B2 Advanced Syntax 18 min read むずかしい

仮定法過去完了:過去の後悔 (Se eu tivesse...)

「もし〜していたら、〜だったのに」と言いたい時は、 Se tivesse +過去分詞と teria +過去分詞を組み合わせるのが魔法のフレーズです。

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use the Third Conditional to talk about past regrets or hypothetical situations that didn't happen by using the pluperfect subjunctive and conditional perfect.

  • Use 'se' + Pretérito Mais-que-perfeito Composto (tivesse + participle) for the condition.
  • Use the Futuro do Pretérito Composto (teria + participle) for the result.
  • This structure is exclusively for past events that cannot be changed.
Se + Tivesse + Particípio, [Sujeito] + Teria + Particípio

Overview

送信したばかりのメッセージを見つめて、「送信ボタンを押さなければ、こんなことにはならなかったのに」と思ったことはありませんか?第3条件文(Third Conditional)へようこそ。これは、パラレルワールド、過去の後悔、そして人生の「もしも」を語るための文法です。過去に起こらなかったことについて、もし起こっていたら結果はどうなっていただろうかと想像するときに使います。ポルトガル語では、2つの複合動詞を扱う必要があるため、この構文が中級者と上級者の分かれ道となります。でも心配しないでください。厳密な数式に従うだけです。*tivesse* と *teria* のリズムさえつかめば、プロのように過去を書き換えることができます。

How This Grammar Works

この構文は、パラレルワールドだけを訪れるタイムマシンのようなものだと考えてください。あなたは現在にいて、過去の特定の瞬間を振り返っています。実際に何が起こったか(現実A)を知っていますが、架空のシナリオ(現実B)について話したいのです。
現実Bへの架け橋を作るには、2つの異なる部分が必要です:
  1. 1 条件(「もし〜だったら」の部分): 過去の変更を想像します。「もし知っていたら...」
  2. 2 結果(「〜だったのに」の部分): その変更の結果を想像します。「...行ったのに。」
ポルトガル語では、英語とは異なり語順は柔軟ですが、動詞のペアは運命共同体です。必ず一致させる必要があります。適当な過去形を入れることはできません。条件には接続法過去完了(Past Perfect Subjunctive)、結果には直説法過去未来完了(Conditional Perfect)が必要です。

Formation Pattern

1
公式は少し長いですが、一貫しています。助動詞としての ter(持っている)に大きく依存しています。
2
標準的な公式:
3
If節: Se + 主語 + tivesse + [過去分詞]
4
結果節: 主語 + teria + [過去分詞]
5
* *Se eu tivesse estudado, eu teria passado.* (もし勉強していたら、合格していただろう。)
6
ブラジルの口語ハック:
7
ブラジルの話し言葉では、堅苦しい teria(〜していただろう)を単に tinha に置き換えることがよくあります。響きが柔らかく、日常生活で頻繁に使われます。
8
If節: Se + 主語 + tivesse + [過去分詞]
9
結果節: 主語 + tinha + [過去分詞]
10
* *Se eu tivesse visto, eu tinha falado.* (もし見ていたら、言っていただろう。)

When To Use It

次のようなことを表現したいときに使ってください:
  • 後悔: 「あの屋台の寿司を食べていなければ...」
  • 安堵: 「もしバスに乗り遅れていたら、遅刻していただろう。」
  • 言い訳: 「バッテリーが切れていなければ電話したのに!」
  • 分析: 「チームがもっとうまくプレーしていたら、勝っていただろう。」
物語を話すとき、最悪のデートの愚痴を言うとき、サッカーの試合後の分析などで大活躍します。過去の終わった章について話し、細部を1つ変えるなら、これがあなたのツールです。

Common Mistakes

  • 単純過去の使用: 初心者はよく、「もし知っていたら」を *Se eu sabia* と言おうとします。これは間違いです。複合形の *tivesse sabido* を使う必要があります。
  • 助動詞の不一致: *Se eu tivesse ido, eu falaria* と言うこと。通常、時間軸を合わせるために複合形の *teria falado* が必要です。*Falaria*(単純条件法)は通常、過去ではなく現在の結果を意味します。
  • 過去分詞の忘れ: 本動詞は常に過去分詞形(-ado/-ido で終わる)でなければなりません。*Tivesse falar* は不正解、*tivesse falado* が正解です。

