sanction 30秒で
- Sanction: Penalty or punishment for breaking rules.
- French usage: Primarily means penalty, rarely approval.
- Key contexts: Legal, educational, economic, political.
- Avoid using for 'approval' in French; use 'autorisation'.
- English Definition
- A sanction is a penalty or punishment imposed for breaking a rule, law, or agreement. It can also refer to official permission or approval for an action.
- French Usage
- In French, 'sanction' primarily refers to a penalty or disciplinary measure. It's used in various contexts, from legal and administrative settings to educational and even social situations. The word carries a sense of consequence for non-compliance or wrongdoing. While it can sometimes imply approval, this is less common in everyday usage and more prevalent in formal administrative contexts, often translated as 'authorization' or 'approval' in English.
- Nuances
- It's crucial to distinguish between the two main meanings: a punitive measure (the most common) and an authorization or approval. Context is key. For instance, a 'sanction pénale' is a criminal penalty, while a 'sanction administrative' could be a formal approval of a request. The word often implies a formal process or decision-making body. It's less about a gentle warning and more about a defined consequence.
Le gouvernement a décidé d'appliquer des sanctions économiques contre ce pays. (The government decided to apply economic sanctions against this country.)
L'école a imposé une sanction disciplinaire à l'élève. (The school imposed a disciplinary sanction on the student.)
Il a reçu une sanction pour non-paiement de ses impôts. (He received a sanction for non-payment of his taxes.)
- Subject + Verb + Sanction
- The most straightforward usage involves a subject performing an action or a decision related to a sanction. This often implies imposing, receiving, or discussing sanctions.
Le juge a prononcé une sanction sévère. (The judge imposed a severe sanction.)
- Sanction + Preposition + Context
- Sanctions are often associated with a specific context or reason. Prepositions like 'pour' (for), 'contre' (against), or 'envers' (towards) are commonly used.
Ces mesures sont une sanction contre la corruption. (These measures are a sanction against corruption.)
Il a reçu une sanction pour son retard. (He received a sanction for his lateness.)
- Types of Sanctions
- Often, 'sanction' is qualified by an adjective to specify its nature, such as 'pénale' (criminal), 'disciplinaire' (disciplinary), 'économique' (economic), 'financière' (financial), or 'sociale' (social).
La loi prévoit des sanctions pénales. (The law provides for criminal sanctions.)
Le club a reçu une sanction financière. (The club received a financial sanction.)
- Verbs Associated with Sanction
- Common verbs used with 'sanction' include 'appliquer' (to apply), 'imposer' (to impose), 'recevoir' (to receive), 'éviter' (to avoid), 'légère' (to lighten), 'alourdir' (to increase/heavier), 'demander' (to ask for), 'proposer' (to propose), and 'discuter' (to discuss).
Il faut appliquer des sanctions contre les tricheurs. (We must apply sanctions against cheaters.)
Les élèves espèrent éviter toute sanction. (The students hope to avoid any sanction.)
- News and Current Events
- 'Sanction' is very common in news reports, especially when discussing international relations, trade, or political conflicts. You'll hear about economic sanctions, diplomatic sanctions, or sanctions imposed on individuals or countries for violating international law or agreements. For example, news anchors might say: 'L'Union Européenne a voté de nouvelles sanctions.' (The European Union has voted for new sanctions.)
- Legal and Judicial Contexts
- In legal settings, 'sanction' refers to penalties prescribed by law. This could be in criminal court ('sanction pénale') or civil court. Lawyers, judges, and legal commentators frequently use the term. A common phrase might be: 'Le code pénal prévoit une sanction allant jusqu'à cinq ans de prison.' (The penal code provides for a sanction of up to five years in prison.)
- Educational Settings
- Schools and universities use 'sanction' to describe disciplinary actions taken against students for breaking rules, such as cheating, plagiarism, or disruptive behavior. A teacher might tell a student: 'Si tu continues à parler, je devrai te donner une sanction.' (If you continue to talk, I will have to give you a sanction.)
- Workplace and Professional Environments
- In a professional context, 'sanction' can refer to disciplinary measures for employees who violate company policies or codes of conduct. This might range from a written warning to dismissal. A manager might state: 'Le non-respect des procédures entraînera des sanctions disciplinaires.' (Non-compliance with procedures will result in disciplinary sanctions.)
- Sports
- In sports, 'sanction' can refer to penalties imposed on players or teams for fouls, unsportsmanlike conduct, or breaking league rules. For example, a sports commentator might say: 'L'arbitre a donné une sanction sévère au joueur pour comportement antisportif.' (The referee gave a severe sanction to the player for unsportsmanlike conduct.)
