A1 · 初級 チャプター 1

Describing States and Qualities

2 トータルルール
21 例文
5 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of describing the world around you with Korean descriptive verbs.

  • Identify descriptive verbs that encode 'to be' states.
  • Conjugate adjectives into formal and polite forms.
  • Distinguish between static qualities and active movements.
Unlock the power of Korean descriptive adjectives today.

学べること

Hey there, future Korean speaker! Ready to dive into something super useful and exciting in your Korean journey? This chapter is all about how to describe things and people, which is absolutely essential for everyday conversations. I know, grammar might sound a bit intimidating, but trust me, this part of Korean is incredibly logical and once you get the hang of it, you'll find it's often more straightforward than English! In this chapter, you're going to learn how to use Korean words to describe everything around you – like saying

This book is big
or
That coffee is hot.
In English, we use adjectives and then add is or are. But in Korean, what we call descriptive verbs (or often, adjectives) actually *contain* the meaning of is or are within themselves, and they conjugate directly! Pretty cool, right? The key insight you'll gain here is understanding the subtle but important difference between these descriptive verbs and action verbs (like to go or to eat), especially when it comes to conjugating them. You'll learn how to identify each type and how to use them correctly. Imagine you're in a shop and you want to say,
This dress is pretty
or
That bag is expensive.
Or you're describing a friend, saying,
They are very kind.
After this lesson, you'll be able to express exactly what's on your mind in Korean! So get ready! By the end of this chapter, you'll be able to confidently describe anything you see or anyone you meet in Korean, making your conversations much richer and more engaging. Let's do this!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Use formal and polite endings to describe the state of objects and people.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Hey there, future Korean speaker! Ready to dive into something super useful and exciting in your Korean journey? This chapter is all about how to describe things and people, which is absolutely essential for everyday conversations.
I know, grammar might sound a bit intimidating, but trust me, this part of Korean grammar A1 is incredibly logical and once you get the hang of it, you'll find it's often more straightforward than English! This foundational skill is crucial for your CEFR A1 Korean progression.
In this chapter, you're going to learn how to use Korean words to describe everything around you – like saying
This book is big
or
That coffee is hot.
In English, we use adjectives and then add is or are. But in Korean, what we call
descriptive verbs
(or often, adjectives) actually *contain* the meaning of is or are within themselves, and they conjugate directly! Pretty cool, right? This is a key insight for understanding Korean adjectives.
The key insight you'll gain here is understanding the subtle but important difference between these
descriptive verbs
and
action verbs
(like to go or to eat), especially when it comes to conjugating them. You'll learn how to identify each type and how to use them correctly. Imagine you're in a shop and you want to say,
This dress is pretty
or
That bag is expensive.
Or you're describing a friend, saying,
They are very kind.
After this lesson, you'll be able to express exactly what's on your mind in Korean!
So get ready! By the end of this chapter, you'll be able to confidently describe anything you see or anyone you meet in Korean, making your conversations much richer and more engaging. Let's do this!

How This Grammar Works

This chapter introduces two crucial Korean grammar A1 concepts:
Korean Adjectives: Describing Things (is/am/are)
and "Descriptive Verbs vs Action Verbs: The 'Be' Trap.
In English, we use an adjective (like
beautiful
) with a form of
to be (like is) to describe something: She *is* beautiful.
In Korean, adjectives are actually descriptive verbs and already contain the meaning of
to be." They conjugate directly, just like action verbs!
Let's look at Korean Adjectives: Describing Things (is/am/are). Instead of saying beautiful is, you simply conjugate the descriptive verb 예쁘다 (to be pretty). So, She is pretty becomes 그녀는 예뻐요. (She is pretty.) Notice there's no separate word for is. Other examples include 크다 (to be big) becoming 커요. (It is big.) and 작다 (to be small) becoming 작아요. (It is small.).
This direct conjugation is a fundamental aspect of Korean adjectives.
Now, let's tackle Descriptive Verbs vs Action Verbs: The 'Be' Trap. This is where many English speakers get a little confused. In Korean, both descriptive verbs (adjectives) and action verbs (verbs that show an action) end in -다 in their dictionary form and both conjugate.
* Descriptive Verb Examples:
* 예쁘다 (to be pretty) -> 예뻐요. (It is pretty.)
* 크다 (to be big) -> 커요. (It is big.)
* 비싸다 (to be expensive) -> 비싸요. (It is expensive.)
* Action Verb Examples:
* 가다 (to go) -> 가요. (I go/He goes.)
* 먹다 (to eat) -> 먹어요. (I eat/He eats.)
* 공부하다 (to study) -> 공부해요. (I study/He studies.)
The trap is trying to insert the Korean verb 이다 (to be, for nouns) or thinking descriptive verbs need a separate to be like in English. They don't! They *are* the to be. Understanding this distinction is key to mastering basic Korean grammar.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: 이 책은 크이에요. (This book is big is.)
✓ Correct: 이 책은 커요. (This book is big.)
*Explanation:* Korean descriptive verbs like 크다 (to be big) already contain the meaning of to be. You do not need to add 이에요/예요 (which is for nouns) after them. Just conjugate the descriptive verb directly.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 커피는 뜨겁다. (Coffee is hot [dictionary form].)
✓ Correct: 커피는 뜨거워요. (Coffee is hot.)
*Explanation:* While 뜨겁다 is the dictionary form of to be hot, you must conjugate descriptive verbs to match the politeness level and context of your sentence, just like action verbs. 뜨거워요 is the polite informal conjugated form.