Contrast With Similar Patterns

条件文は混同しやすいものです。ここにカンニングペーパーがあります:
  • 第1条件(現実の未来): *Se eu tiver tempo, eu vou.* (もし時間があれば[未来]、行きます。)-> 可能。
  • 第2条件(非現実の現在): *Se eu tivesse tempo, eu iria.* (もし時間があれば[今]、行くのに。)-> 今の仮定。
  • 第3条件(非現実の過去): *Se eu tivesse tido tempo, eu teria ido.* (もし時間があったなら[当時]、行っていただろう。)-> 不可能、もう終わったこと。
第3条件文の重要な目印は、二重の助動詞(tivesse + teria)と二重の過去分詞です。

Quick FAQ

Q: 順序を入れ替えてもいいですか?

はい!

Eu teria ido se você tivesse me convidado
は完全に問題ありません。*se* は *tivesse* の部分にくっついたままです。

Q: teria の代わりに tinha を使っても本当に大丈夫ですか?

ブラジルでは?絶対に大丈夫です。テキストメッセージ、友達とのチャット、話し言葉では、*tinha* が非常に一般的です。正式なエッセイや就職活動では、*teria* を使いましょう。

Q: 「もし私が〜だったら」はどう言いますか?

Ser か Estar かによって、*Se eu tivesse sido...* または *Se eu tivesse estado...* です。

Third Conditional Formation

If Clause (Subjunctive) Result Clause (Conditional)
Se eu tivesse + Particípio
eu teria + Particípio
Se você tivesse + Particípio
você teria + Particípio
Se ele tivesse + Particípio
ele teria + Particípio
Se nós tivéssemos + Particípio
nós teríamos + Particípio
Se vocês tivessem + Particípio
vocês teriam + Particípio
Se eles tivessem + Particípio
eles teriam + Particípio

Meanings

The Third Conditional expresses a hypothetical past situation and its imaginary result. It is used to express regrets or speculate about 'what could have been'.

1

Regret

Expressing sadness or frustration about a past choice.

“Se eu tivesse aceitado o emprego, teria ganhado mais.”

“Se ele tivesse chegado cedo, teria visto o show.”

2

Hypothetical Past

Speculating on alternative history.

“Se o Brasil tivesse vencido, a festa teria sido maior.”

“Se ela tivesse me ligado, eu teria ido.”

Reference Table

Reference table for 仮定法過去完了:過去の後悔 (Se eu tivesse...)
節の種類 助動詞 メインの動詞 例文
もし〜なら(条件)
tivesse (接続法過去完了)
過去分詞 (-ado/-ido)
Se eu tivesse falado...
〜だったのに(結果・フォーマル)
teria (条件法完了)
過去分詞 (-ado/-ido)
...eu teria ouvido.
〜だったのに(結果・口語)
tinha (直説法過去完了)
過去分詞 (-ado/-ido)
...eu tinha ouvido.

フォーマル度スペクトル

フォーマル
Se eu tivesse tido os recursos, teria adquirido o item.

Se eu tivesse tido os recursos, teria adquirido o item. (Shopping)

ニュートラル
Se eu tivesse tido dinheiro, teria comprado o item.

Se eu tivesse tido dinheiro, teria comprado o item. (Shopping)

カジュアル
Se eu tivesse grana, tinha comprado.

Se eu tivesse grana, tinha comprado. (Shopping)

スラング
Se eu tivesse a nota, tinha levado.

Se eu tivesse a nota, tinha levado. (Shopping)

後悔の解剖学(第3条件文)

シチュエーション

条件 (もし...)

  • Se + Tivesse... If + Had (subj)...
  • Particípio 過去分詞 (-ado/-ido)

結果 (〜だったのに...)

  • Teria... Would have...
  • Tinha... (ブラジル口語) Had/Would have...

第2条件 vs 第3条件

第2 (現在の非現実)
Se eu tivesse tempo, eu iria. もし(今)時間があれば、行くのに。
第3 (過去の非現実)
Se eu tivesse tido tempo, eu teria ido. もし(あの時)時間があったら、行っていただろうに。

文章の組み立て方

1

'Se' (もし) から始める?

YES
'tivesse' + 過去分詞を使う
NO
結果の節から始める
2

フォーマルな場面?

