ポルトガル語の条件法複合過去:「〜しただろうに」 (teria feito)
teria + 過去分詞のセットを使いましょう。キーワードは teria teria feito se tivesse です。
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use the Conditional Perfect to talk about hypothetical actions that didn't happen in the past.
- Use 'teria' + past participle for most verbs: 'Eu teria comido' (I would have eaten).
- Use 'haveria' only in very formal or literary contexts; 'teria' is standard.
- The past participle must agree with the subject if using 'ser' or 'estar' in passive constructions, but usually remains invariant with 'ter'.
Overview
Futuro do Pretérito Composto(条件法過去完了)は、日本語の「〜しただろうに」「〜していたはずだ」という、実現しなかった過去の可能性や後悔を表現する非常に重要な文法です。例えば、SNSで投稿に「いいね」を押そうとして誤って消してしまった時や、約束に遅刻して「もっと早く家を出ていれば間に合ったのに!」と嘆く時、この表現が不可欠です。日本語では「〜たら〜のに」という仮定法的な文脈で表現しますが、ポルトガル語ではこの teria を使った複合時制がその役割を担います。日本語の文法では、動詞の形を変化させることで時制や仮定を表現しますが、ポルトガル語のこの形式は、助動詞 ter の条件法と過去分詞を組み合わせるという「足し算」の構造をしています。これは単なる事実の報告ではなく、現実に起こらなかった「もしもの世界」を語るためのツールであり、日常会話からビジネスの言い訳、あるいはドラマチックな物語まで幅広く使われます。この文法をマスターすることで、皆さんのポルトガル語表現の幅は劇的に広がります。さあ、一緒に「たら・れば」の世界を細かく見ていきましょう。ter(持つ)を条件法(Futuro do Pretérito)に活用させ、そこにメインとなる動詞の過去分詞(Particípio Passado)を置くだけです。日本語には「助動詞+過去分詞」という複合時制の概念が直接的には存在しないため、最初は違和感があるかもしれません。日本語では「食べた」という一語で完結しますが、ポルトガル語では teria comido(食べた+だろう)と二語で表現します。特筆すべきは、後ろに来る過去分詞は、主語が誰であっても、単数でも複数でも、男性でも女性でも変化せず、常に同じ形を保つという点です。これは学習者にとって非常にありがたいルールですね。一度 ter の条件法活用さえ覚えてしまえば、あとはどんな動詞にも応用が利くという、非常に効率的な仕組みになっています。terの条件法 + 過去分詞」です。まずは ter の活用を確認しましょう。terの条件法 | 過去分詞のルール |teria | -AR動詞 → -ado |terias | -ER動詞 → -ido |teria | -IR動詞 → -ido |teríamos | 不規則動詞に注意 |teriam | (常に男性単数形) |falar(話す)なら Eu teria falado(私は話しただろう)、comer(食べる)なら Nós teríamos comido(私たちは食べただろう)となります。不規則動詞(fazer → feito、dizer → dito など)だけは個別に覚える必要がありますが、一度形を覚えれば、どんな文脈でも自信を持って使えるようになります。Eu teria estudado mais.(もっと勉強しておけばよかった)のように、自分の過去の選択を悔やむ時に使います。2つ目は「条件付きの推論」です。Se eu tivesse dinheiro, eu teria comprado o carro.(もしお金があれば、その車を買っていただろう)という、いわゆる「非現実の過去」の条件文です。3つ目は「過去に対する推測や疑念」です。Ele teria chegado às dez.(彼は10時に着いたはずだ/着いたことだろう)のように、相手の話に対して「そうであるはずだ」と推測する時に使います。4つ目は「責任の所在を問う」時です。Você teria ganhado se tivesse treinado.(練習していれば勝てたはずだよ)といった、スポーツや仕事でのフィードバックに使われます。日常の些細な会話から、深い議論まで、この表現がないと過去の可能性について語ることはできません。Ela teria ida と言いたくなりますが、ter を伴う場合は常に男性単数形(ido)です。2つ目は「助動詞 haver との混同」です。スペイン語の影響で habria を使おうとする人がいますが、ポルトガル語では ter が圧倒的に一般的です。3つ目は「不規則動詞の過剰な一般化」です。fazer を fazido と言ってしまうミスですが、これは feito が正解です。これらはL1(日本語)にはない「複合時制の活用」という概念が干渉して起こるため、まずは「terの活用+不規則分詞」をセットで暗記する努力が必要です。Eu faria | 今すぐなら〜するだろう(仮定) |Eu teria feito | あの時〜しただろう(過去の仮定) |Eu tinha feito | 既に〜していた(事実) |teria feito は「実際には起こらなかったこと」を指しますが、tinha feito は「過去の時点で既に完了していた事実」を指します。この「事実か想像か」の境界線を意識することが、B2レベルへのステップアップには不可欠です。se(もし)は必須ですか?Eu não teria feito isso.(私はそんなことしなかっただろう)のように、単独でも十分に使えます。tinha feito を条件法の代わりとして使うことがあり、文脈判断が重要です。Eu me teria lembrado のように助動詞の前に置くのが一般的です。慣れるまで少し時間がかかるかもしれませんが、パターンを繰り返すことで自然と口から出るようになります。Conjugation of 'Teria' + Past Participle
| Subject | Auxiliary (Teria) | Participle (Ex: Falar) | Full Form |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Eu
|
teria
|
falado
|
teria falado
|
|
Você/Ele/Ela
|
teria
|
falado
|
teria falado
|
|
Nós
|
teríamos
|
falado
|
teríamos falado
|
|
Vocês/Eles/Elas
|
teriam
|
falado
|
teriam falado
|
Meanings
This structure expresses a hypothetical action that could have occurred in the past but did not, often used in counterfactual conditional sentences.
