Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use this tense to describe an action that happened before another action in the past.
- Use it for the 'earlier' of two past events: 'When I arrived, he had already left.'
- In modern Brazilian Portuguese, it is often replaced by the compound form: 'tinha saído'.
- The simple form is common in literature and formal European Portuguese: 'saíra'.
Overview
fizera）はほとんど使われず、ter動詞の半過去形を用いた複合形（tinha feito）が一般的です。この構造は、日本語の「～ていた」という状態を表す表現と似ていますが、ポルトガル語のこの時制は「完了した」という事実に焦点を当てます。ter (半過去) + 過去分詞 | 動詞のタ形 + 「～ていた」「～していた」 |tinha terminado を使い、時系列の前後関係を明確に固定します。この「基準点」を意識することが、日本語話者がこの時制を使いこなすための鍵となります。ter を半過去形（Imperfeito do Indicativo）に活用させ、メインの動詞を過去分詞（Particípio Passado）にするだけです。過去分詞は主語に関わらず常に男性単数形で固定されるため、非常に覚えやすいのが特徴です。-ar 動詞が -ado、-er/-ir 動詞が -ido で終わります。不規則動詞（fazer → feito, dizer → dito, ver → visto など）は個別に覚える必要がありますが、助動詞の活用は常に一定です。tínhamos や tínheis のアクセントの位置（強勢）に注意してください。- 1過去の時系列の整理: 「昨日、会議室に行ったら、すでに部長が帰っていた」のような状況です。
Quando cheguei à sala de reuniões, o chefe já tinha ido embora.このように、何が先で何が後かを明確にしたいときに使います。 - 2過去の因果関係: 「彼が怒っていたのは、私が彼に嘘をついていたからだ」のように、過去の状態の原因がさらに過去の出来事にある場合。
Ele estava bravo porque eu lhe tinha mentido. - 3間接話法: 過去の会話を引用する際、元の発言が過去形であれば、報告する際には大過去にずらします。
Ele disse:→Eu já comi.Ele disse que já tinha comido. - 4後悔や仮定: 「もし知っていたら、行っていたのに」という過去の未実現の事態を示す条件文（条件法複合形とセット）で使われます。
Se eu tivesse sabido, teria ido.
passado を並べるのではなく、この時制を混ぜることで文章の立体感が劇的に変わります。- 1単純過去との混同: 日本語では過去の出来事をすべて「～した」で済ませがちですが、ポルトガル語で時系列を無視してすべて
Pretérito Perfeitoを使うと、話の前後関係が不明瞭になります。これは「過去の出来事はすべて同じ過去」という日本語の感覚による干渉です。 - 2助動詞の活用ミス: 日本語には助動詞の活用という概念が乏しいため、
tinhaをterの現在形（tem）と混同することがあります。tem faladoとすると「現在完了（継続）」の意味になり、大過去の「過去の過去」というニュアンスが消えてしまいます。 - 3過去分詞の性数一致の誤解:
terを伴う場合、過去分詞は常に男性単数形で不変です。しかし、serを伴う受動態と混同し、tinha falada（女性名詞に合わせて変化させる間違い）のように誤用するケースが後を絶ちません。これは、ポルトガル語の他の文法項目（形容詞の一致など）が強固に身についているがゆえの過剰な一般化（オーバーゼネラリゼーション）です。
Pretérito Perfeito | 過去の単発的な事実 | ～した |Pretérito Imperfeito | 過去の習慣・継続・背景 | ～していた / ～していたものだ |Pretérito Mais-que-perfeito | 過去の基準点より前の完了 | ～していた（完了済み） |Imperfeito（半過去）は「過去の背景」を描写するのに対し、Mais-que-perfeito（大過去）は「過去の基準点」を設けて、それより前の動作を「完了」として切り取ります。例えば、Eu comia（食べていた＝習慣や背景）と Eu tinha comido（食べていた＝完了済み）は、文脈において全く異なる意味を持ちます。この違いを理解し、使い分けることがB2レベルの壁を超える第一歩です。Compound Mais-que-perfeito (Standard)
| Pronoun | Auxiliary (Ter) | Participle |
|---|---|---|
|
Eu
|
tinha
|
falado
|
|
Tu
|
tinhas
|
falado
|
|
Ele/Ela
|
tinha
|
falado
|
|
Nós
|
tínhamos
|
falado
|
|
Vós
|
tínheis
|
falado
|
|
Eles/Elas
|
tinham
|
falado
|
Simple (Synthetic) Mais-que-perfeito
| Pronoun | Ending |
|---|---|
|
Eu
|
-a
|
|
Tu
|
-as
|
|
Ele/Ela
|
-a
|
|
Nós
|
-amos
|
|
Vós
|
-eis
|
|
Eles/Elas
|
-am
|
Meanings
The Mais-que-perfeito indicates an action completed before another action in the past.
Chronological precedence
Establishing a sequence of two past events.
“Eu já terminara o trabalho quando ele ligou.”
“Ela tinha visto o filme antes de ler o livro.”
Literary narrative
Used in formal writing to describe background events.
“O sol pusera-se quando a batalha terminou.”
“A chuva caíra durante toda a noite.”
