B2 · 中上級 チャプター 21

Advanced Timelines and Completed Actions

7 トータルルール
72 例文
7 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of complex timelines to narrate your life with native-like precision and sophistication.

  • Sequence past events using pluperfect tenses.
  • Express hypothetical past regrets with conditional perfects.
  • State future completions using the future perfect.
Mastering the dimensions of time in Portuguese.

学べること

Hey there, language explorer! Ready to elevate your Portuguese conversations and start sounding truly native? In this exciting chapter, we're going to dive deep into some of the most intricate and useful Portuguese tenses that will make you sound incredibly sophisticated. You'll learn how to precisely sequence events that happened in the past (using tenses like the Pretérito Mais-que-perfeito and Pluperfect with tinha + participle). Imagine you're telling a story to a Portuguese friend and you want to clearly explain what happened first and what followed. These grammar points will be the magic of your narrative! Next, we'll move on to the Conditional Perfect (teria + participle), which gives you the power to express what would have happened but didn't. For example,

If I had had more time, I would have finished that task.
This skill helps you talk about regrets, missed opportunities, or any hypothetical past scenarios with ease. And finally, with the Future Perfect (terei + participle), we'll look ahead to a future where actions are already done and dusted. Picture saying,
By the end of this month, I will have finished my book.
It's perfect for planning or when you want to emphasize that something will be completed by a specific point in the future. By the time you complete this chapter, you'll be able to dance with Portuguese tenses, speaking with incredible precision and nuance. You'll tell more captivating stories, express your plans with crystal clarity, and impress everyone with your advanced command of Portuguese. Are you ready to become a master of Portuguese timelines?

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Narrate a sequence of past events using the pluperfect.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Hey there, language explorer! Ready to elevate your Portuguese conversations and start sounding truly native? In this exciting chapter, we're going to dive deep into some of the most intricate and useful Portuguese tenses that will make you sound incredibly sophisticated.
This is crucial for reaching B2 Portuguese grammar proficiency, as it allows for much greater precision in expressing complex ideas. We’ll explore advanced timelines and completed actions, which are essential for painting vivid pictures with your words.
You'll learn how to precisely sequence events that happened in the past (using tenses like the Pretérito Mais-que-perfeito and the compound Pluperfect with tinha + participle). Imagine you're telling a story to a Portuguese friend and you want to clearly explain what happened first and what followed. These grammar points will be the magic of your narrative, helping you master advanced Portuguese tenses and past event sequencing.
Next, we'll move on to the Conditional Perfect (teria + participle), which gives you the power to express what would have happened but didn't. For example,
If I had had more time, I would have finished that task.
This skill helps you talk about regrets, missed opportunities, or any hypothetical past scenarios with ease, adding depth to your Portuguese grammar understanding. And finally, with the Future Perfect (terei + participle), we'll look ahead to a future where actions are already done and dusted. Picture saying,
By the end of this month, I will have finished my book.
It's perfect for planning or when you want to emphasize that something will be completed by a specific point in the future.
By the time you complete this chapter, you'll be able to dance with Portuguese tenses, speaking with incredible precision and nuance. You'll tell more captivating stories, express your plans with crystal clarity, and impress everyone with your advanced command of Portuguese. Are you ready to become a master of Portuguese timelines?