YES
'teria' + 過去分詞を使う
NO
'tinha' + 過去分詞を使う (ブラジル流)

よく使う過去分詞

規則動詞

  • falado
  • comido
  • partido
⚠️

不規則動詞

  • feito
  • dito
  • visto

レベル別の例文

1

Se eu tivesse dinheiro, teria comprado.

If I had money, I would have bought it.

2

Se ele tivesse vindo, teria visto.

If he had come, he would have seen it.

3

Se nós tivéssemos tempo, teríamos ido.

If we had time, we would have gone.

4

Se você tivesse falado, eu teria ajudado.

If you had spoken, I would have helped.

1

Se eu não tivesse esquecido, teria te avisado.

If I hadn't forgotten, I would have warned you.

2

Se ela tivesse estudado, teria passado?

If she had studied, would she have passed?

3

Se eles tivessem chegado, teriam comido.

If they had arrived, they would have eaten.

4

Se você tivesse pedido, eu teria feito.

If you had asked, I would have done it.

1

Se eu tivesse tido a oportunidade, teria viajado mais.

If I had had the opportunity, I would have traveled more.

2

Se nós tivéssemos sabido da notícia, teríamos reagido.

If we had known the news, we would have reacted.

3

Se ele não tivesse mentido, teríamos confiado nele.

If he hadn't lied, we would have trusted him.

4

Se você tivesse se esforçado, teria conseguido.

If you had put in the effort, you would have succeeded.

1

Se o governo tivesse agido antes, a crise teria sido evitada.

If the government had acted earlier, the crisis would have been avoided.

2

Se eu tivesse sido mais paciente, não teríamos brigado.

If I had been more patient, we wouldn't have fought.

3

Se tivéssemos investido no projeto, teríamos lucrado muito.

If we had invested in the project, we would have profited a lot.

4

Se ela tivesse percebido o erro, teria corrigido a tempo.

If she had noticed the error, she would have corrected it in time.

1

Tivesse eu previsto as consequências, jamais teria tomado tal decisão.

Had I foreseen the consequences, I would never have made such a decision.

2

Se o autor tivesse explorado mais o tema, a obra teria sido memorável.

If the author had explored the theme more, the work would have been memorable.

3

Se tivéssemos mantido o foco, teríamos alcançado o objetivo.

If we had kept the focus, we would have reached the goal.

4

Se ele tivesse sido mais diplomático, o acordo teria sido assinado.

If he had been more diplomatic, the agreement would have been signed.

1

Se a história tivesse seguido outro curso, o mundo teria sido um lugar diferente.

If history had followed another course, the world would have been a different place.

2

Se tivéssemos tido a clarividência de agir, teríamos mitigado os danos.

If we had had the foresight to act, we would have mitigated the damages.

3

Se ela não tivesse abdicado de seus princípios, teria sido respeitada.

If she hadn't abdicated her principles, she would have been respected.

4

Se o projeto tivesse sido concebido com mais rigor, teria superado as expectativas.

If the project had been conceived with more rigor, it would have exceeded expectations.

間違えやすい

Third Conditional: Past Regrets (Se eu tivesse...) Second vs Third Conditional

Learners mix up hypothetical present and hypothetical past.

Third Conditional: Past Regrets (Se eu tivesse...) Indicative vs Subjunctive

Using 'tinha' instead of 'tivesse'.

Third Conditional: Past Regrets (Se eu tivesse...) Conditional vs Future

Using 'terei' instead of 'teria'.

よくある間違い

Se eu tinha estudado, teria passado.

Se eu tivesse estudado, teria passado.

Use subjunctive, not indicative.

Se eu teria estudado, eu passava.

Se eu tivesse estudado, teria passado.

Conditional does not go in the 'if' clause.

Se eu tivesse estuda, teria passado.

Se eu tivesse estudado, teria passado.

Must use the full participle.

Se eu tivessem estudado...

Se eu tivesse estudado...

Wrong conjugation for 'eu'.

Se eu tivesse feito, teria fazido.

Se eu tivesse feito, teria feito.

Irregular participle.

Se eu tivesse ido, teria ido.

Se eu tivesse ido, teria ido.

Correct, but check context.

Se eu tivesse visto, teria ver.

Se eu tivesse visto, teria visto.

Must use participle.

