citer 30秒で
- Citer is a regular French verb primarily meaning 'to quote' or 'to mention' as a reference or example in various contexts.
- It is essential for academic writing to attribute sources correctly and for legal situations to summon individuals to a court of law.
- The verb is easy to conjugate but requires precision in usage to distinguish it from simpler verbs like 'dire' or 'parler'.
- Commonly found in news, literature, and formal instructions, it bridges the gap between a source and a current statement or argument.
The French verb citer is a versatile term primarily used to describe the act of repeating or referring to someone else's words, or identifying specific items or people within a list. At its core, it represents the bridge between a source and a current statement. Whether you are a student writing an essay, a lawyer in a courtroom, or a friend recounting a conversation, citer is the essential tool for attribution and naming. In the academic world, it is the foundation of integrity; you must citer vos sources to avoid plagiarism. In everyday life, it can mean simply naming a few examples of something you like.
- Primary Meaning
- To quote a passage, a book, or an author verbatim.
- Secondary Meaning
- To mention or name someone or something as an example or reference.
- Legal Context
- To summon someone to appear before a court of law (citer à comparaître).
"Il aime citer Victor Hugo dans ses discours pour paraître plus éloquent."
Understanding citer requires recognizing that it is not just about 'saying' something, but about 'pointing' to a specific origin. It implies a level of precision. When you cite a fact, you are giving it authority. This is why the word is so common in journalism and history. It is a regular '-er' verb, making it one of the easiest to conjugate for beginners, yet its applications span from the simplest A1 sentences to complex C2 legal arguments. The nuance lies in the object being cited: is it a person, a text, or a legal summons?
"Peux-tu citer trois pays francophones en Afrique ?"
- Synonym: Mentionner
- Used when the reference is brief or informal.
- Synonym: Rapporter
- Used when reporting what someone said without necessarily quoting word-for-word.
"L'avocat a décidé de citer le témoin à la barre."
"Elle a été citée à l'ordre de la nation pour son courage."
Using citer correctly involves understanding its three main functional spheres: academic/literary, conversational/listing, and legal. As a regular '-er' verb, its conjugation follows the standard pattern (je cite, tu cites, il cite, nous citons, vous citez, ils citent). However, the context determines which preposition or structure follows. In most cases, it is used directly: citer un auteur (to cite an author) or citer un exemple (to cite an example).
- Academic Usage
- Always include the source. 'Il faut citer l'ouvrage dans la bibliographie.'
- Conversational Usage
- Used for listing. 'Cite-moi tes films préférés.'
- Formal/Legal Usage
- To summon. 'Le tribunal va citer le prévenu.'
"N'oubliez pas de citer vos sources pour éviter le plagiat."
When you want to quote someone directly, you often use the construction: citer [nom] en disant [citation]. Alternatively, in writing, you might see comme le cite l'auteur. It is important to distinguish citer from dire. While dire is generic, citer implies a specific reference to an existing text or a specific moment of speech. If you are listing items, citer acts as a synonym for énumérer, but with a focus on the act of naming them out loud or in writing.
"Je pourrais vous citer des dizaines de raisons de rester."
- Common Object: Source
- Citer une source, un article, un livre.
- Common Object: Example
- Citer un exemple, un cas, une situation.
"Il est important de citer textuellement les paroles de l'expert."
You will encounter citer in various environments, each giving the word a slightly different flavor. In a French classroom, a teacher might say, 'Pouvez-vous citer le premier vers de ce poème ?'. In this context, it is a test of memory and precision. In the media, news anchors often use it when reporting on legal proceedings or political scandals: 'Le ministre a été cité dans une affaire de corruption.' Here, it means his name was mentioned in connection with the case.
"Le journaliste a refusé de citer ses sources d'information."
In the professional world, specifically in law and administration, citer is formal. A citation à comparaître is a legal summons. If you are watching a French legal drama like 'Engrenages', you will hear this frequently. In the world of science and research, the 'taux de citation' (citation rate) is a metric used to measure the impact of a researcher's work. The more you are cité, the more influential you are considered to be.
