsibility, even towards future generations, dictates that we act today with insight and foresight.
Reflective and forward-looking statement on historical duty.
حکمت واقعی، ولو در دل رنج و اندوه نهفته باشد، راهنمای انسان در مسیر زندگی است.
True wisdom, even if hidden within suffering and sorrow, is humanity's guide on the path of life.
Profound statement on the nature of wisdom.
よく使う組み合わせ
よく使うフレーズ
— This is the most common form, essentially meaning 'even if' or 'although'. It directly links the main clause to the concessive subordinate clause.
او آمد، ولو که دعوت نشده بود. (He came, even though he wasn't invited.)
— A shortened, often conversational way to say 'even if it rains'. The 'که' is implied.
میرویم بیرون، ولو باران. (We're going out, even if it rains.)
— Similar to 'ولو باران', it means 'even if it's difficult'. The verb and subject are often implied.
این کار را میکنیم، ولو سخت. (We'll do this work, even if it's difficult.)
— Functionally identical to 'ولو که', offering a slight variation in phrasing.
او قبول کرد، ولو اینکه راضی نبود. (He accepted, even though he wasn't happy.)
— This combination is less common and might be considered redundant, as 'ولو' already implies concession. It's better to stick to 'ولو' or 'با وجود اینکه'.
Avoid this construction if possible.
— Similar to 'ولو که', this is another way to introduce the concessive clause, emphasizing the 'that' aspect.
او به ما پیوست، ولو آنکه اختلاف نظر داشتیم. (He joined us, even though we had disagreements.)
— This phrase is not standard Persian and would likely be confusing. 'ولو' acts as a conjunction, not as a demonstrative pronoun followed by a verb.
Avoid this construction.
— 'Even if that's the case.' Used to acknowledge a possibility or a given situation.
باشد، برویم، ولو که اینطور باشد. (Fine, let's go, even if that's the case.)
— A more concise way of saying 'even if such is the case' or 'even if so'.
اگر او اشتباه کند، ولو چنین، ما حمایتش میکنیم. (If he makes a mistake, even if so, we will support him.)
— 'Even still' or 'even so'. Used to reinforce that something persists despite the condition.
او تلاش کرد، ولو باز هم موفق نشد. (He tried, even though he still didn't succeed.)
よく混同される語
'اگر' means 'if' and introduces a condition upon which the main clause depends. 'ولو' means 'even if' or 'although', and the main clause happens regardless of the condition. Example: 'اگر بیایی، خوشحال میشوم.' (If you come, I will be happy - my happiness depends on your coming). 'ولو بیایی، باز هم خوشحال میشوم.' (Even if you come, I will still be happy - my happiness is guaranteed).
'ولی' and 'اما' mean 'but' and express a direct contrast between two statements. 'ولو' expresses concession, acknowledging a potential difficulty but affirming the main statement anyway. Example: 'هوا سرد بود، ولی رفتم.' (The weather was cold, but I went - emphasizing the contrast). 'رفتم، ولو که هوا سرد بود.' (I went, even though the weather was cold - emphasizing persistence despite the cold).
'چون' means 'because' or 'since' and introduces a reason. 'ولو' introduces a concession. They have opposite logical functions. Example: 'رفتم چون هوا خوب بود.' (I went because the weather was good). 'رفتم ولو که هوا بد بود.' (I went even though the weather was bad).
間違えやすい
Both are conjunctions used with conditional or hypothetical clauses.
'اگر' (if) introduces a condition that must be met for the main clause to occur. The outcome is dependent on the condition. 'ولو' (even if/although) introduces a condition that is acknowledged but does not prevent the main clause from occurring. The outcome happens regardless of the condition.
اگر فردا بیایی، خوشحال میشوم. (If you come tomorrow, I will be happy - my happiness depends on your coming). ولو فردا بیایی، باز هم خوشحال میشوم. (Even if you come tomorrow, I will still be happy - my happiness is guaranteed).
Both are conjunctions used to connect clauses.