Le journal télévisé a rapporté les nouvelles sanctions internationales. (The TV news reported the new international sanctions.)
Le professeur a expliqué les différentes sanctions possibles pour le plagiat. (The professor explained the different possible sanctions for plagiarism.)
- Confusing with English 'Sanction' (Approval)
- The most significant pitfall for English speakers is assuming 'sanction' in French always carries the dual meaning of penalty and approval, as it does in English. In French, 'sanction' overwhelmingly means a penalty or punishment. If you intend to convey 'approval' or 'authorization', you should use other French words like 'autorisation', 'approbation', 'permis', or 'validation'. Using 'sanction' to mean approval in French can lead to serious misunderstandings.
Incorrect: J'ai reçu la sanction pour commencer le projet. (Meaning: I received the sanction to start the project - sounds like you got permission as a penalty, which is nonsensical.)
Correct: J'ai reçu l'autorisation pour commencer le projet. (I received the authorization to start the project.)
- Overusing 'Sanction' for Minor Issues
- While 'sanction' can be used in many contexts, it often implies a formal or significant consequence. Using it for very minor, informal reprimands might sound overly harsh or bureaucratic. For less formal situations, words like 'avertissement' (warning), 'réprimande' (reprimand), or even just 'conséquence' (consequence) might be more appropriate.
Slightly harsh: Il a eu une sanction parce qu'il est arrivé deux minutes en retard. (He got a sanction because he arrived two minutes late.)
More natural: Il a reçu un avertissement pour son léger retard. (He received a warning for his slight lateness.)
- Incorrect Pluralization or Agreement
- 'Sanction' is a feminine noun. Ensure it agrees with adjectives and articles. The plural form is 'sanctions'. Mistakes in agreement can make sentences sound unnatural or grammatically incorrect.
Incorrect: Les sanction ont été appliquées. (The sanction were applied.)
Correct: Les sanctions ont été appliquées. (The sanctions were applied.)
- Sanction vs. Peine (Penalty)
- 'Peine' is a more general term for punishment or penalty, often associated with legal sentences (like a prison sentence). 'Sanction' is broader and can apply to administrative, disciplinary, or economic measures as well. While there's overlap, 'sanction' can be a more formal or official term for a consequence of breaking rules.
- Example: Une sanction disciplinaire peut être une amende ou une suspension. La peine de prison est une sanction pénale. (A disciplinary sanction can be a fine or a suspension. A prison sentence is a criminal sanction.)
- Sanction vs. Punition (Punishment)
- 'Punition' is a more direct and often less formal term for punishment, especially in contexts like parenting or school discipline for children. 'Sanction' is generally more formal and official, used in legal, administrative, or institutional settings.
- Example: Une sanction financière pour une entreprise. Une punition pour un enfant qui a désobéi. (A financial sanction for a company. A punishment for a child who disobeyed.)
- Sanction vs. Autorisation/Approbation (Approval)
- As discussed, this is where the main confusion lies. 'Sanction' in French almost never means approval. For approval, use 'autorisation' (authorization), 'approbation' (approval), 'permis' (permission), or 'accord' (agreement/consent).
- Example: The English 'sanction' can mean approval: 'The project received international sanction.' In French, this would be: Le projet a reçu l'approbation internationale. (The project received international approval.)
- Sanction vs. Conséquence (Consequence)
- 'Conséquence' is a neutral term for a result or effect of an action. A sanction is a specific *type* of consequence, usually a negative one imposed by an authority. All sanctions are consequences, but not all consequences are sanctions.
- Example: La sanction pour le vol était une amende. Une autre conséquence était la perte de confiance. (The sanction for the theft was a fine. Another consequence was the loss of trust.)
How Formal Is It?
豆知識
Interestingly, the dual meaning of 'sanction' (penalty and approval) in English is believed to have arisen from a confusion or deliberate interpretation of the Latin 'sanctio' or the French 'sanctionner' (which primarily means to penalize). The French usage has largely retained the punitive sense, while English developed both meanings.
発音ガイド
- Pronouncing the final 'n' as a regular 'n' sound instead of a nasal vowel.
- Pronouncing the 'c' before 's' as a hard 'k' sound.
- Not nasalizing the 'an' and 'on' sounds correctly.
難易度
The word 'sanction' is common in news and official documents, making it moderately challenging for A2 learners to fully grasp its nuances, especially the distinction from English usage. Recognizing its primary meaning as penalty is key.
Learners might misuse 'sanction' for approval or struggle with appropriate collocations. Careful practice with sentence construction is needed.