- Radio/TV
- 'Comme cité précédemment...' (As mentioned previously...)
- University
- 'N'oubliez pas de citer vos références.'
- Courtroom
- 'Je cite le témoin à comparaître mardi.'
"Cette ville est souvent citée comme la plus belle du monde."
One of the most frequent errors for English speakers is confusing citer with dire (to say) or parler de (to talk about). While you might 'say' a quote, in French, you cite the author. Using dire is too simple and often grammatically awkward when referring to a specific text. Another mistake is the confusion between citer and convoquer in a legal sense. While they are related, citer is the specific legal act of summoning via a formal document.
- Mistake: 'Dire une citation'
- Correction: Use 'Faire une citation' or 'Citer un passage'.
- Mistake: Confusing with 'Quoter'
- Correction: 'Quoter' is not a French word. Always use 'citer'.
"Faux-ami alert: Don't use 'quoter'. The French verb is citer."
Another nuance involves the passive voice. Many learners forget to agree the past participle cité when using être. For example, 'Elle a été citée' (feminine) vs 'Ils ont été cités' (masculine plural). In academic writing, learners often forget the direct object. You don't 'cite about a book'; you 'cite a book'. The preposition 'de' or 'à propos de' is incorrect here.
"Il ne faut pas citer hors contexte." (Don't quote out of context.)
To truly master citer, it helps to understand its neighbors in the French vocabulary. The most common synonym is mentionner. While citer often implies a full quote or a formal naming, mentionner is lighter—it's just bringing something up in passing. If you are listing things in order, énumérer is a more precise verb. It suggests a sequence (1, 2, 3...), whereas citer just identifies them.
- Mentionner
- To mention briefly. 'Il a mentionné ton nom.'
- Énumérer
- To list items one by one. 'Elle énumère ses qualités.'
- Convoquer
- To call someone to a meeting or court (similar to the legal 'citer').
- Rapporter
- To report or repeat what was said.
"Au lieu de simplement mentionner le livre, il a préféré le citer longuement."
In a more literary or archaic sense, you might find alléguer, which means to cite a fact or a text as proof or justification, often in a legal or argumentative context. There is also reproduire, used when you are physically copying a text. Knowing when to use citer versus these synonyms will make your French sound much more natural and precise. For example, use citer for authority and mentionner for casual reference.
How Formal Is It?
難易度
知っておくべき文法
Regular -er verb endings
Direct object pronouns
Passive voice with 'être'
Subjunctive after 'il est important que'
Agreement of past participles
レベル別の例文
Peux-tu citer un fruit rouge ?
Can you name a red fruit?
Present tense, 2nd person singular.
Je cite mon nom.
I state my name.
Direct object usage.
Citez deux couleurs.
Name two colors.
Imperative mood.
Il cite ses amis.
He names his friends.
Regular -er verb conjugation.
Nous citons les jours de la semaine.
We are naming the days of the week.
1st person plural.
Elle cite un exemple simple.
She gives a simple example.
Subject-verb agreement.
Vous citez le professeur.
You are quoting the teacher.
Formal 'vous'.
Ils citent des villes de France.
They are naming French cities.
3rd person plural.
J'ai cité mon livre préféré hier.
I mentioned my favorite book yesterday.
Passé composé.
Elle va citer une chanson connue.
She is going to quote a famous song.
Futur proche.
Peux-tu citer l'auteur de ce texte ?
Can you name the author of this text?
Infinitive after 'pouvoir'.
Nous avons cité plusieurs raisons.
We mentioned several reasons.
Passé composé with 'avoir'.
Il ne faut pas citer n'importe quoi.
You shouldn't quote just anything.
Negative construction.
Elle cite souvent sa mère.
She often quotes her mother.
Adverb placement.
Ils ont cité le film dans l'article.