'ولی' and 'اما' (but) express a direct contrast between two opposing ideas. 'ولو' expresses concession, meaning something happens or is true despite a particular circumstance or potential obstacle. 'ولو' acknowledges a difficulty but asserts that the main point still stands.
هوا سرد بود، ولی بیرون رفتم. (The weather was cold, but I went out - contrast). بیرون رفتم، ولو که هوا سرد بود. (I went out, even though the weather was cold - persistence despite the cold).
Very similar meaning and function.
'هرچند' (although/even though) is a direct synonym for 'ولو' and is often interchangeable. 'ولو' might be slightly more common in very casual spoken Persian, but both are widely understood and used for concession.
هرچند خسته بودم، کار را تمام کردم. (Although I was tired, I finished the work). ولو که خسته بودم، کار را تمام کردم. (Even though I was tired, I finished the work).
Both express concession.
'با وجود اینکه' (despite the fact that) is a longer, more formal phrase used for concession. 'ولو' is more concise and generally preferred in informal and everyday spoken Persian. The meaning is essentially the same, but the register differs.
با وجود اینکه او دیر کرد، ما منتظرش ماندیم. (Despite the fact that he was late, we waited for him). او دیر کرد، ولو که منتظرش بودیم. (He was late, even though we were waiting for him - here 'ولو' might imply we waited regardless of his lateness, slightly different nuance).
Both are conjunctions connecting clauses.
'چون' (because/since) introduces a reason or cause for the main clause. 'ولو' (even if/although) introduces a concession, a circumstance that doesn't prevent the main clause. They have opposite logical relationships.
درس خواندم چون امتحان داشتم. (I studied because I had an exam - reason). درس خواندم ولو که خسته بودم. (I studied even though I was tired - concession).
文型パターン
Main Clause + ولو + Noun Phrase/Adjective
او آمد، <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>ولو</mark> خسته. (He came, even if tired.)
Main Clause + ولو که + Verb Phrase (past tense)
آنها رفتند، <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>ولو که</mark> دیر کرده بودند. (They left, even though they had been late.)
Main Clause + ولو + Verb Phrase (present/future tense)
من کمک میکنم، <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>ولو</mark> که وقت نداشته باشم. (I will help, even if I don't have time.)
Main Clause + ولو که + Modal Verb Phrase
او باید این کار را بکند، <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>ولو که</mark> دوست نداشته باشد. (He must do this work, even if he doesn't like it.)
Shortened form (implied verb/subject)
میرویم، <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>ولو</mark> باران. (We are going, even if it rains.)
Complex Main Clause + ولو که + Abstract Noun/Verb Phrase
جامعه باید پیشرفت کند، <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>ولو که</mark> با چالشهای بزرگی روبرو شود. (Society must progress, even if it faces great challenges.)
Introductory clause + main clause + ولو + subordinate clause
با وجود تمام مشکلات، <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>ولو</mark> که راه دشوار است، ما به هدف خود خواهیم رسید. (Despite all the problems, even if the way is difficult, we will reach our goal.)
Philosophical/abstract main clause + ولو + complex subordinate clause
حقیقت، <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>ولو</mark> که درک آن برای همگان آسان نباشد، همواره ارزشمند است. (Truth, even if its understanding is not easy for everyone, is always valuable.)
語族
関連
使い方
High, especially in spoken Persian.
-
Confusing 'ولو' with 'اگر' (if).
→
Using 'ولو' when the outcome is independent of the condition, and 'اگر' when the outcome depends on the condition.
'اگر' introduces a condition that must be met. 'ولو' introduces a condition that is acknowledged but doesn't prevent the main clause. Example: 'اگر بیایی، خوشحال میشوم' (If you come, I'll be happy - happiness depends on your coming). 'ولو بیایی، باز هم خوشحال میشوم' (Even if you come, I'll still be happy - happiness is guaranteed).
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Using 'ولو' for direct contrast instead of concession.
→
Using 'ولی' or 'اما' (but) for direct contrast, and 'ولو' for concession.