Pronunciation of the nasal vowels can be tricky. Correctly using 'sanction' in conversation requires understanding its context and avoiding the English dual meaning.
The word is frequently heard in news and formal contexts, making it relatively easy to identify once its meaning is known.
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知っておくべき文法
Agreement of adjectives with feminine nouns.
La sanction sévère a été appliquée. (The severe sanction was applied.)
Use of prepositions 'pour' and 'contre' with 'sanction'.
Il a reçu une sanction pour son retard. (He received a sanction for his lateness.) La sanction contre le pays a été levée. (The sanction against the country was lifted.)
Pluralization of 'sanction'.
Les sanctions internationales ont été discutées. (International sanctions were discussed.)
Passive voice with 'sanction'.
Une sanction a été imposée. (A sanction was imposed.)
Verbs commonly used with 'sanction'.
Nous devons appliquer des sanctions. (We must apply sanctions.)
レベル別の例文
C'est une petite sanction.
This is a small penalty.
Simple sentence structure with adjective modifying noun.
Pas de sanction pour toi.
No penalty for you.
Negation with 'pas de'.
Il y a une sanction.
There is a penalty.
Use of 'il y a' to indicate existence.
La sanction est juste.
The penalty is fair.
Adjective agreement with the noun.
J'ai reçu une sanction.
I received a penalty.
Past tense of 'recevoir'.
Quelle sanction ?
What penalty?
Interrogative pronoun 'quelle'.
C'est une grosse sanction.
This is a big penalty.
Adjective agreement.
Pas de sanction ici.
No penalty here.
Negation with 'pas de'.
L'école a imposé une sanction disciplinaire.
The school imposed a disciplinary sanction.
Use of 'imposer' and adjective 'disciplinaire'.
Il a reçu une sanction pour son comportement.
He received a sanction for his behavior.
Preposition 'pour' indicating reason.
Ces sanctions économiques affectent le pays.
These economic sanctions affect the country.
Plural noun 'sanctions' and adjective 'économiques'.
Éviter toute sanction est important.
Avoiding any sanction is important.
Gerund as subject and indefinite pronoun 'toute'.
Le club a reçu une sanction financière.
The club received a financial sanction.
Adjective 'financière' modifying 'sanction'.
On discute de la sanction.
We are discussing the sanction.
Pronoun 'on' and preposition 'de'.
La sanction ne semble pas juste.
The sanction does not seem fair.
Verb 'sembler' and negation.
Il faut appliquer une sanction.
It is necessary to apply a sanction.
Impersonal expression 'il faut'.
Le juge a prononcé une sanction exemplaire contre le coupable.
The judge pronounced an exemplary sanction against the culprit.
Use of 'prononcer' and preposition 'contre'.
Les sanctions internationales visent à faire changer le comportement du régime.
International sanctions aim to make the regime's behavior change.
Infinitive clause with 'à faire changer'.
Il risque une sanction administrative pour non-respect des règles.
He risks an administrative sanction for non-compliance with the rules.
Use of 'risquer' and 'pour'.
La gravité de la sanction dépend de la faute commise.
The severity of the sanction depends on the offense committed.
'Dépendre de' construction.
Les parents ont dû prendre une sanction à l'encontre de leur enfant.
The parents had to take a sanction against their child.
Preposition 'à l'encontre de'.
Il a été question d'une sanction plus légère.
There was talk of a lighter sanction.
Impersonal 'il a été question de'.
La sanction n'a pas eu l'effet escompté.
The sanction did not have the expected effect.
'Avoir l'effet escompté'.
Le gouvernement a envisagé des sanctions contre les entreprises fautives.
The government considered sanctions against the offending companies.
Verb 'envisager' and adjective 'fautives'.
Les sanctions diplomatiques ont été jugées insuffisantes pour contraindre le pays à changer de politique.
Diplomatic sanctions were deemed insufficient to compel the country to change its policy.
Passive voice 'ont été jugées', infinitive clause 'pour contraindre'.
L'application de sanctions automatiques est prévue en cas de non-respect des normes.
The application of automatic sanctions is planned in case of non-compliance with standards.
Use of 'prévue' and 'en cas de'.
Il est primordial d'évaluer les répercussions potentielles avant d'imposer une sanction économique.
It is paramount to assess the potential repercussions before imposing an economic sanction.
Adjective 'primordial', infinitive clause 'avant d'imposer'.
La Cour suprême a annulé la sanction disciplinaire jugée disproportionnée.
The Supreme Court annulled the disciplinary sanction deemed disproportionate.
Past participle used as adjective 'jugée disproportionnée'.
Les négociations ont abouti à un accord sur les modalités des sanctions.