They mentioned the movie in the article.
Direct object 'le film'.
Vous devez citer la page.
You must cite the page.
Modal verb 'devoir'.
L'article cite une étude récente sur le climat.
The article quotes a recent study on the climate.
Scientific context.
Il a cité son expérience personnelle pour convaincre.
He cited his personal experience to convince them.
Argumentative usage.
Elle est souvent citée comme un modèle de réussite.
She is often cited as a role model for success.
Passive voice with 'être'.
Nous citons ce passage pour illustrer notre propos.
We are quoting this passage to illustrate our point.
Formal 'propos'.
Il est interdit de citer sans autorisation.
It is forbidden to quote without permission.
Impersonal 'il est'.
Le témoin a cité les paroles exactes de l'accusé.
The witness quoted the exact words of the accused.
Legal nuance.
Pouvez-vous citer vos sources, s'il vous plaît ?
Can you cite your sources, please?
Academic integrity.
Elle a cité plusieurs poèmes de mémoire.
She recited several poems from memory.
Memory context.
L'auteur cite abondamment les philosophes du XVIIIe siècle.
The author quotes 18th-century philosophers extensively.
Adverb 'abondamment'.
Il a été cité à comparaître devant le tribunal correctionnel.
He was summoned to appear before the criminal court.
Legal term 'citer à comparaître'.
Bien qu'il cite des faits, son analyse reste subjective.
Although he cites facts, his analysis remains subjective.
Conjunction 'bien que' + subjunctive.
Cette découverte est citée dans toutes les revues spécialisées.
This discovery is mentioned in all specialized journals.
Passive voice.
Il convient de citer les travaux antérieurs.
It is appropriate to cite previous works.
Formal 'il convient de'.
Elle a cité ce discours comme un tournant historique.
She cited this speech as a historical turning point.
Historical context.
Le rapport cite une augmentation de 10% des ventes.
The report cites a 10% increase in sales.
Statistical usage.
On ne peut pas citer ce texte sans son contexte original.
One cannot quote this text without its original context.
Pronoun 'on'.
L'avocat a décidé de citer le ministre comme témoin à décharge.
The lawyer decided to summon the minister as a witness for the defense.
Complex legal terminology.
L'œuvre de Proust est souvent citée pour sa complexité syntaxique.
Proust's work is often cited for its syntactic complexity.
Literary criticism.
Il est impératif que vous citiez vos références selon les normes APA.
It is imperative that you cite your references according to APA standards.
Subjunctive mood.
Le polémiste a été cité pour incitation à la haine.
The polemicist was summoned for incitement to hatred.
Legal 'cité pour'.
Elle se plaît à citer des auteurs obscurs pour briller en société.
She enjoys quoting obscure authors to shine in social circles.
Pronominal verb 'se plaire à'.
Ce passage, bien que souvent cité, est fréquemment mal interprété.
This passage, although often quoted, is frequently misinterpreted.
Concessive clause.
Il a cité l'exemple de la Suède pour justifier sa réforme.
He cited the example of Sweden to justify his reform.
Political argumentation.
La jurisprudence citée par le juge fait autorité dans ce domaine.
The case law cited by the judge is authoritative in this field.
Legal 'jurisprudence'.
L'exégèse biblique nécessite de citer les textes originaux en hébreu.
Biblical exegesis requires quoting the original texts in Hebrew.
Theological context.
Il s'est vu citer à comparaître par voie d'huissier.
He was served a summons to appear by a bailiff.
Passive construction 'se voir'.
L'article s'attache à citer les nuances sémantiques du terme.
The article focuses on citing the semantic nuances of the term.
Linguistic analysis.
Sa thèse a été citée plus de mille fois, un record dans sa discipline.
His thesis has been cited over a thousand times, a record in his discipline.
Bibliometrics.
Il est vain de citer des auteurs dont on ne partage pas les prémisses.
It is futile to quote authors whose premises one does not share.