Reference Table
| 主語 | 助動詞 (ter) | メインの動詞 (過去分詞) | 意味（英語参考） |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Eu
|
tinha
|
comprado
|
I had bought
|
|
Você/Ele/Ela
|
tinha
|
visto
|
You/He/She had seen
|
|
Nós
|
tínhamos
|
feito
|
We had done/made
|
|
Vocês/Eles/Elas
|
tinham
|
chegado
|
You/They had arrived
|
|
Eu
|
tinha
|
estudado
|
I had studied
|
|
Nós
|
tínhamos
|
saído
|
We had left
|
フォーマル度スペクトル
Eu já partira. (Leaving a place)
Eu já tinha partido. (Leaving a place)
Já tinha ido embora. (Leaving a place)
Já vazei. (Leaving a place)
複合形の大過去をマスターしよう
助動詞 (ter)
- tinha had
- tínhamos we had
メインの動詞 (過去分詞)
- -ado (規則) bought/spoken
- -ido (規則) eaten/left
- 不規則形 done/seen/opened
日常会話 vs 文学的な表現
大過去を使うべき？
その出来事は過去のことですか？
別の過去の出来事よりも前に起きましたか？
過去分詞の語尾まとめ
-AR動詞
- • Falado
- • Comprado
- • Estudado
-ER/-IR動詞
- • Comido
- • Vendido
- • Saído
不規則形
- • Feito
- • Visto
- • Dito
レベル別の例文
Eu tinha dormido.
I had slept.
Ela tinha saído.
She had left.
Nós tínhamos comido.
We had eaten.
Eles tinham falado.
They had spoken.
Quando cheguei, ele já tinha ido.
When I arrived, he had already gone.
Eu tinha feito o dever antes do jantar.
I had done the homework before dinner.
Eles tinham visto o filme.
They had seen the movie.
Nós tínhamos comprado o bilhete.
We had bought the ticket.
Eu já terminara o relatório quando o chefe pediu.
I had already finished the report when the boss asked.
Ela tinha estudado muito antes da prova.
She had studied a lot before the test.
Eles tinham viajado por toda a Europa.
They had traveled all over Europe.
Nós tínhamos esquecido as chaves.
We had forgotten the keys.
O sol pusera-se quando a cerimônia começou.
The sun had set when the ceremony began.
Eles tinham planejado tudo com antecedência.
They had planned everything in advance.
Eu nunca vira algo tão bonito.
I had never seen anything so beautiful.
Tínhamos chegado à conclusão de que era melhor sair.
We had reached the conclusion that it was better to leave.
A decisão fora tomada antes da reunião.
The decision had been taken before the meeting.
Ele dissera que viria, mas não apareceu.
He had said he would come, but he didn't show up.
Tudo o que fizera até então fora em vão.
Everything he had done until then had been in vain.
Eles tinham se preparado para o pior cenário.
They had prepared for the worst-case scenario.
Mal a notícia correra, a cidade inteira já sabia.
Hardly had the news spread when the whole city knew.
Se eu soubera da verdade, teria agido de outra forma.
Had I known the truth, I would have acted differently.
O autor escrevera a obra em condições precárias.
The author had written the work in precarious conditions.
Tínhamos por certo que a vitória seria nossa.
We had taken for granted that the victory would be ours.
間違えやすい
Both refer to the past.
よくある間違い
Eu tinha comi.
Eu tinha comido.
Eles tinham comidos.
Eles tinham comido.
Eu falava antes.
Eu tinha falado antes.
Eu fizera comido.
Eu tinha comido.
文型パターン
Eu já tinha ___ quando ele chegou.
Real World Usage
Já tinha visto sua msg.
「Já」を添えるのがネイティブ流
já を一緒に使います。単に言うよりもずっと自然に聞こえますよ: Eu já tinha visto.
過去分詞の形は固定！
ter を使う場合、後ろの過去分詞は語尾変化しません。主語が女性でも複数でも、常に男性単数形（-ado/-ido）のままです: Elas tinham comido.会話 vs 書き言葉
Eu tinha falado.Smart Tips
Use it to set the stage.
発音
Tinha
The 'nh' sound is a palatal nasal.
Narrative
Eu já tinha saído ↘
Finality in a story.
暗記しよう
記憶術
Think of 'Mais-que-perfeito' as 'More than perfect'—it goes further back in time than the simple past.
視覚的連想
Imagine a train. The 'Perfeito' is the carriage you are in, and the 'Mais-que-perfeito' is the engine that pulled you there earlier.
Rhyme
When the past is not enough, use 'tinha' to make it tough.
Story
I arrived at the party (Perfeito). But wait, the cake was gone (Mais-que-perfeito). I had arrived too late.
Word Web
チャレンジ
Write 3 sentences about your morning using 'tinha' + past participle.
文化メモ
The compound form is used almost exclusively in speech.
The simple form is still used in formal speech.
The simple form is the standard for narrative past.
Derived from the Latin pluperfect.
会話のきっかけ
O que você tinha feito antes de vir aqui?
日記のテーマ
よくある間違い
Test Yourself
Quando eu cheguei, eles já ___ (sair).
Select the modern, conversational version:
Find and fix the mistake:
Nós tinha comido tudo antes da live começar.
ter は 'tínhamos' に一致させる必要があります。Score: /3
練習問題
1 exercisesEu já ___ (fazer) o trabalho.
Score: /1
Practice Bank
10 exercisesEu ___ (perder) meu celular antes de entrar no ônibus.
tinha / Ele / visto / já / o / filme
We had already done the work.
最初に起きた出来事を選んでください：
ペアを作ってください：
Elas tinham saídas cedo.
Você já ___ (abrir) o presente quando eu cheguei?
現代のネイティブが使うのはどっち？
vocês / já / tinham / comido / ?
She had seen.
Score: /10
よくある質問 (1)
Yes, in the compound form.
Scaffolded Practice
1
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Había comido
None.
J'avais mangé
Auxiliary verb choice.
Ich hatte gegessen
Word order.
Tabete ita
No direct tense equivalent.
Kuntu akaltu
Verb conjugation.
Yijing chi le
No conjugation.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
Continue With
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