B2 Subjunctive 8 min read ふつう

過去の後悔:もし知っていたら... (Se tivesse... teria...)

条件の部分には tivesse + 過去分詞、結果の部分には teria + 過去分詞を使います。会話では tinha も大活躍しますよ!

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use this structure to talk about past regrets or missed opportunities by pairing the pluperfect subjunctive with the past conditional.

  • Use 'Se' + 'Pretérito Imperfeito do Subjuntivo' (tivesse) for the condition.
  • Use 'Futuro do Pretérito Composto' (teria + past participle) for the result.
  • The order can be reversed: Result + Se + Condition.
Se + [Verb in Imperfeito Subjuntivo] + , + [Teria/Poderia/Deveria] + [Past Participle]

Overview

### Overview
ポルトガル語学習において、過去の「もし〜だったら、〜だったのに」という後悔や仮定を表現する構文は、中上級者にとって避けては通れない非常に重要なステップです。これをポルトガル語では「過去の反事実的条件文」と呼びます。日本語では「もし〜していたら、〜していただろうに」という表現を使いますが、ポルトガル語では文法的な仕組みが日本語とは大きく異なります。日本語の仮定法は「〜たら」「〜ば」といった条件形に「〜だっただろう」という推量を組み合わせるだけですが、ポルトガル語では「接続法半過去(Imperfect Subjunctive)」と「条件法過去完了(Conditional Perfect)」という二つの時制を正確に組み合わせる必要があります。この構造を理解することは、単に文法的なルールを覚えることではなく、過去の変えられない事実に対して「もし別の選択をしていたら」という別のタイムラインを言語化する能力を養うことでもあります。B2レベルの皆さんが、より洗練された、かつ感情や論理を深く伝える文章を書くためには、この構文の習得が不可欠です。日本語の文法には存在しない「接続法」という概念が絡むため、最初は戸惑うかもしれませんが、一度パターンを掴めば、ビジネスシーンでの振り返りや、日常的な後悔の表現が格段に豊かになります。
### How This Grammar Works
この構文は、過去の事実とは異なる仮定の条件(protasis)と、その結果(apodosis)をセットで構成します。日本語の「もし〜していたら、〜だったのに」と比較してみましょう。日本語では「する」という動詞一つで過去の仮定も完了も表現できますが、ポルトガル語では「助動詞ter(持つ)」を活用して、完了のニュアンスを明示的に作ります。このとき、メインとなる動詞は必ず「過去分詞(Past Participle)」の形になります。
条件節(if節)ではseを使い、動詞terの接続法半過去形(tivesseなど)+過去分詞を置きます。これにより「もし〜していたならば」という、現実に反する条件を提示します。一方、帰結節では条件法過去形(teriaなど)+過去分詞を置きます。これにより「〜していただろう」という、過去の時点での仮想的な結果を述べます。日本語の「〜だっただろう」という推量とは異なり、ポルトガル語の条件法過去は「現実には起こらなかったこと」を強調する力が非常に強いのが特徴です。また、terは助動詞として機能するため、性数に関係なく過去分詞は常に一定の形をとります。これは、日本語の動詞が主語によって変化しない点とは対照的ですが、助動詞terさえ正しく活用できれば、あとは過去分詞を繋げるだけなので、実は非常にシステマチックで覚えやすい構造だと言えます。
### Formation Pattern
この構文の核となるのは、terの活用と過去分詞の組み合わせです。以下の表で整理してみましょう。
| 節の役割 | 文法構造 | 日本語のイメージ |
|---|---|---|
| 条件節 (if節) | Se + 主語 + tivesse (接続法半過去) + 過去分詞 | もし〜していたら |
| 帰結節 (結果) | 主語 + teria (条件法過去) + 過去分詞 | 〜していただろう |
活用表(terの活用)
| 人称 | 接続法半過去 (tivesse) | 条件法過去 (teria) |