Formal 'il est vain de'.
Le décret cite explicitement les conditions d'application de la loi.
The decree explicitly cites the conditions for applying the law.
Administrative precision.
Elle a été citée à l'ordre de la Légion d'honneur.
She was mentioned in the orders for the Legion of Honor.
Honorary context.
L'intertextualité consiste à citer, consciemment ou non, d'autres œuvres.
Intertextuality consists of quoting, consciously or not, other works.
Literary theory.
よく使う組み合わせ
よく使うフレーズ
よく混同される語
慣用句と表現
間違えやすい
文型パターン
使い方
Citer implies accuracy, whereas mentionner is more casual.
Usually no preposition before the object.
- Using 'quoter' (anglicism).
- Saying 'citer de' instead of 'citer'.
- Confusing 'citer' with 'quitter'.
- Forgetting agreement in the passive voice (elle a été citée).
- Using 'dire' when a specific quote is intended.
ヒント
Regular Conjugation
Remember that 'citer' is a regular -er verb. This means it's easy to conjugate in all tenses. Just follow the pattern of 'parler'. You already know how to use it!
Academic Tone
Use 'citer' in your essays to sound more professional. Instead of saying 'Il dit que...', say 'Il cite...'. It shows you are referring to a specific source. This will improve your grades.
Legal Context
If you hear 'cité à comparaître', it's serious. It means someone is being called to court. This is a very specific and formal use of the verb. It's common in news and law.
Synonym Choice
Choose 'citer' for precision and 'mentionner' for brevity. Knowing the difference makes your French more nuanced. Use 'citer' when the source matters. Use 'mentionner' for casual talk.
Idiom Usage
Use the phrase 'pour ne citer que...' to sound like a native. It's a great way to introduce examples. It flows well in conversation. Try it next time you list things!
Direct Object
Don't use a preposition after 'citer'. It's 'citer quelque chose', not 'citer de quelque chose'. This is a common mistake for English speakers. Keep it simple and direct.
Context Clues
When you hear 'cité', check if it's a quote or a summons. The context will tell you immediately. If it's a book, it's a quote. If it's a court, it's a summons.
Mnemonic
Associate 'citer' with 'citation'. Both involve pointing to a specific source or event. If you remember 'citation', you'll remember 'citer'. It's a strong mental link.
Cultural Value
French people value 'la culture générale'. Being able to 'citer' authors is respected. It shows you are well-read. Don't be afraid to use it in debates.
Passive Voice
The passive 'être cité' is very common. 'Il a été cité dans le journal'. It's a good way to talk about someone's reputation. It sounds very natural in French.
暗記しよう
語源
Latin 'citare'
文化的な背景
The 'huissier' (bailiff) delivers the 'citation'.
Quoting philosophers is common in 'café-débats'.
Plagiarism is taken very seriously; 'citer' is the primary defense.
実生活で練習する
実際の使用場面
会話のきっかけ
"Peux-tu citer ton film préféré ?"
"Quels auteurs aimes-tu citer ?"
"As-tu déjà été cité dans un journal ?"
"Peux-tu citer trois pays d'Europe ?"
"Pourquoi est-il important de citer ses sources ?"
日記のテーマ
Citez trois choses pour lesquelles vous êtes reconnaissant aujourd'hui.
Écrivez sur une citation qui vous inspire.
Citez les défis que vous avez rencontrés cette semaine.
Quels livres citeriez-vous comme étant les plus influents ?
Citez vos objectifs pour le mois prochain.
よくある質問
10 問No, you can cite people, examples, or legal witnesses. It is used whenever you refer to a specific source or name. In conversation, it often means just naming things. In law, it's a formal summons. So, it's very versatile.
The most accurate verb is 'citer'. You can also say 'faire une citation'. For example, 'Il cite Victor Hugo'. Avoid using 'quoter' as it is not French. 'Citer' covers both the act of quoting and naming.