Hypothetical Past
Actions that failed to happen due to a condition not being met.
“Eu teria comprado o carro.”
“Ela teria vindo se pudesse.”
Past Probability/Conjecture
Speculating about a past event with uncertainty.
“Ele teria chegado às dez?”
“Quem teria feito isso?”
Reported Future-in-the-Past
Expressing a future action from the perspective of the past.
“Ele disse que teria terminado tudo ontem.”
“Eu sabia que eles teriam sucesso.”
Reference Table
| 代名詞 | 助動詞 (ter) | 過去分詞 | 例文の訳 |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Eu
|
teria
|
falado / comido / partido
|
私は話していただろう
|
|
Tu (親しい間柄)
|
terias
|
falado / comido / partido
|
君は話していただろう
|
|
Ele/Ela/Você
|
teria
|
falado / comido / partido
|
彼/彼女/あなたは話していただろう
|
|
Nós
|
teríamos
|
falado / comido / partido
|
私たちは話していただろう
|
|
Eles/Elas/Vocês
|
teriam
|
falado / comido / partido
|
彼ら/彼女ら/あなたたちは話していただろう
|
フォーマル度スペクトル
Eu teria realizado tal tarefa. (General)
Eu teria feito isso. (General)
Eu teria feito. (General)
Teria feito, né? (General)
過去未来完了のエコシステム
助動詞 (ter)
- teria 私/彼/あなた
- teríamos 私たち
- teriam 彼ら/あなたたち
きっかけの言葉
- Se eu tivesse... もし私が〜していたら...
- Mas... でも(実際は)...
単純条件法 vs 過去未来完了
'Teria' を使うかどうかの判断
そのアクションは実際に起きましたか?
過去についての仮定の話ですか?
過去分詞のタイプ
規則変化 (-ado/-ido)
- • falado
- • comido
- • partido
不規則変化
- • feito (fazer)
- • dito (dizer)
- • visto (ver)
レベル別の例文
Eu teria comido.
I would have eaten.
Ele teria ido.
He would have gone.
Nós teríamos visto.
We would have seen.
Eles teriam falado.
They would have spoken.
Eu não teria comprado isso.
I would not have bought this.
Você teria feito o bolo?
Would you have made the cake?
Ela teria estudado mais.
She would have studied more.
Eles não teriam aceitado.
They would not have accepted.
Se eu tivesse tempo, eu teria viajado.
If I had had time, I would have traveled.
Quem teria deixado a porta aberta?
Who could have left the door open?
Nós teríamos terminado se não fosse a chuva.
We would have finished if it weren't for the rain.
Eu teria ligado, mas perdi meu celular.
I would have called, but I lost my phone.
Ele disse que teria chegado às oito.
He said he would have arrived at eight.
Teriam eles esquecido o encontro?
Could they have forgotten the meeting?
Eu teria preferido uma solução diferente.
I would have preferred a different solution.
Teria sido melhor se tivéssemos avisado.
It would have been better if we had warned them.
Eu teria agido de outra forma, caso soubesse.
I would have acted differently, had I known.
Eles teriam vencido, não fosse o erro do árbitro.
They would have won, were it not for the referee's error.
Teria havido mais tempo se começássemos antes.
There would have been more time if we had started earlier.
Quem teria imaginado tal desfecho?
Who would have imagined such an outcome?
Teria sido, porventura, uma decisão precipitada?
Could it have been, perhaps, a hasty decision?
Jamais teriam eles consentido, soubessem a verdade.
They would never have consented, had they known the truth.
Teria o autor pretendido outra interpretação?
Could the author have intended another interpretation?
Não teriam eles, em sã consciência, aceitado tal oferta.
They would not have, in their right mind, accepted such an offer.
間違えやすい
Learners mix up 'I would do' (would + verb) and 'I would have done' (would have + participle).
Learners put the conditional perfect in the 'if' clause.
Learners think 'haveria' is the standard 'would have'.
よくある間違い
Eu teria falar
Eu teria falado
Eu teria fazido
Eu teria feito
Eu teria ido
Eu teria ido
Teria eu ido?
Eu teria ido?
Se eu teria tempo, eu iria.
Se eu tivesse tempo, eu iria.
Ele teriam ido.