'ولی'/'اما' show opposition between two ideas. 'ولو' acknowledges a difficulty but asserts the main point. Example: 'هوا سرد بود، <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>ولی</mark> رفتم.' (Weather was cold, but I went - contrast). 'رفتم، <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>ولو</mark> که هوا سرد بود.' (I went, even though the weather was cold - concession/persistence).
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Incorrect sentence structure.
→
Placing 'ولو' after the main clause it modifies.
'ولو' typically functions as a conjunction introducing a subordinate clause. It usually follows the main clause it relates to. Example: 'من این کار را میکنم، <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>ولو</mark> که سخت باشد.' (I will do this work, even if it is difficult.) Starting solely with 'ولو' is less common in standard usage.
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Overusing 'ولو' where a simpler conjunction would suffice.
→
Using 'ولو' when it adds necessary nuance of concession or determination.
While 'ولو' is useful, sometimes a simpler conjunction or sentence structure might be more appropriate. Overusing it can make speech sound repetitive or unnaturally formal. For example, instead of saying 'من میروم، هوا سرد است، <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>ولی</mark> میروم,' using 'من میروم، <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>ولو</mark> که هوا سرد است' is more concise and natural for concession.
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Treating 'ولو' as an adverb.
→
Using 'ولو' as a conjunction linking clauses.
'ولو' is a conjunction, not an adverb like 'perhaps' or 'maybe'. It needs to connect two clauses. Saying 'او <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>ولو</mark> آمد' is incorrect. It should be part of a sentence like 'او آمد، <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>ولو</mark> که انتظارش را نداشتیم.'
ヒント
Distinguish Concession from Contrast
Remember that 'ولو' is for concession – acknowledging a difficulty but proceeding anyway. For direct opposition, use 'ولی' or 'اما'. For example, 'I went even though it was cold' (ولو) is different from 'It was cold, but I went' (ولی).
Practice with Synonyms
Get comfortable using 'ولو' by practicing with its synonyms like 'هرچند' and 'اگرچه'. Try rewriting sentences using different concessive conjunctions to deepen your understanding of their subtle differences and usage contexts.
Embrace Determination
Use 'ولو' to express your own determination. When you want to convey that you will do something despite potential challenges, 'ولو' is the perfect word to add strength and conviction to your statement.
Listen for Natural Use
Pay attention to how native Persian speakers use 'ولو' in movies, songs, and conversations. Noticing the situations and tone will help you internalize its natural usage and when it sounds most appropriate.
Create Mnemonics
Develop personal mnemonics or visual associations for 'ولو'. Associating the sound with a specific image or a small story can make it easier to recall and use correctly, especially when you're speaking or writing under pressure.
Shortened Forms in Speech
Be aware that in very informal spoken Persian, 'ولو' might be used without 'که' and with an implied verb, like 'میریم، ولو بارون.' (We're going, even if rain.). While useful to recognize, stick to the full form 'ولو که' in most learning scenarios.
Connect to English 'Even If'
The most direct English equivalent is 'even if'. Think of scenarios where you'd use 'even if' in English and try to translate them into Persian using 'ولو'.
Write Your Own Examples
The best way to solidify your understanding is to create your own sentences. Write about your daily life, your plans, or your opinions, and try to incorporate 'ولو' where appropriate to express concessions or determination.
Condition vs. Concession
Always ask yourself: does the second part of the sentence present a condition that must be met (use 'اگر'), or a circumstance that is acknowledged but doesn't prevent the main action (use 'ولو')?
Use in Discussions
When discussing plans or intentions, especially if there might be obstacles, using 'ولو' makes your statement sound more realistic and determined. It shows you've considered potential issues but are still committed.
暗記しよう
記憶術
Imagine a person named 'Volo' who always says 'Yes, even if...' to everything. 'Volo says yes, even if it's raining!' This helps associate the sound 'Volo' with the meaning 'even if'.
視覚的連想
Picture a sign that reads 'Go Ahead!' with a small, almost ignored rain cloud symbol next to it. The 'Go Ahead!' represents the main clause, and the rain cloud is the condition introduced by 'ولو'.
Word Web
チャレンジ
Try to describe a situation where you had to do something despite a difficulty. Use 'ولو' to connect the difficulty to your action. For example, 'I cleaned my room, ولو that it was very messy.'