The negotiations resulted in an agreement on the terms of the sanctions.
Verb 'aboutir à'.
La menace de sanctions a souvent un effet dissuasif plus fort que leur application réelle.
The threat of sanctions often has a stronger deterrent effect than their actual application.
'Effet dissuasif', comparison with 'plus fort que'.
Les sanctions ne doivent pas nuire aux populations civiles.
Sanctions must not harm civilian populations.
Modal verb 'doivent' with negation and infinitive 'nuire'.
Le comité a recommandé une sanction graduée en fonction de la récidive.
The committee recommended a graduated sanction based on recidivism.
'Graduée', 'en fonction de', 'récidive'.
L'imposition de sanctions unilatérales peut être interprétée comme une violation du droit international.
The imposition of unilateral sanctions can be interpreted as a violation of international law.
'Imposition de', passive infinitive 'être interprétée', 'violation du'.
Il est impératif de distinguer les sanctions pénales des sanctions administratives pour une application juste.
It is imperative to distinguish criminal sanctions from administrative sanctions for fair application.
'Impératif de', 'distinguer X de Y', 'pour une application juste'.
Les conséquences imprévues des sanctions économiques peuvent parfois dépasser les objectifs initiaux.
The unforeseen consequences of economic sanctions can sometimes exceed the initial objectives.
'Conséquences imprévues', 'dépasser les objectifs initiaux'.
L'efficacité des sanctions graduelles dépend largement de la volonté politique des acteurs internationaux.
The effectiveness of graduated sanctions largely depends on the political will of international actors.
'Efficacité de', 'dépend largement de', 'volonté politique'.
La juridiction compétente a ordonné la levée des sanctions considérées comme abusives.
The competent jurisdiction ordered the lifting of sanctions considered abusive.
'Juridiction compétente', 'ordonné la levée de', 'considérées comme'.
Il convient de peser soigneusement les avantages et les inconvénients avant de recourir à des sanctions.
It is appropriate to carefully weigh the advantages and disadvantages before resorting to sanctions.
'Il convient de', 'peser soigneusement', 'recourir à'.
Les sanctions ciblées visent à minimiser l'impact sur la population tout en affectant les responsables.
Targeted sanctions aim to minimize the impact on the population while affecting those responsible.
'Sanctions ciblées', 'minimiser X tout en affectant Y'.
La remise en cause de la légalité de la sanction a ouvert la voie à un recours.
The questioning of the legality of the sanction opened the way for an appeal.
'Remise en cause de', 'légalité de', 'ouvrir la voie à'.
L'arsenal des sanctions internationales, qu'elles soient économiques, financières ou diplomatiques, constitue un outil complexe de politique étrangère.
The arsenal of international sanctions, whether economic, financial, or diplomatic, constitutes a complex tool of foreign policy.
'Arsenal de', 'qu'elles soient X, Y ou Z', 'constitue un outil complexe'.
Il est souvent débattu si les sanctions dites 'intelligentes' atteignent effectivement leur objectif sans engendrer de dommages collatéraux excessifs.
It is often debated whether so-called 'smart' sanctions effectively achieve their objective without engendering excessive collateral damage.
'Il est débattu si', 'dites', 'engendrer de dommages collatéraux excessifs'.
La jurisprudence internationale tend à privilégier des sanctions proportionnées et fondées sur des preuves irréfutables.
International jurisprudence tends to favor proportionate sanctions based on irrefutable evidence.
'Jurisprudence internationale', 'tend à privilégier', 'fondées sur des preuves irréfutables'.
La mise en place de sanctions peut parfois créer des effets pervers, renforçant paradoxalement les régimes visés.
The implementation of sanctions can sometimes create perverse effects, paradoxically strengthening the targeted regimes.
'Mise en place de', 'effets pervers', 'renforçant paradoxalement'.
L'efficacité d'une sanction est souvent tributaire de son universalité et de la cohésion des acteurs qui l'appliquent.
The effectiveness of a sanction is often dependent on its universality and the cohesion of the actors applying it.
'Tributaire de', 'universalité', 'cohésion des acteurs'.
La question de la légitimité des sanctions unilatérales, en l'absence de mandat du Conseil de sécurité, demeure une source de tensions géopolitiques.
The question of the legitimacy of unilateral sanctions, in the absence of a Security Council mandate, remains a source of geopolitical tensions.
'Légitimité de', 'en l'absence de', 'demeure une source de'.
Les sanctions économiques, bien que potentiellement dévastatrices, sont souvent considérées comme un ultime recours avant l'intervention militaire.