How This Grammar Works

This chapter focuses on completing actions across various timelines, allowing for nuanced expression in B2 Portuguese. We'll cover four key structures.
First, let's tackle The Past Before the Past (Pretérito Mais-que-perfeito). This tense, also known as the simple pluperfect, indicates an action completed before another past action. It’s often found in literature or more formal speech.
For example, Quando cheguei, ela já partira (When I arrived, she had already left). The action of leaving (partira) happened before the arrival (cheguei).
More commonly in spoken Portuguese, especially in Brazil, you'll encounter The Portuguese Pluperfect: The Past of the Past (tinha feito), also known as the compound pluperfect. This construction uses the imperfect of ter (to have) or haver (to have) followed by the past participle of the main verb. It carries the same meaning as the simple pluperfect but is much more frequent.
For instance, Quando cheguei, ela já tinha partido (When I arrived, she had already left). Both partira and tinha partido convey had left, but the latter is generally preferred in everyday conversation.
Next, we have the Portuguese Conditional Perfect: 'Would Have' (teria feito), or Condicional Composto. This tense is used to talk about hypothetical actions or situations in the past that did not occur. It expresses what would have happened under different circumstances.
It's formed with the conditional of ter (to have) plus the past participle. For example, Se eu tivesse sabido, eu teria vindo mais cedo (If I had known, I would have come earlier). It’s perfect for expressing regrets or missed opportunities.
Finally, we explore the Future Perfect:
I will have finished
(Terei feito), also known as the Futuro Composto. This tense describes an action that will be completed by a specific point in the future. It's formed with the future simple of ter (to have) plus the past participle.
Consider the sentence: Até amanhã, eu terei terminado o relatório (By tomorrow, I will have finished the report). This emphasizes the completion of the action before or by a future deadline, making it crucial for precise planning in Portuguese grammar.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong:
    Quando cheguei, ele já foi.
✓ Correct:
Quando cheguei, ele já tinha ido.
(When I arrived, he had already gone.)
*Explanation:* Using the simple past (foi) incorrectly implies that his going happened *at the same time* or *after* your arrival. The compound pluperfect (tinha ido) correctly expresses that his departure occurred *before* your arrival, which is the intended meaning of had gone.
  1. 1✗ Wrong:
    Se eu soubesse, eu faria isso.
    (If I knew, I would do that.) - *when meaning 'would have done'*
✓ Correct:
Se eu tivesse sabido, eu teria feito isso.
(If I had known, I would have done that.)
*Explanation:* The first sentence uses the imperfect subjunctive and simple conditional, implying a hypothetical situation in the present or future. To express a hypothetical situation in the *past* that didn't happen (would have done), you need the pluperfect subjunctive (tivesse sabido) and the Conditional Perfect (teria feito).
  1. 1✗ Wrong:
    Eu terei escrevido a carta até à noite.
✓ Correct:
Eu terei escrito a carta até à noite.
(I will have written the letter by night.)
*Explanation:* This mistake involves using an incorrect past participle. While many participles end in -ado/-ido, some verbs have irregular forms. Escrever (to write) has the irregular participle escrito, not *escrevido*. Always double-check irregular participles!

Real Conversations

A

A

Você já tinha visitado Portugal antes de se mudar para cá? (Had you visited Portugal before moving here?)
B

B

Sim, eu já tinha vindo uma vez, mas nunca tinha morado aqui. (Yes, I had come once, but I had never lived here.)
A

A

Se tivéssemos mais tempo, o que teríamos feito? (If we had had more time, what would we have done?)
B

B

Ah, nós teríamos explorado mais a cidade e teríamos provado mais pratos locais! (Oh, we would have explored more of the city and would have tried more local dishes!)
A

A

Você acha que, até o final do ano, já terá aprendido a tocar violão? (Do you think that, by the end of the year, you will have already learned to play the guitar?)
B

B

Espero que sim! Até lá, terei praticado muito. (I hope so! By then, I will have practiced a lot.)

Quick FAQ

Q

What is the main difference between Pretérito Mais-que-perfeito simples and Pretérito Mais-que-perfeito composto?

The simple form (partira) is more formal and literary, while the compound form (tinha partido) is much more common in spoken Portuguese, especially in Brazil, to express an action completed before another past action.

Q

When should I use the Conditional Perfect (teria feito) instead of the simple Conditional (faria)?

Use teria feito for hypothetical actions in the past that did *not* happen (would have done). Use faria for hypothetical actions in the present or future (would do).

Q

Is the Future Perfect (terei feito) common in everyday spoken Portuguese?

While less frequent than other tenses, it is definitely used and understood, particularly when emphasizing that an action will be completed by a specific future point or deadline. It adds precision to your B2 Portuguese communication.

Q

How do I ensure correct participle agreement in these compound tenses?

With ter as the auxiliary verb (e.g., tinha partido, teria feito, terei terminado), the participle *does not* agree in gender or number with the subject or object. It remains in its masculine singular form. For example, Ela tinha ido, not *tinha ida*.

Cultural Context

In Portuguese, especially in Brazil, the Pretérito Mais-que-perfeito simples (partira) is largely relegated to formal writing, literature, and news headlines. In everyday conversation, the compound form (tinha partido) is almost universally preferred. This is a key distinction for sounding natural.
The Conditional Perfect and Future Perfect are used across all registers and regions, providing valuable tools for expressing complex past hypotheticals and future completed actions with precision and sophistication. Mastering these tenses will significantly enhance your ability to tell compelling stories and discuss intricate plans.

重要な例文 (4)

1

Eu teria ido ao show, mas não tinha dinheiro.

コンサートに行っていたはずだけど、お金がなかったんだ。

ポルトガル語の条件法複合過去：「〜しただろうに」 (teria feito)
2

Você teria cancelado o Uber?