語源
The word 'ولو' is believed to have roots in Middle Persian or possibly older Iranian languages, functioning as a conjunction to express concession. Its exact etymological origin is not as widely documented as some other Persian words, but its usage pattern suggests a long-standing presence in the language for expressing conditional or concessive clauses.
元の意味： The original meaning is closely tied to the concept of introducing a hypothetical or acknowledged condition that does not negate the main assertion.
Indo-Iranian, Persian branch文化的な背景
The use of 'ولو' is generally neutral and does not carry any particular sensitivity concerns. It's a standard grammatical conjunction.
In English, 'even if' and 'although' are the closest equivalents. The Persian 'ولو' often carries a slightly stronger implication of determination or persistence.
実生活で練習する
実際の使用場面
Discussing personal plans or intentions.
- من میروم، <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>ولو</mark> که هوا سرد باشد.
- او خواهد آمد، <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>ولو</mark> که دیر کند.
Expressing determination or perseverance.
- ما ادامه میدهیم، <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>ولو</mark> که سخت باشد.
- این کار را تمام میکنم، <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>ولو</mark> که وقت نداشته باشم.
Acknowledging compromises or less-than-ideal situations.
- ما با این موافقیم، <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>ولو</mark> که ایدهآل نباشد.
- او قبول کرد، <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>ولو</mark> که راضی نبود.
Talking about past events with a concessive element.
- او آمد، <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>ولو</mark> که انتظارش را نداشتیم.
- آنها سفر کردند، <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>ولو</mark> که پول کمی داشتند.
Giving advice or making recommendations.
- این کتاب را بخوان، <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>ولو</mark> که کمی طولانی باشد.
- امتحان کن، <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>ولو</mark> که نتیجهاش نامعلوم باشد.
会話のきっかけ
"What's something you decided to do, even if it was difficult?"
"Can you think of a time you agreed to something, even if you weren't fully satisfied?"
"Tell me about a plan you had, even if the weather wasn't perfect."
"What's a goal you're pursuing, even if the outcome is uncertain?"
"Describe a situation where you helped someone, even if they didn't ask for it."
日記のテーマ
Write about a personal challenge you faced and how you decided to proceed despite it. Use 'ولو' to structure your thoughts.
Reflect on a time you made a compromise. Describe the situation and your decision, incorporating 'ولو' to express the concessive aspect.
Imagine you have a dream you're pursuing. Write about the potential obstacles and why you're determined to continue, using 'ولو' to highlight your resolve.
Describe a moment when you did something unexpected or against common expectations. Explain the circumstances using 'ولو' to acknowledge any counter-factors.
Think about a time you had to accept a situation that wasn't ideal. Write about your feelings and your decision, using 'ولو' to show your acceptance despite the circumstances.
よくある質問
10 問No, 'ولو' can be used on its own, or followed by 'که' (forming 'ولو که'). Both are grammatically correct and common. 'ولو که' might add a slight emphasis to the concessive clause. For example, 'من میروم، ولو باران است.' and 'من میروم، ولو که باران است.' are both correct and mean 'I am going, even if it is raining.'
Generally, 'ولو' functions as a conjunction connecting two clauses, so it typically follows the main clause. While you might occasionally see it used at the beginning in literary contexts for stylistic effect, it's usually best to place it after the main statement you want to emphasize. For example, instead of starting with 'ولو که هوا سرد باشد...', it's more common to say 'من بیرون میروم، ولو که هوا سرد باشد...'
This is a crucial distinction. 'اگر' (agar) means 'if' and introduces a condition that must be met for the main clause to happen. The outcome is dependent on the condition. 'ولو' (valow) means 'even if' or 'although' and introduces a condition that is acknowledged but does *not* prevent the main clause from happening. The outcome happens regardless of the condition. For instance, 'اگر بیایی، خوشحال میشوم' (If you come, I will be happy - my happiness depends on your coming) versus 'ولو بیایی، باز هم خوشحال میشوم' (Even if you come, I will still be happy - my happiness is guaranteed).