Economic sanctions, although potentially devastating, are often considered a last resort before military intervention.
'Bien que', 'ultime recours', 'avant l'intervention'.
L'évolution du droit international des sanctions se caractérise par une recherche constante d'équilibre entre la coercition et le respect des droits fondamentaux.
The evolution of international sanctions law is characterized by a constant search for balance between coercion and respect for fundamental rights.
'Évolution du droit international', 'se caractérise par', 'recherche constante d'équilibre'.
よく使う組み合わせ
よく使うフレーズ
— This refers to a penalty imposed for breaking rules of conduct, typically in a school, university, or workplace.
L'étudiant a reçu une sanction disciplinaire pour plagiat.
— This refers to measures taken against a country or entity to harm its economy, often for political reasons.
Les sanctions économiques internationales ont eu un impact significatif.
— This refers to a penalty imposed by a court of law for committing a crime.
La sanction pénale peut inclure une amende ou une peine de prison.
— This refers to a penalty involving money, such as a fine or asset freeze.
Le club de football a écopé d'une lourde sanction financière.
— This refers to a penalty imposed by an administrative body or government agency.
Une sanction administrative peut être une suspension de licence.
— To avoid any penalty or punishment whatsoever.
Il a tout fait pour éviter toute sanction.
— To officially declare or impose a penalty.
Le conseil a prononcé une sanction contre le membre.
— In the event of a penalty or punishment.
Il y aura des conséquences en cas de sanction.
よく混同される語
The primary confusion arises from the English word 'sanction' which can mean both penalty and approval. In French, 'sanction' overwhelmingly means penalty. For approval, use 'autorisation' or 'approbation'.
'Peine' is a synonym for penalty, often used in legal contexts for sentences like prison time. 'Sanction' is broader and can include administrative or economic measures.
'Punition' is often used for punishments given to children or in less formal settings. 'Sanction' is generally more formal and official.
慣用句と表現
— To penalize or punish a certain type of behavior.
Il est important de sanctionner ce genre de comportement pour maintenir l'ordre.
Neutral— A divine punishment or retribution, implying fate or a higher power is intervening.
Après tant de mal, on dit que c'est la sanction du ciel.
Literary/Figurative— A penalty that is so small or insignificant that it is laughable or ineffective.
La petite amende était une sanction dérisoire pour un tel crime.
Informal/Figurative— The final or ultimate punishment.
Le licenciement est souvent considéré comme la sanction ultime.
Formal— To avoid punishment or penalty.
Il a réussi à échapper à la sanction grâce à un bon avocat.
Neutral— To undergo or experience a penalty or punishment.
Il doit subir la sanction pour ses actions.
Neutral— A penalty that arrives at a very opportune or convenient moment (often used ironically or for a penalty that was deserved).
Après ses mensonges, cette sanction tombe à pic.
Informal/Ironical— The penalty prescribed by law.
Il devra faire face à la sanction de la loi.
Legal/Formal— A penalty that makes one think carefully about their actions.
Cette sanction sévère est là pour faire réfléchir tout le monde.
Neutral— The consequences or retribution imposed by natural forces or the environment.
La déforestation excessive peut entraîner la sanction de la nature.
Figurative/Environmental間違えやすい
Both 'sanction' and 'autorisation' can be related to rules and official processes. In English, 'sanction' can mean approval, similar to 'autorisation'.
In French, 'sanction' almost always means a penalty or punishment. 'Autorisation' specifically means permission or authorization to do something. They are not interchangeable.
Il a reçu l'<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>autorisation</mark> de construire. (He received the permission to build.) Il a reçu une <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>sanction</mark> pour avoir construit sans permis. (He received a sanction for building without a permit.)
Both refer to negative consequences for wrongdoing.
'Peine' often refers to a specific legal sentence, like imprisonment or a fine. 'Sanction' is a broader term that can encompass legal penalties but also administrative, disciplinary, or economic measures. You might receive a 'sanction disciplinaire' (disciplinary sanction) which could be a warning, while a 'peine de prison' (prison sentence) is a specific legal 'peine'.
Le juge a prononcé une <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>peine</mark> de cinq ans. (The judge pronounced a sentence of five years.) L'entreprise a reçu une <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>sanction</mark> financière. (The company received a financial sanction.)
Both mean punishment.
'Punition' is generally more informal and often used in relation to children or when the context is less official. 'Sanction' is more formal and used in legal, administrative, or institutional settings. A teacher might give a child a 'punition', while a court imposes a 'sanction'.
Le maître a donné une <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>punition</mark> à l'élève. (The teacher gave the student a punishment.) L'entreprise a été soumise à une <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>sanction</mark> réglementaire. (The company was subjected to a regulatory sanction.)