君だったらUberをキャンセルしてた？

ポルトガル語の条件法複合過去：「〜しただろうに」 (teria feito)
3

Até amanhã à noite, eu terei terminado de assistir a série.

明日の夜までに、私はそのシリーズを見終えているでしょう。

ポルトガル語の未来完了形：「〜してしまっているだろう」(Futuro Composto)
4

Quando você chegar no café, eu já terei pedido os nossos lattes.

あなたがカフェに着く頃には、私はもうラテを注文してしまっているでしょう。

ポルトガル語の未来完了形：「〜してしまっているだろう」(Futuro Composto)

ヒントとコツ (4)

🎯

「Já」を添えるのがネイティブ流

「もう〜していた」というニュアンスを出すために、ネイティブはよく já を一緒に使います。単に言うよりもずっと自然に聞こえますよ:
Eu já tinha visto.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 過去の前の過去 (Pretérito Mais-que-perfeito)
🎯

英語の 'had' と同じ感覚でOK

英語で 'had + 過去分詞' と言いたい場面は、ポルトガル語でも 99% の確率で «tinha + 過去分詞» を使えば正解ですよ。例えば「私はすでに食べていた」なら：
Eu já tinha comido.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語の大過去：過去の前の過去 (tinha feito)
⚠️

語尾の変化に注意！

助動詞の 'ter' を使う時、後ろの過去分詞は性別や人数で変化させちゃダメですよ。例えば「彼女は行っていたはずだ」なら Ela teria ido となり、Ela teria ida とは言いません。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語の条件法複合過去：「〜しただろうに」 (teria feito)
💡

シンプルに暗記！

基本は 'Teria + ado/ido' と覚えておけば、日常会話の8割はカバーできちゃいます！
Eu teria falado com ela ontem.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語の条件法複合形：「〜しただろう」

重要な語彙 (5)

antes before teria would have terei will have particípio participle conclusão conclusion

Real-World Preview

briefcase

Professional Planning

Review Summary

  • Root + -ara/-era/-ira
  • Tinha + Participle
  • Teria + Participle
  • Terei + Participle

よくある間違い

Double infinitive is incorrect. The auxiliary 'teria' is followed directly by the participle.

Wrong: Eu teria ter feito.
正解: Eu teria feito.

The auxiliary 'tinha' must be followed by the past participle, not the simple past.

Wrong: Eu tinha fiz.
正解: Eu tinha feito.

Always use the participle after 'terei'.

Wrong: Eu terei fiz.
正解: Eu terei feito.

このチャプターのルール (7)

1

過去の前の過去 (Pretérito Mais-que-perfeito)

B2
日常会話で「過去のそのまた過去」を表現するなら、tinha + 過去分詞 のセットが最強のツールです。
Eu já tinha comido quando o Uber chegou.
10 例文
2

ポルトガル語の大過去：過去の前の過去 (tinha feito)

B2
「過去の過去」を表現して、出来事の順番をハッキリさせる魔法のツールです。 «tinha + 過去分詞» «過去の過去» «出来事の順序»
Eu já tinha comido quando você me ligou.
10 例文
3

ポルトガル語の条件法複合過去：「〜しただろうに」 (teria feito)

B2
過去に「もし〜だったら、こうなっていたはず」という想像の話をする時は、teria + 過去分詞のセットを使いましょう。キーワードは teria teria feito se tivesse です。
Eu teria ido ao show, mas não tinha dinheiro.
10 例文
4

ポルトガル語の条件法複合形：「〜しただろう」

B2
助動詞の teria 系の形と「過去分詞」をセットにするだけで、ドラマチックな「もしもの過去」を表現できます。
Eu teria ligado, mas fiquei sem bateria.
12 例文
5

ポルトガル語条件完了形：「〜しただろうに」(Condicional Composto)

B2
過去に「もし〜だったら、こうなっていたはず」という、実際には起こらなかった場面を表現する魔法のフレーズです。 teria などの助動詞と particípio（過去分詞）を組み合わせて使いましょう！
Eu teria ido à festa, mas tive que estudar para o...
10 例文
6

未来完了形：「〜し終わっているだろう」 (Terei feito)

B2
未来のある地点から過去を振り返って、何かが「完了している」ことを表すツールです。 terei feito や vou ter feito を使いこなしましょう。
Até o ano que vem, nós teremos comprado a casa.
10 例文
7

ポルトガル語の未来完了形：「〜してしまっているだろう」(Futuro Composto)

B2
未来の「締め切り」や「完了」を表現するツールです。terei, terá, teremos, terão の後に過去分詞を置くだけで、ネイティブらしい時間感覚を表現できます。
Até amanhã à noite, eu terei terminado de assistir...
10 例文

Next Steps

Congratulations! You have officially finished the B2 level. You are now equipped to navigate complex conversations with ease. Keep practicing!

