sans que

'Sans que' always requires the subjunctive mood in the following verb. This is a fixed rule in French grammar.

Il est parti sans que je sache. (He left without me knowing.)

The subject of the verb in the 'sans que' clause must be different from the subject of the main clause. If the subjects are the same, use 'sans' + infinitive instead.

Elle a chanté sans que personne ne l'écoute. (She sang without anyone listening to her.)

When expressing a negative idea with 'sans que,' the 'ne' part of the 'ne...pas' negation is often omitted after 'sans que,' especially in spoken French, but it is technically still correct to include it.

Il a réagi sans que j'aie le temps de parler. (He reacted without me having time to speak.)

'Sans que' introduces a subordinate clause of concession or opposition, indicating that something happened or didn't happen despite a certain condition.

Ils ont voyagé sans que les enfants aient peur. (They traveled without the children being afraid.)

The verb tense in the 'sans que' clause (always subjunctive) should generally align with the tense of the main clause, e.g., if the main clause is present, use present subjunctive; if the main clause is past, use past subjunctive.

Elle travaille sans que je le voie. (She works without me seeing it.) / Elle a travaillé sans que je l'aie vu. (She worked without me having seen it.)