A sanction is a type of consequence.
'Conséquence' is a neutral term for any result of an action, positive or negative. A 'sanction' is specifically a negative consequence, usually imposed by an authority as a penalty. All sanctions are consequences, but not all consequences are sanctions.
La <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>sanction</mark> pour le vol était une amende. (The sanction for the theft was a fine.) Une <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>conséquence</mark> imprévue de cette décision fut la joie des employés. (An unforeseen consequence of this decision was the employees' joy.)
This is the direct confusion with the English meaning of 'sanction' as approval.
'Approbation' means approval, consent, or endorsement. 'Sanction' in French almost exclusively means penalty. Using 'sanction' where you mean 'approbation' is a significant error.
Le projet a reçu l'<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>approbation</mark> du conseil. (The project received the council's approval.) Le projet a reçu une <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>sanction</mark> du conseil. (The project received a sanction from the council - implying a penalty.)
文型パターン
Il/Elle/On + a + reçu + une <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>sanction</mark> + pour + [raison].
Il a reçu une <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>sanction</mark> pour son retard.
Une <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>sanction</mark> + [adjectif] + a été + [verbe au participe passé].
Une <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>sanction</mark> <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>sévère</mark> a été <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>appliquée</mark>.
Les <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>sanctions</mark> + [verbe] + contre + [cible].
Les <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>sanctions</mark> ont été <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>votées</mark> <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>contre</mark> le pays.
Il faut + [verbe] + une <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>sanction</mark> + pour + [raison].
Il faut <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>appliquer</mark> une <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>sanction</mark> pour ce comportement.
L'[application/imposition] de <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>sanctions</mark> + [verbe] + en cas de + [situation].
L'<mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>application</mark> de <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>sanctions</mark> est <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>prévue</mark> en cas de non-respect.
Les <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>sanctions</mark> + [verbe] + à + [objectif].
Les <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>sanctions</mark> visent <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>à</mark> faire changer la politique.
Il est + [adjectif] + de + [verbe] + les <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>sanctions</mark>.
Il est <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>impératif</mark> de <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>distinguer</mark> les <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>sanctions</mark>.
La <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>sanction</mark> + [verbe au participe passé] + comme + [qualificatif].
La <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>sanction</mark> a été <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>jugée</mark> <mark class='bg-emerald-200 dark:bg-emerald-800 px-0.5 rounded'>disproportionnée</mark>.
語族
名詞
動詞
形容詞
関連
使い方
High, especially in news, legal, and administrative contexts.
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Using 'sanction' to mean approval.
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Using 'autorisation' or 'approbation'.
In French, 'sanction' almost exclusively means penalty. The English word 'sanction' has a dual meaning (penalty and approval), but this is not the case in French. Using 'sanction' for approval is incorrect and confusing.
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Incorrect adjective agreement.
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Une sanction sévère.
'Sanction' is a feminine noun. Adjectives modifying it must agree in gender and number. 'Sévère' works for both masculine and feminine singular, but for other adjectives, ensure feminine agreement (e.g., 'une sanction économique', not 'économique').
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Using 'sanction' for very minor reprimands.
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Using 'avertissement' (warning) or 'réprimande' (reprimand).
While 'sanction' can be used for minor penalties, it often implies a more formal or significant consequence. For small, informal reprimands, 'avertissement' or 'réprimande' might be more appropriate and less harsh.
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Confusing 'sanction' with 'peine' or 'punition' in specific contexts.
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Using 'peine' for legal sentences, 'punition' for informal punishments.
'Peine' usually refers to a specific legal sentence (e.g., prison). 'Punition' is often for children or informal contexts. 'Sanction' is broader and more formal, covering legal, administrative, and disciplinary actions.
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Incorrect pronunciation of nasal vowels.
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Pronouncing /sɑ̃k.sjɔ̃/ with nasalized 'an' and 'on'.
The nasal vowels in 'sanction' are crucial. English speakers often pronounce them as regular 'an' and 'on' sounds, which sounds unnatural in French. Practice nasalization.
ヒント
Master the Nasal Vowels
The French word 'sanction' contains two nasal vowels: 'an' and 'on'. Practice pronouncing these sounds correctly, as they are crucial for clear pronunciation. Think of them as sounds that resonate through your nose. For instance, the 'an' is similar to the sound in 'on' in English, but nasalized.
Distinguish from English Usage
Always remember that in French, 'sanction' primarily means penalty. If you want to say 'approval' or 'permission,' use 'autorisation' or 'approbation.' This distinction is key to avoiding misunderstandings.