'Citer' is more formal and precise. It often implies giving a full reference or exact words. 'Mentionner' is more casual and brief. You might mention a friend's name, but you cite a famous author. Use 'citer' for authority.
Yes, it is a regular -er verb. It follows the same conjugation rules as 'parler'. This makes it very easy to use in all tenses. For example, 'je cite', 'j'ai cité', 'je citerai'. It's a great verb for beginners.
Yes, 'citer à comparaître' is a standard legal term. It means to officially call someone to appear before a judge. You will hear this in legal dramas and news. It is a very formal usage. The document itself is called a 'citation'.
Use it to introduce evidence or references. For example: 'L'auteur cite plusieurs études pour prouver son point.' Always ensure you have a direct object. It shows you are doing proper research. It's a key word for academic success.
It means 'to name but him' or 'to mention only him'. It is used when you have a long list but only want to highlight one example. It's a very common and useful idiomatic expression. It makes your French sound more natural. For example: 'Il a beaucoup d'amis, pour ne citer que Jean.'
Generally, no. It is a transitive verb. You 'citer quelque chose'. For example: 'Je cite le texte'. You don't need 'de' or 'à'. Just put the object right after the verb.
A 'citation' is a quote or a legal summons. It can also be an official mention of honor. For example, 'une citation de Napoléon'. It is the noun form of the verb 'citer'. It's a very common word in literature.
Yes, this is one of its most common uses. 'Citez trois exemples de mammifères'. It is synonymous with 'donner' or 'énumérer' in this context. Teachers use it all the time. It's very helpful for basic communication.
自分をテスト 180 問
/ 180 correct
Perfect score!
Summary
The verb 'citer' is your go-to word for attribution, naming examples, and formal legal summons. It adds authority and precision to your French, moving beyond simple speech to structured reference and evidence-based communication.
- Citer is a regular French verb primarily meaning 'to quote' or 'to mention' as a reference or example in various contexts.
- It is essential for academic writing to attribute sources correctly and for legal situations to summon individuals to a court of law.
- The verb is easy to conjugate but requires precision in usage to distinguish it from simpler verbs like 'dire' or 'parler'.
- Commonly found in news, literature, and formal instructions, it bridges the gap between a source and a current statement or argument.
Regular Conjugation
Remember that 'citer' is a regular -er verb. This means it's easy to conjugate in all tenses. Just follow the pattern of 'parler'. You already know how to use it!
Academic Tone
Use 'citer' in your essays to sound more professional. Instead of saying 'Il dit que...', say 'Il cite...'. It shows you are referring to a specific source. This will improve your grades.
Legal Context
If you hear 'cité à comparaître', it's serious. It means someone is being called to court. This is a very specific and formal use of the verb. It's common in news and law.
Synonym Choice
Choose 'citer' for precision and 'mentionner' for brevity. Knowing the difference makes your French more nuanced. Use 'citer' when the source matters. Use 'mentionner' for casual talk.
関連コンテンツ
関連フレーズ
mediaの関連語
abonné
A1「abonné」とは、雑誌、サービス、またはアップデートなどを定期的に受け取るために登録された個人または法人です。
abonnement
A1abonnementは、サービスや出版物を定期的に受け取るための手配、つまり「購読」や「サブスクリプション」を意味します。
actualiser
A1ウェブページを更新したり、情報を最新の状態にすること。
aimer
A1誰かを愛すること、または何かを好むこと。
antenne
B1テレビのアンテナが信号を受信します。
appuyer
A1ボタンやスイッチを押すこと。何かに寄りかかる、またはアイデアを支持すること。
artistique
A1芸術や芸術家に関連する、またはそれらに関する。技術や想像力、美的な感覚を示していること。
audible
B1聞き取れる、聞こえる。
audimat
B2テレビの視聴率。
auditeur
B1「auditeur」は、ラジオやポッドキャストなどを聞く人のことです。女性の場合は「auditrice」となります。