Se eu tivesse tido, teria tido.

Se eu tivesse tido, teria tido.

Correct, but watch for double 'ter'.

Se ele tivesse vindo, teria vindo.

Se ele tivesse vindo, teria vindo.

Correct.

Teria eu sabido, teria evitado.

Tivesse eu sabido, teria evitado.

Inversion requires subjunctive.

文型パターン

Se eu tivesse ___, eu teria ___.

Se você tivesse ___, teria se sentido ___?

Tivesse eu ___, teria ___.

Se nós tivéssemos ___, não teríamos ___.

Real World Usage

Social Media common

Se eu tivesse visto seu post antes, teria curtido!

Texting constant

Se tivesse me avisado, eu teria ido.

Job Interviews occasional

Se eu tivesse tido mais experiência, teria aplicado antes.

Travel common

Se tivéssemos reservado o hotel, teríamos economizado.

Food Delivery occasional

Se eu tivesse pedido a pizza, teria chegado quente.

Academic Writing common

Se o estudo tivesse sido mais amplo, os resultados teriam sido outros.

💬

ブラジル流の 'Tinha'

ブラジルのカジュアルな会話では、 eu teria ido(行っただろうに)と言う代わりに eu tinha ido と言うことが圧倒的に多いです。意味は全く同じなので、リラックスして使ってみて!
Se eu soubesse, eu tinha ido.
⚠️

英語の 'Had' に引きずられないで

英語の 'If I had...' は直説法ですが、ポルトガル語の「もし〜」の部分には必ず接続法の tivesse を使います。 Se eu tinha... と言わないように注意しましょう。
🎯

Ter が重なっても大丈夫!

「もし時間(物)を持っていたら」と言いたい時は tivesse tido となります。同じ動詞が続いて変な感じがするかもしれませんが、これで完璧に正解です!
Se eu tivesse tido dinheiro...

Smart Tips

Use inversion to sound more sophisticated.

Se eu tivesse sabido, teria mudado. Tivesse eu sabido, teria mudado.

Focus on the rhythm, not the perfect grammar.

Se eu tivesse tido tempo, teria feito. Se eu tivesse tempo, tinha feito.

Remember: 'If' = Subjunctive, 'Result' = Conditional.

Se eu teria, eu teria. Se eu tivesse, eu teria.

Check the participle list first.

Se eu tivesse fazido... Se eu tivesse feito...

発音

ti-VE-ssi

Tivesse

The 'ss' is a soft 's' sound. The 'e' at the end is often dropped in fast speech.

te-RI-a

Teria

The 'r' is a soft flap, like in 'better'.

Conditional rise

Se eu tivesse estudado ↗, teria passado ↘.

The 'if' clause rises, the result clause falls.

暗記しよう

記憶術

Tivesse-Teria: The past is gone, but the grammar remains.

視覚的連想

Imagine a time machine that is broken. You are looking at a photo of a past event, and you are drawing a different ending on top of the photo with a red marker.

Rhyme

Se tivesse o passado, teria o resultado.

Story

Maria missed her train. She stands on the platform thinking: 'Se eu tivesse saído mais cedo, teria chegado a tempo.' She sighs, realizing the train is already gone.

Word Web

SeTivesseTeriaParticípioPassadoRegressoHipótese

チャレンジ

Write 3 sentences about things you regret from last week.

文化メモ

Brazilians often use 'tinha' instead of 'teria' in very informal speech, though it is grammatically incorrect.

More formal usage of 'haver' is common in writing.

Similar to Portugal, but with distinct rhythmic patterns.

Derived from Latin conditional structures, evolving through the Romance languages.

会話のきっかけ

Se você tivesse nascido em outro país, onde teria morado?

Se você tivesse tido mais tempo ontem, o que teria feito?

Se você tivesse a chance de mudar uma decisão do passado, qual seria?

Se você tivesse estudado outra profissão, qual teria sido?

日記のテーマ

Write about a missed opportunity from your childhood.
Reflect on a major life decision you made 5 years ago.
Imagine an alternate history for your country.
Describe a day where everything went wrong.