Real Conversations

A

A

이 가방은 정말 예뻐요. (This bag is really pretty.)
B

B

네, 저도 그렇게 생각해요. 하지만 좀 비싸요. (Yes, I think so too. But it's a bit expensive.)
A

A

새로운 친구는 어때요? (How is your new friend?)
B

B

그 친구는 아주 친절해요. (That friend is very kind.)
A

A

이 커피는 뜨거워요? (Is this coffee hot?)
B

B

아니요, 안 뜨거워요. 시원해요. (No, it's not hot. It's cool.)

Quick FAQ

Q

What's the main difference between Korean adjectives vs English adjectives?

In English, adjectives describe nouns and need a to be verb (e.g., It *is* big). In Korean, adjectives are called descriptive verbs and *are* the to be verb; they conjugate directly (e.g., 커요. - It is big.).

Q

Do all Korean adjective endings in dictionary form end in -다?

Yes, all Korean verbs (both action and descriptive verbs) end in -다 in their dictionary form. This is how you identify them before conjugation.

Q

How do I know if a word is a descriptive verb vs action verb Korean?

Generally, action verbs express an action (e.g., 먹다 - to eat, 가다 - to go), while descriptive verbs express a state or quality (e.g., 예쁘다 - to be pretty, 크다 - to be big). Context and memorization are key, but their core meaning usually makes it clear.

Q

Can I use 아니다 (to not be) with descriptive verbs?

No, 아니다 is used to negate nouns (e.g., 학생이 아니에요. - I am not a student). To negate a descriptive verb, you typically add 안 before it (e.g., 안 예뻐요. - It's not pretty) or use the -지 않다 ending (e.g., 예쁘지 않아요. - It is not pretty).

Cultural Context

In Korean conversations, describing things and people using descriptive verbs is incredibly common and a fundamental part of everyday interaction. You'll hear these patterns constantly, whether someone is complimenting your clothes (예뻐요! - It's pretty!), commenting on the weather (날씨가 좋아요. - The weather is good.), or discussing food (이 음식은 맛있어요. - This food is delicious.). The polite informal -아요/-어요 ending is your go-to for most situations, making your descriptions friendly and respectful.
Mastering these descriptive verbs allows you to engage more deeply, sharing your observations and feelings, which is highly valued in Korean communication.

重要な例文 (4)

1

이 사과가 정말 달아요.

このりんごは本当に甘いです。

韓国語の形容詞：物事の描写 (〜です)
2

오늘 날씨가 너무 좋아요!

今日は天気がとても良いです！

韓国語の形容詞：物事の描写 (〜です)
3

I pijaga maewoyo.

このピザ、辛いです。

形容詞 vs 動詞：韓国語の「形容詞は動詞」ルール
4

Jeoneun maeun pijareul meogeoyo.