|---|---|---|
| eu | tivesse | teria |
| você/ele | tivesse | teria |
| nós | tivéssemos | teríamos |
| vocês/eles | tivessem | teriam |
例えば、estudar(勉強する)という動詞を使うと、Se eu tivesse estudado, teria passado.(もし勉強していたら、合格していただろう)となります。重要なのは、tivesseteriaの使い分けです。日本語では「〜たら」で両方の節をカバーできますが、ポルトガル語では「条件」と「結果」で明確に時制の役割を分ける必要があります。
### When To Use It
この構文は主に以下のような場面で使用します。まず、日常的な「後悔」です。Se eu tivesse acordado mais cedo, não teria perdido o ônibus.(もっと早く起きていたら、バスに乗り遅れることはなかったのに)。これは電車の中や、遅刻した際の言い訳などで非常によく使われます。次に「批判やアドバイス」です。Se você tivesse me avisado, eu teria evitado esse problema.(教えてくれていたら、このトラブルは避けられたのに)と、相手の行動を間接的に指摘する際に使います。また、ビジネスの文脈では「戦略の振り返り」にも使われます。Se a empresa tivesse investido em tecnologia, teria tido mais lucro.(もし会社が技術投資をしていたら、もっと利益が出ていただろう)。このように、過去の意思決定が正しかったかどうかを分析する際に、この構文は非常に説得力を持ちます。注意すべきは、この構文が「過去の事実に反している」という前提があることです。もし未来の可能性について話すのであれば、別の条件法(Se eu ganhasse, viajaria)を使う必要があります。あくまで「変えられない過去」を扱うのがこの構文のルールです。
### Common Mistakes
日本人学習者が陥りやすいミスは、主に以下の3点です。
  1. 1単純過去形との混同: Se eu sabia, teria ajudado. と言ってしまうケース。これは日本語の「知っていたら」をそのまま「知っていた(sabia)」と訳してしまうL1干渉です。条件節には必ず接続法半過去(tivesse sabido)が必要です。
  2. 2条件法ではなく直説法を使う: Se tivesse estudado, eu passei. のように、結果節を単純過去で終わらせるミス。これは「結果」の不確実性を無視しており、日本語の「合格した」という直訳に引きずられています。条件法過去(teria passado)で「仮定の結果」であることを示す必要があります。
  3. 3助動詞terの省略: Se eu estudado, eu teria passado. のように、条件節で助動詞を抜いてしまうミス。日本語の「勉強したなら」という表現に慣れているため、terの存在を忘れてしまうのです。ポルトガル語では完了形を作るために必ずterが必要であることを意識しましょう。
### Contrast With Similar Patterns
日本語の仮定表現との違いを比較表でまとめました。
| 状況 | 日本語の構造 | ポルトガル語の構造 |
|---|---|---|
| 過去の反事実的仮定 | 「〜たら、〜だったのに」 | Se + 接続法半過去 + 条件法過去 |
| 現在の反事実的仮定 | 「〜なら、〜するのに」 | Se + 接続法半過去 + 条件法現在 |
| 単純な過去の推量 | 「〜だっただろう」 | 直説法点過去 + provavelmente 等 |
日本語では「〜たら」一つで過去も現在もカバーしますが、ポルトガル語では時制の組み合わせで「過去の反事実」か「現在の反事実」かを明確に区別します。この区別を意識することで、より高度なニュアンスの伝達が可能になります。
### Quick FAQ
Q1: ブラジルではtinha idoとよく聞きますが、文法的に正しいですか?
A1: カジュアルな口語では非常に一般的ですが、文法的にはteria idoが正解です。試験やビジネス文書では必ずteriaを使ってください。
Q2: 助動詞ter以外の動詞を条件節に使えますか?
A2: いいえ、この構文は完了形を作るため、必ずterの活用形を使います。他の動詞は全て過去分詞の形になります。
Q3: 過去分詞の不規則変化は覚える必要がありますか?
A3: はい、feito(fazer)、dito(dizer)、visto(ver)などは頻出ですので、必ず暗記してください。これらが使えると一気に中上級者らしい響きになります。