Write a diary entry for the future.

Continue to: Polishing Your Expression

クイック練習 (10)

正しい大過去の形を空欄に入れてください。

Quando eu cheguei, eles já ___ (sair).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: tinham saído
主語が 'eles'（彼ら）なので、助動詞は三人称複数の 'tinham' になります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 過去の前の過去 (Pretérito Mais-que-perfeito)

文章の中の間違いを見つけて直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

Nós tinha comido tudo antes da live começar.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Nós tínhamos comido tudo antes da live começar.
主語が 'nós' の場合、助動詞 ter は 'tínhamos' に一致させる必要があります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 過去の前の過去 (Pretérito Mais-que-perfeito)

間違いを見つけて修正してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

Quando você chegar, as meninas já terão saídas.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Quando você chegar, as meninas já terão saído.
'ter' を使った複合時制では、過去分詞は主語の性別や人数に合わせて変化しません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語の未来完了形：「〜してしまっているだろう」(Futuro Composto)

不規則動詞の間違いを見つけて直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

Nós teríamos fazido o jantar se você pedisse.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Nós teríamos feito o jantar se você pedisse.
'fazer' の過去分詞は不規則で 'feito' となります。'fazido' ではありません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語の条件法複合過去：「〜しただろうに」 (teria feito)

動詞の活用ミスを見つけて修正してください。

Nós teria feito o trabalho se tivéssemos tempo.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Nós teríamos feito
主語が 'Nós' の場合、助動詞は 'teríamos' になり、'fazer' の過去分詞は不規則な 'feito' になります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語条件完了形：「〜しただろうに」(Condicional Composto)

過去の後悔を正しく表現している文を選んでください。

正しい文を選びましょう：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Eu teria falado com ela se a tivesse visto ontem.
過去の仮定の話をする時は、過去未来完了 (teria falado) と接続法過去完了 (tivesse visto) をセットで使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語条件完了形：「〜しただろうに」(Condicional Composto)

主語 'Nós' に合わせて完成させてください。

Nós ___ (viajar) para o Japão em 2020.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: teríamos viajado
主語が 'Nós' の場合、助動詞は 'teríamos' になります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語の条件法複合過去：「〜しただろうに」 (teria feito)

現代の会話で使われる正しい文章を選んでください。

Select the modern, conversational version:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Eu tinha falado com ela antes.
'tinha falado' は日常会話で標準的に使われる複合形です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 過去の前の過去 (Pretérito Mais-que-perfeito)

正しい過去未来完了の形を空欄に入れてください。

Eu ___ (comprar) o carro se tivesse o dinheiro.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: teria comprado
助動詞の 'teria' と 'comprar' の規則的な過去分詞 'comprado' を組み合わせます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語の条件法複合過去：「〜しただろうに」 (teria feito)

正しい文章を選んでください。

文法的に正しい文章はどれですか？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Até amanhã, nós teremos feito tudo.
動詞 'fazer' の過去分詞は不規則形の 'feito' です。 'fazido' という言葉は存在しません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ポルトガル語の未来完了形：「〜してしまっているだろう」(Futuro Composto)

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

過去のある出来事よりも、さらに前に起きたことを表す時制です。例えば「彼女が電話してきた時、私は仕事を終えていた」といった具合です:
Eu tinha terminado o trabalho.
単純形（falaraなど）は文学的で書き言葉で使われます。複合形（tinha falado）は日常会話で誰もが使う標準的な形です: Eu tinha falado.
'tinha feito' は「過去のある時点より前に終わったこと」です。一方 'tenho feito' は「最近から今までずっと続けていること」を指します。例えば：
Tenho feito muito exercício.
いいえ、変化しません！この複合形では、過去分詞は常に -o で終わります。Ela tinha falado と言い、 falada とは言いません。
日本語の「〜していただろうに」に当たります。過去に可能だったけれど、実際には起きなかったことを表します。例えば Eu teria ido（行っていたのに）のように使います。
現代のポルトガル語では、ほぼ常に 'ter' を使います。haveria も間違いではありませんが、非常に硬い表現なので、日常会話では teria を使いましょう。
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