私は辛いピザを食べます。

形容詞 vs 動詞：韓国語の「形容詞は動詞」ルール

ヒントとコツ (2)

🎯

「明るい・暗い」で判断！

母音の「ㅏ」と「ㅗ」は太陽のように明るいイメージなので、明るい仲間「-아요」を付けます。それ以外は「-어요」を使いましょう。 «날씨가 좋아요.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 韓国語の形容詞：物事の描写 (〜です)
🎯

「何してるの？」テスト

「今、何してるの？」と聞いて、その言葉で答えられたら『動詞』です。答えが変（例：今、背が高いしてる）なら、それは『形容詞』ですよ。 «지금 뭐 해요?»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 形容詞 vs 動詞：韓国語の「形容詞は動詞」ルール

重要な語彙 (6)

크다 (keuda) to be big 작다 (jakda) to be small 예쁘다 (yeppeuda) to be pretty 비싸다 (bissada) to be expensive 먹다 (meokda) to eat 가다 (gada) to go

Real-World Preview

shopping-bag

At a Boutique

Review Summary

  • Stem + ㅂ니다/습니다
  • Distinction by purpose

よくある間違い

You don't need '이다' (to be) with descriptive verbs. The verb itself carries the meaning.

Wrong: 이것은 크다입니다
正解: 이것은 큽니다

Mixing descriptive and action verbs incorrectly. Remember, adjectives don't take objects.

Wrong: 저는 예쁩니다를 먹어요
正解: 저는 사과를 먹어요

Again, avoid adding the copula '이다' to adjectives. Just conjugate the adjective base.

Wrong: 가방이 비싸다입니다
正解: 가방이 비쌉니다

Next Steps

You've taken the first big step! Keep practicing, and don't be afraid to make mistakes.

Label 5 items in your room using Korean post-its.

Continue to: The Building Blocks of Korean Sentences

クイック練習 (6)

文法的に正しい文章を選んでください。

「料理が辛いです」を韓国語で正しく言うと？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 음식이 매워요.
「맵다」は「ㅂ変則」により、母音が続くと「매워」に変化します。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 韓国語の形容詞：物事の描写 (〜です)

間違いを見つけて、正しい文章を選んでください。

Find and fix the mistake:

저는 오늘 공부를 해서 피곤하다요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 저는 오늘 공부를 해서 피곤해요.
「피곤하다」のように「-하다」で終わる形容詞は、必ず「-해요」に変わります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 韓国語の形容詞：物事の描写 (〜です)

不自然な表現を見つけてみよう

文法的に間違い（命令できない形）はどれ？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Haengbokhaera! (幸せになれ！/命令形)
感情や状態を直接命令することはできません。「幸せになりなさい」のように変化を促す形にする必要があります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 形容詞 vs 動詞：韓国語の「形容詞は動詞」ルール

名詞を飾る正しい形を選んでね

「私は辛い食べ物が好きです。」の（辛い）に入るのは？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: maeun (매운)
形容詞が名詞を飾る時は -(eu)n を使います。「辛い（maepda）」は不規則なので「maeun」になります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 形容詞 vs 動詞：韓国語の「形容詞は動詞」ルール

正しい日記の書き方はどれ？

「映画が悲しい。」を日記風に書くと？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Yeonghwaga seulpeuda. (영화가 슬프다.)
形容詞（形容動詞）は基本形（辞書形）のままでOKです。動詞のように -nunda/-neunda は付けません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 形容詞 vs 動詞：韓国語の「形容詞は動詞」ルール

空欄に（ ）内の形容詞を丁寧な「-아/어요」の形にして入れてください。

오늘 기분이 ___ (좋다).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 좋아요
語幹の母音が「ㅗ」なので、「-아요」を付けて「좋아요」になります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 韓国語の形容詞：物事の描写 (〜です)

Score: /6

よくある質問 (4)

今のことを話す丁寧な形（-아/어요）では、ほとんど同じルールで変化しますよ！ «가요»（行きます）と «좋아요»（良いです）は似ていますね。
これは「ㅂ変則」というルールです。パッチムの「ㅂ」が母音に出会うと「우」に変身して、そこに「-어요」がついて «매워요» になります。
形容詞は主語が明らかなら省略OK！ «아파!» は「（それが）痛い状態だ！」と叫んでいるんです。
はい！語尾を -ge に変えるだけ。 «예쁘게»（綺麗に）や «바쁘게»（忙しく）になります。
次のチャプター
The Building Blocks of Korean Sentences
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