Formation of the 'If' Clause (Imperfeito do Subjuntivo)

Pronoun Verbo -ar (Falar) Verbo -er (Comer) Verbo -ir (Partir)
Eu
falasse
comesse
partisse
Você/Ele
falasse
comesse
partisse
Nós
falássemos
comêssemos
partíssemos
Eles/Vocês
falassem
comessem
partissem

Meanings

This structure expresses hypothetical situations in the past that did not happen. It is used to discuss regrets, missed chances, or alternative historical outcomes.

1

Regret

Expressing sadness about a past choice.

“Se eu tivesse te ligado, não estaríamos brigados.”

“Se eu tivesse aceitado o emprego, estaria rico.”

2

Hypothetical Past

Speculating on how a past event could have changed.

“Se o avião tivesse decolado, ele teria chegado a tempo.”

“Se tivesse chovido, o jogo teria sido cancelado.”

Reference Table

Reference table for 過去の後悔:もし知っていたら... (Se tivesse... teria...)
主語 条件節 (Se + ...) 結果節 (... + 過去分詞)
Eu / Ele / Ela / Você
tivesse [falado]
teria [ouvido]
Tu (ブラジルでは稀)
tivesses [falado]
terias [ouvido]
Nós
tivéssemos [falado]
teríamos [ouvido]
Eles / Elas / Vocês
tivessem [falado]
teriam [ouvido]
口語 (Eu/Você)
tivesse [falado]
tinha [ouvido]
口語 (Nós)
tivéssemos [falado]
tínhamos [ouvido]

フォーマル度スペクトル

フォーマル
Caso eu tivesse tido ciência, teria comparecido ao evento.

Caso eu tivesse tido ciência, teria comparecido ao evento. (Social)

ニュートラル
Se eu tivesse sabido, teria ido à festa.

Se eu tivesse sabido, teria ido à festa. (Social)

カジュアル
Se eu soubesse, tinha ido na festa.

Se eu soubesse, tinha ido na festa. (Social)

スラング
Se eu soubesse, ia na festa.

Se eu soubesse, ia na festa. (Social)

レベル別の例文

1

Se eu tivesse dinheiro, teria comprado.

If I had money, I would have bought it.

2

Se ele tivesse vindo, teria visto.

If he had come, he would have seen it.

3

Se nós tivéssemos tempo, teríamos ido.

If we had time, we would have gone.

4

Se você tivesse falado, eu teria ouvido.

If you had spoken, I would have heard.

1

Se eu tivesse estudado, teria passado.

If I had studied, I would have passed.

2

Se ela tivesse ligado, eu teria atendido.

If she had called, I would have answered.

3

Se tivéssemos saído cedo, teríamos chegado.

If we had left early, we would have arrived.

4

Se eles tivessem pedido, teríamos dado.

If they had asked, we would have given.

1

Se eu tivesse sabido da reunião, teria me preparado melhor.

If I had known about the meeting, I would have prepared better.

2

Se você tivesse me avisado, eu não teria cometido esse erro.

If you had warned me, I wouldn't have made this mistake.

3

Se tivéssemos economizado, teríamos viajado nas férias.

If we had saved, we would have traveled on vacation.

4

Se o time tivesse jogado bem, teria vencido o campeonato.

If the team had played well, it would have won the championship.

1

Se eu tivesse tido a oportunidade, teria mudado de carreira anos atrás.

If I had had the opportunity, I would have changed careers years ago.

2

Se tivéssemos considerado todas as variáveis, o projeto teria sido um sucesso.

If we had considered all variables, the project would have been a success.

3

Se ela tivesse sido mais paciente, não teria perdido a calma.

If she had been more patient, she wouldn't have lost her temper.

4

Se tivessem nos dado mais tempo, teríamos finalizado o relatório.

If they had given us more time, we would have finished the report.

1

Se eu tivesse previsto as consequências, jamais teria tomado aquela decisão.

If I had foreseen the consequences, I would never have made that decision.

2

Se tivéssemos agido com mais cautela, teríamos evitado o desastre.

If we had acted with more caution, we would have avoided the disaster.

3

Se ele tivesse demonstrado mais interesse, teria sido contratado.

If he had shown more interest, he would have been hired.

4

Se tivessem nos alertado sobre os riscos, teríamos mudado nossa estratégia.

If they had alerted us to the risks, we would have changed our strategy.

1

Se eu tivesse tido a perspicácia de notar os sinais, teria evitado o conflito.

If I had had the insight to notice the signs, I would have avoided the conflict.

2

Se tivéssemos logrado êxito na negociação, o cenário seria outro.

If we had succeeded in the negotiation, the scenario would be different.

3

Se ela tivesse sido menos obstinada, teria alcançado um consenso.

If she had been less stubborn, she would have reached a consensus.

4

Se tivessem ponderado as implicações, não teriam incorrido em tal erro.

If they had weighed the implications, they would not have incurred such an error.

間違えやすい

Past Regrets: If I had known... (Se tivesse... teria...) Imperfeito do Subjuntivo vs. Futuro do Pretérito

Learners mix up the condition and result clauses.

Past Regrets: If I had known... (Se tivesse... teria...) Compound Conditional vs. Simple Conditional

Using the wrong tense for the result.

Past Regrets: If I had known... (Se tivesse... teria...) Pluperfect Indicative vs. Subjunctive

Using 'tivera' instead of 'tivesse'.

よくある間違い

Se eu teria...

Se eu tivesse...

Conditional is not used in the 'if' clause.

Se eu tive...

Se eu tivesse...

Must use subjunctive, not indicative.

Se eu teria tido...

Se eu tivesse tido...