Ele teria ido.
Eu teria visto ele.
Eu o teria visto.
Eu teria dito que eu iria.
Eu teria dito que iria.
Nós teríamos feito o que ele teria pedido.
Nós teríamos feito o que ele pedira.
Se eu soubesse, eu teria feito.
Se eu soubesse, teria feito.
Haveria eu feito isso?
Teria eu feito isso?
Eles teriam de ter ido.
Eles teriam ido.
Teria sido melhor se nós tivéssemos ido.
Teria sido melhor se tivéssemos ido.
Ele teria tido feito.
Ele teria feito.
文型パターン
Eu teria ___ se tivesse ___.
Quem teria ___?
Teria sido ___ se ___.
Eu não teria ___ se soubesse a verdade.
Real World Usage
Eu teria ido, mas estava ocupado.
Eu teria abordado o problema de forma diferente.
Quem teria imaginado isso?
Eu teria reservado o hotel antes.
Eu teria pedido outra coisa se soubesse.
Os resultados teriam sido melhores.
語尾の変化に注意!
Ela teria ido となり、Ela teria ida とは言いません。ポルトガルのショートカット
Eu teria ido の代わりに Eu tinha ido と言う人も多いんですよ。「Se」とのコンビネーション
Se eu tivesse sabido, eu teria ido(もし知っていたら、行っていたのに)のように使ってみましょう。
Smart Tips
Use 'teria' + past participle to show you are thinking about the past.
Use 'teria' in a question to sound like a native speaker.
Use the conditional perfect to explain why a deadline was missed.
Remember: 'If' = Subjunctive, 'Result' = Conditional Perfect.
発音
Teria
The 'r' is a soft tap in the middle of the word.
Rising for questions
Você teria ido? ↗
Indicates a genuine question.
暗記しよう
記憶術
Teria (the 'would' part) + Participle (the 'done' part). Think: 'Teria' is the key to the past door.
視覚的連想
Imagine a time machine. You are standing in front of a door labeled 'Past'. You hold a key labeled 'Teria'. You insert it to change what happened.
Rhyme
Para o passado que não aconteceu, use 'teria' e o particípio que você aprendeu.
Story
Maria missed her flight. She stood at the gate thinking: 'Eu teria chegado a tempo se o táxi não tivesse atrasado.' She felt sad, but then she realized: 'Eu teria aproveitado o próximo voo se tivesse esperado.'
Word Web
チャレンジ
Write 3 sentences about things you would have done differently yesterday.
文化メモ
In Brazil, 'teria' is almost exclusively used. 'Haveria' is considered very formal or literary.
In Portugal, 'teria' is also standard, but you might hear more formal structures in academic writing.
In legal documents, you might see 'haveria' used to sound more authoritative.
The conditional perfect is a Romance construction derived from the Latin pluperfect indicative, which evolved into a conditional form in the Ibero-Romance languages.
会話のきっかけ
O que você teria feito se ganhasse na loteria?
Você teria mudado algo no seu passado?
Quem teria sido a pessoa mais importante da sua vida?
Você teria aceitado o emprego se o salário fosse menor?
日記のテーマ
よくある間違い
Test Yourself
Eu ___ (comprar) o carro se tivesse o dinheiro.
正しい文章はどれ?
Find and fix the mistake:
Nós teríamos fazido o jantar se você pedisse.
Nós ___ (viajar) para o Japão em 2020.
Score: /4
練習問題
8 exercisesEu ___ (ter) feito o trabalho.
Which is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
Se eu tivesse tempo, eu teria ido.
teria / eu / feito / isso
I would have eaten.
Nós ___ (ter) feito.
Match 'Eu teria ido' with meaning.
Use 'teria' + 'visto'.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
11 exercisesVocê ___ (dizer) a verdade?
私は寝ていただろうに。
並べ替えてください:
正しく組み合わせてください:
As meninas teriam faladas com ele.
メッセージを見ていたら、返信していただろうに。
Eles ___ (ver) o filme, mas acabou a luz.
私たちは窓を開けていただろうに。
疑問文を作ってください:
規則的な過去分詞はどれ?
Tu ___ (comer) o bolo inteiro?
Score: /11
よくある質問 (8)
Yes, but it is very formal. Stick to 'teria' for daily use.
Yes, it is the direct equivalent.
Because 'if' clauses require the subjunctive mood.
Yes, 'Teria feito' is perfectly fine.
Yes, it is very common for explaining past issues.
You must use the irregular past participle (e.g., 'feito', 'dito').
Yes, simple conditional is for the present/future; conditional perfect is for the past.
Not really, 'teria' is standard across all Portuguese-speaking countries.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
habría hecho
Auxiliary verb: 'haber' vs 'ter'.
aurais fait
Conjugation of the auxiliary verb.
hätte gemacht
Word order is different (participle at the end).
shiteita darou
Lack of direct verb conjugation.
kuntu sa-af'alu
Structure is completely different.
wǒ běn lái huì zuò
No verb conjugation.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
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