よくある間違い

Incorrect

正解


Incorrect

正解


Incorrect

正解


Incorrect

正解

Test Yourself

正しい接続法過去完了の形を補いましょう。

Se você ___ (estudar) mais, teria passado na prova.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: tivesse estudado
「もし〜なら」という条件の節では、助動詞 tivesse +過去分詞を使います。
過去の後悔を正しく表現している文を選んでください。 選択問題

「もし行っていたら、見ていただろうに」という意味の文はどれ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Se eu tivesse ido, eu teria visto.
tivesse... teria... の形だけが、過去の仮定(第3条件文)を表せます。
結果の節にある文法ミスを直してください。 Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Se eu tivesse acordado cedo, eu não perdi o ônibus.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Se eu tivesse acordado cedo, eu não teria perdido o ônibus.
結果の節に単純過去(perdi)は使えません。 teria perdido(条件法完了)か、口語の tinha perdido を使う必要があります。

Score: /3

練習問題

8 exercises
Fill in the blanks.

Se eu ___ (ter) estudado, ___ (ter) passado.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Correct subjunctive and conditional.
Find the error. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Se eu teria visto, teria falado.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Conditional in 'if' clause is wrong.
Select the correct sentence. 選択問題

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Correct conjugation.
Transform to Third Conditional. Sentence Transformation

Eu não estudei, por isso não passei.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Correct past hypothetical.
Match the condition to the result. Match Pairs

Se eu tivesse dinheiro...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Matches the past hypothetical.
Conjugate the verb. Conjugation Drill

Se nós (ter) ___ visto, (ter) ___ falado.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Correct plural conjugation.
Build a sentence. Sentence Building

Se / ele / ter / chegado / ter / visto

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Correct word order.
Is this rule true? True False Rule

Can you use 'teria' in the 'if' clause?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Never use conditional in the if-clause.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

10 exercises
正しい助動詞の形を書き込みましょう。 穴埋め問題

Se nós ___ (ter) chegado antes, teríamos visto o trailer.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: tivéssemos
条件と結果をマッチさせてください。 Match Pairs

条件の節と、論理的な結果の節を結びつけてください。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ["...eu n\u00e3o estaria com fome agora.","...n\u00f3s ter\u00edamos ido \u00e0 praia.","...ela teria passado no teste."]
単語を並べ替えて正しい第3条件文を作ってください。 Sentence Reorder

sido / teria / diferente / tivesse / Se / eu / falado

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Se eu tivesse falado, teria sido diferente.
この文をポルトガル語に訳してください。 翻訳

If you had asked, I would have helped.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Se você tivesse pedido, eu teria ajudado.
ブラジルのカジュアルな形を使っている文はどれ? 選択問題

ブラジル流の口語表現として正しいものを選んでください。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Se ele tivesse ligado, eu tinha atendido.
動詞の活用ミスを見つけて直してください。 Error Correction

Se eles tivessem chego cedo, teriam conseguido lugar.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Se eles tivessem chegado cedo, teriam conseguido lugar.
saber の正しい形で空欄を埋めてください。 穴埋め問題

Eu não teria vindo se ___ (saber) que estava fechado.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: tivesse sabido
正しい否定の形を選んでください。 穴埋め問題

Se você não ___ (falar) nada, ninguém saberia.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: tivesse falado
正しい文末を選んでください。 選択問題

Se eu tivesse ganho na loteria...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ...eu teria viajado o mundo.
このカジュアルな文を正しい順序に並べ替えてください。 Sentence Reorder

tinha / eu / Se / visto / falado / não

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Se eu não tivesse visto, eu não tinha falado.

Score: /10

よくある質問 (8)

Yes, but it's very formal and mostly used in Portugal.

No, it's for any hypothetical past situation.

It requires two complex verb forms at once.

No, use the Second Conditional for the future.

It's common in speech but wrong in writing.

The structure is the same, but 'ter' is preferred in Brazil.

Just add 'não' before 'tivesse' and 'teria'.

Yes, like 'feito', 'dito', 'posto'.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish high

Si hubiera tenido, habría tenido

Auxiliary verb choice.

French high

Si j'avais eu, j'aurais eu

French uses 'avoir' for both parts.

German moderate

Wenn ich gehabt hätte, hätte ich gehabt

Word order is much stricter in German.

Japanese low

Moshi ~tara, ~ta noni

No verb conjugation for person.

Arabic moderate

Law kana... la-kuntu

Different particle system.

Chinese low

Ruguo... jiu...

No verb conjugation.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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