Identify the Context
Pay close attention to the context in which 'sanction' is used. Is it about laws, school rules, international politics, or workplace behavior? This will help you understand whether it refers to a legal penalty, a disciplinary action, or an economic measure.
Adjective Agreement
'Sanction' is a feminine noun. Ensure that any adjectives modifying it agree in gender and number. For example, 'une sanction sévère' (a severe sanction) and 'des sanctions sévères' (severe sanctions).
Learn Common Collocations
Memorize common phrases like 'sanction disciplinaire,' 'sanction économique,' 'imposer une sanction,' and 'recevoir une sanction.' Knowing these will help you use the word correctly and naturally.
Know Your Alternatives
Be aware of synonyms like 'peine' (often legal sentence) and 'punition' (more informal punishment). Understanding the nuances between these words will enrich your vocabulary.
Use it in Sentences
Actively try to use 'sanction' in your own French sentences. Write short paragraphs about hypothetical scenarios involving penalties or disciplinary actions to solidify your understanding and usage.
Understand the Formal Register
'Sanction' is often used in formal or official contexts. While it can appear in everyday conversation, its core meaning relates to official consequences, so use it appropriately.
Visual Aids and Mnemonics
Use visual associations, like a judge imposing a penalty, or create mnemonics. For example, 'SANCTION' could stand for 'Severe Action Necessitating Careful Consideration Of Negative consequences'.
Avoid the English Trap
The biggest mistake is assuming 'sanction' means approval in French. Always double-check if you mean permission; use 'autorisation' or 'approbation' instead.
暗記しよう
記憶術
Imagine a judge (a figure of authority) holding up a large, official document labeled 'SANCTION'. This document represents the penalty or consequence. The judge's stern expression reinforces the idea of punishment. Think of the 'S' in SANCTION as standing for 'Severe' or 'Strict'.
視覚的連想
Picture a stern-faced judge in a courtroom, holding a gavel and a scroll that reads 'SANCTION'. The gavel signifies the imposition of a penalty. Alternatively, visualize a red 'X' over a rulebook, symbolizing a penalty for breaking rules.
Word Web
チャレンジ
Try to describe a situation where a penalty was applied, using the word 'sanction' at least three times. For example, talk about a sports game where a player received a penalty, or a school scenario where a student faced disciplinary action.
語源
The word 'sanction' comes from the Latin word 'sactio', which meant 'a making sacred' or 'a penal law'. It derived from 'sancire', meaning 'to make sacred, inviolable'. This Latin root itself is related to 'sanctus', meaning 'holy' or 'sacred'.
元の意味： In Roman law, 'sanctio' referred to the penalty for violating a law, or the law itself that provided the penalty. It had a dual meaning of the legal provision and its enforcement.
Indo-European > Italic > Latin > Romance > French文化的な背景
The term 'sanction' inherently carries a negative connotation, referring to punishment. When discussing sanctions, it's important to be mindful of the context and the potential impact on individuals or groups, especially in legal or political discussions. Avoid using it lightly.
In English-speaking countries, 'sanction' can mean both a penalty and approval. This dual meaning can cause confusion when learning French, as the French word primarily signifies a penalty.
実生活で練習する
実際の使用場面
International relations and politics
- sanctions économiques
- sanctions diplomatiques
- imposer des sanctions contre un pays
- lever les sanctions
Legal system
- sanction pénale
- sanction administrative
- prononcer une sanction
- la sanction de la loi
Education (schools, universities)
- sanction disciplinaire
- sanction pour plagiat
- sanction pour comportement
- une sanction légère
Workplace and employment
- sanction pour retard
- sanction pour non-respect des règles
- sanction disciplinaire
- licenciement comme sanction
Sports
- sanction pour faute
- sanction pour comportement antisportif
- une sanction sévère
- l'arbitre a donné une sanction
会話のきっかけ
"Have you heard about the new sanctions imposed on X country?"
"What kind of sanctions do you think are most effective?"
"Do you believe that fines are a fair sanction for minor offenses?"
"In your opinion, when is it appropriate to apply sanctions?"
"How do you think sanctions affect ordinary people in a country?"
日記のテーマ
Describe a time you or someone you know faced a sanction. What happened and what was the outcome?
Imagine you are a leader imposing sanctions on another nation. What would be your goals and concerns?
Write about a fictional scenario where a new rule is introduced, and what kind of sanction would be appropriate for breaking it.
Reflect on the difference between a punishment and a learning opportunity. How can sanctions serve both purposes?
Discuss the ethical implications of economic sanctions. Do they achieve their intended purpose without causing undue harm?