'ولی' (vali) and 'اما' (amma) both mean 'but' and express a direct contrast between two statements. 'ولو' expresses concession. It acknowledges a potential difficulty or a contrasting situation but asserts that the main point still holds true. For example, 'هوا سرد بود، ولی رفتم.' (The weather was cold, but I went - emphasizing the contrast) versus 'رفتم، ولو که هوا سرد بود.' (I went, even though the weather was cold - emphasizing persistence despite the cold).
'ولو' is very common in both spoken and written Persian, making it versatile. While it's frequently used in informal conversations, it's also perfectly acceptable in neutral and even somewhat formal writing when expressing concession. More formal alternatives like 'با وجود اینکه' exist, but 'ولو' is widely understood and used across registers.
Yes, 'ولو' is excellent for hypothetical situations, especially when you want to emphasize that something would happen or be true regardless of the hypothetical condition. For example, 'او قبول میکرد، ولو که شرایط سخت بود.' (He would have accepted, even if the conditions had been difficult.)
Common mistakes include confusing it with 'اگر' (if), using it to express direct contrast instead of concession (where 'ولی' or 'اما' would be better), and incorrect sentence placement. Always ensure the clause after 'ولو' presents a circumstance that is acknowledged but doesn't prevent the main clause.
In very casual speech, you might hear shortened forms where the 'که' is dropped, and sometimes the verb in the subordinate clause is implied. For example, 'میریم، ولو بارون.' (We're going, even if rain.) This is highly informal but common in close conversations.
'ولو' is the most direct translation of 'even if' when it introduces a condition that doesn't prevent the main action. It also overlaps significantly with 'although' when used in a concessive sense.
Yes, 'ولو' can be used with verbs in any tense, including the past tense, to express a concession about a past event. For example: 'او آمد، ولو که دیر کرده بود.' (He came, even though he had been late.)
自分をテスト 10 問
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Summary
'ولو' is your go-to Persian conjunction for expressing that something will happen or is true, regardless of a mentioned condition or circumstance. Use it to add nuance and show determination.
- Conjunction: 'even if', 'although'.
- Introduces concessive or hypothetical clauses.
- Main clause holds true despite the condition.
- Common in spoken and written Persian.
Distinguish Concession from Contrast
Remember that 'ولو' is for concession – acknowledging a difficulty but proceeding anyway. For direct opposition, use 'ولی' or 'اما'. For example, 'I went even though it was cold' (ولو) is different from 'It was cold, but I went' (ولی).
Practice with Synonyms
Get comfortable using 'ولو' by practicing with its synonyms like 'هرچند' and 'اگرچه'. Try rewriting sentences using different concessive conjunctions to deepen your understanding of their subtle differences and usage contexts.
Embrace Determination
Use 'ولو' to express your own determination. When you want to convey that you will do something despite potential challenges, 'ولو' is the perfect word to add strength and conviction to your statement.
Listen for Natural Use
Pay attention to how native Persian speakers use 'ولو' in movies, songs, and conversations. Noticing the situations and tone will help you internalize its natural usage and when it sounds most appropriate.
関連コンテンツ
academicの関連語
اعمال کردن
B2To apply, to implement; to put into operation or effect.
عامل شدن
B2何かの要因や原因になること。
اعتبار علمی
B2大学や研究者の学術的な信頼性や名声のこと。
اعتبار بخشیدن
B2何かを検証する、または公式に承認すること。
اعتبار سنجی کردن
B2妥当性を確認または検証すること。
اعتباربخشی
B2認定とは、個人または機関が特定の基準を満たしていることの公式な認識です。
اعتمادپذیر
B2信頼できる; 頼りになる。
اعتراف کردن
B2告白する、認める。犯罪を犯したり、何か間違ったことをしたりしたことを認めること。 (彼は嘘をついたことを認めなければならない。彼はその犯罪を告白した。)
عضو هیئت علمی
B2A faculty member; a professional academic engaged in teaching and research at a university.
عقلانی
B2合理的；理性や論理に基づいた。