よくある質問
10 問The primary and most common meaning of 'sanction' in French is a penalty, punishment, or disciplinary measure for breaking a rule, law, or agreement. It's used in legal, administrative, educational, and economic contexts. For example, 'sanction pénale' is a criminal penalty.
While 'sanction' in English can mean both penalty and approval, in French, it overwhelmingly means penalty. The meaning of approval is very rare and usually found in specific administrative contexts. It is much safer and more common to use words like 'autorisation', 'approbation', or 'permis' when you mean approval.
'Sanction' is frequently used in discussions about international relations (economic sanctions), legal matters (criminal or administrative sanctions), education (disciplinary sanctions for students), and workplace conduct (penalties for employees).
Common verbs include 'appliquer' (to apply), 'imposer' (to impose), 'recevoir' (to receive), 'éviter' (to avoid), 'prononcer' (to pronounce/impose), and 'discuter' (to discuss). For example, 'appliquer des sanctions' (to apply sanctions) or 'recevoir une sanction' (to receive a sanction).
'Peine' often refers to a specific legal sentence, such as a prison sentence or a fine. 'Sanction' is a broader term that can include legal penalties but also administrative, disciplinary, or economic measures. Think of 'sanction' as the umbrella term for official consequences.
'Punition' is typically used for more informal punishments, often for children, or in less official contexts. 'Sanction' is more formal and official, used in legal, administrative, or institutional settings. A teacher might give a 'punition', while a court imposes a 'sanction'.
The plural form of 'sanction' is 'sanctions'. Since it's a feminine noun, any associated adjectives must also agree in gender and number. For example, 'une sanction sévère' (singular) becomes 'des sanctions sévères' (plural).
While the English word 'sanction' can mean approval, this usage is extremely rare and discouraged in French. The overwhelming meaning of 'sanction' in French is a penalty. To express approval, you should use words like 'autorisation' or 'approbation'.
Common phrases include 'sanction disciplinaire' (disciplinary sanction), 'sanction économique' (economic sanction), 'sanction pénale' (criminal sanction), 'sanction financière' (financial sanction), and 'légère/sévère sanction' (light/severe sanction).
The main pitfall is using 'sanction' to mean approval, which is incorrect in French. Another mistake is not using appropriate collocations or struggling with the pronunciation of the nasal vowels. Overusing it for minor issues can also make it sound too harsh.
自分をテスト 10 問
/ 10 correct
Perfect score!
Summary
In French, 'sanction' overwhelmingly refers to a penalty or punishment for violating rules, laws, or agreements. While English 'sanction' can mean approval, French speakers use 'autorisation' or 'approbation' for that meaning. Always consider the context to avoid misunderstanding.
- Sanction: Penalty or punishment for breaking rules.
- French usage: Primarily means penalty, rarely approval.
- Key contexts: Legal, educational, economic, political.
- Avoid using for 'approval' in French; use 'autorisation'.
Master the Nasal Vowels
The French word 'sanction' contains two nasal vowels: 'an' and 'on'. Practice pronouncing these sounds correctly, as they are crucial for clear pronunciation. Think of them as sounds that resonate through your nose. For instance, the 'an' is similar to the sound in 'on' in English, but nasalized.
Distinguish from English Usage
Always remember that in French, 'sanction' primarily means penalty. If you want to say 'approval' or 'permission,' use 'autorisation' or 'approbation.' This distinction is key to avoiding misunderstandings.
Identify the Context
Pay close attention to the context in which 'sanction' is used. Is it about laws, school rules, international politics, or workplace behavior? This will help you understand whether it refers to a legal penalty, a disciplinary action, or an economic measure.
Adjective Agreement
'Sanction' is a feminine noun. Ensure that any adjectives modifying it agree in gender and number. For example, 'une sanction sévère' (a severe sanction) and 'des sanctions sévères' (severe sanctions).
関連コンテンツ
workの関連語
à distance
A2遠隔で、その場に物理的にいなくてもできること。
à durée déterminée
B1For a fixed or definite period; fixed-term.
à durée indéterminée
B1無期限の；終身の（契約など）。
à la fin
A2最後に (saigo ni)
à la journée
B1毎日、または1日限りの期間または支払い。
à la semaine
B1Weekly, by the week.
à l'année
B1Annually, by the year.
à l'attention de
B1（～）様気付、または（～）宛。公式な手紙やメールで、特定の担当者を指定する際に使用されます。
à l'avance
A2事前に、あるいは前もって何かをすること。
à l'issue de
A2〜の終わりに、〜の結果として。会議や試合などの公式な行事が終わった際によく使われる表現です。