Double conditional is incorrect.

Se eu tivesse ir...

Se eu tivesse ido...

Must use past participle.

Se eu tivesse feito, eu faria.

Se eu tivesse feito, eu teria feito.

Must use compound conditional for past results.

Se tivesse chovido, o jogo cancelava.

Se tivesse chovido, o jogo teria sido cancelado.

Need compound conditional.

Se eu tivessem...

Se eu tivesse...

Subject-verb agreement error.

Se eu tivesse sabido, eu teria sabido.

Se eu tivesse sabido, eu teria vindo.

Repetitive verb usage.

Se eu tivesse tido, eu teria tido.

Se eu tivesse tido, eu teria feito.

Avoid repetitive auxiliary.

Se ele tivesse vindo, ela teria ido.

Se ele tivesse vindo, ela teria vindo.

Contextual error.

Se tivesse sido feito, teria feito.

Se tivesse sido feito, teria sido feito.

Passive voice consistency.

Se eu tivesse previsto, teria previsto.

Se eu tivesse previsto, teria agido.

Logical consistency.

文型パターン

Se eu tivesse ___, eu teria ___.

Se você tivesse ___, você teria ___?

Se nós tivéssemos ___, teríamos ___.

Se eles tivessem ___, não teriam ___.

Real World Usage

Texting very common

Se eu soubesse, tinha ido.

Job Interviews common

Se eu tivesse tido mais tempo, teria entregue um projeto melhor.

Social Media common

Se eu tivesse visto esse post antes, teria curtido!

Travel occasional

Se tivéssemos reservado o hotel, teríamos economizado.

Food Delivery occasional

Se eu tivesse visto a promoção, teria pedido pizza.

Academic Writing common

Se os dados tivessem sido coletados antes, a conclusão teria sido diferente.

🎯

会話で使える 'Tinha' の近道

ブラジルのカジュアルな会話では、後半の teria を tinha に入れ替えるのが普通です。その方がリズムが良くて自然に聞こえますよ。
Se eu tivesse visto, eu tinha falado.
⚠️

性別による変化はナシ!

助動詞 ter を使う完了形では、過去分詞の語尾を女性形に変えてはいけません。話しているのが女性でも
Se eu tivesse falada
とは言わず、常に
Se eu tivesse falado
です。
💬

無限の後悔ソング

この時制は、ブラジルの失恋ソング(sertanejo)の歌詞によく出てきます。叶わなかった恋を歌う Se eu tivesse... というフレーズを耳にする機会は多いはずです。
💡

tivéssemos のアクセントに注意

「私たち」が主語の tivéssemos は、'vé' の部分を強く発音します。このアクセントを無視すると、相手に時制が正しく伝わらないことがあるので意識してみましょう。
Se nós tivéssemos saído...

Smart Tips

Start with 'Se eu tivesse...' and finish with 'teria...'.

Eu não fui na festa. Se eu tivesse ido na festa, teria sido divertido.

Use 'poderia' to suggest alternatives.

O projeto falhou. Se tivéssemos planejado melhor, o projeto poderia ter tido sucesso.

Use 'deveria' to express what you should have done.

Eu não estudei. Eu deveria ter estudado mais.

Invert the order for emphasis.

Se eu tivesse visto, eu teria avisado. Eu teria avisado, se eu tivesse visto.

発音

/tʃi.ˈvɛ.si/

Tivesse

The 'ss' is a soft 's' sound. The 'e' at the end is often pronounced as 'i' in Brazil.

/te.ˈɾi.ɐ/

Teria

The 'r' is a soft tap in Brazil, or a trill in Portugal.

Conditional rise

Se eu tivesse sabido... (rise) | eu teria ido. (fall)

The rise indicates the condition is still open.

暗記しよう

記憶術

Tivesse-Teria: The 'T' twins for the past.

視覚的連想

Imagine a fork in the road. On the left, the path you took. On the right, a ghostly image of what could have been. You are standing in the middle, saying 'Se eu tivesse... teria...'.

Rhyme

Se eu tivesse, eu teria, o passado eu mudaria.

Story

Yesterday I missed my flight. I sat at the airport thinking: 'Se eu tivesse saído mais cedo, teria chegado a tempo. Se eu tivesse verificado o trânsito, não teria perdido o voo.'

Word Web

SeTivesseTeriaPassadoMudançaArrependimento

チャレンジ

Write 3 sentences about things you regret from last week using this structure.

文化メモ

In informal Brazilian Portuguese, 'tinha' is often used instead of 'teria' in the result clause.

European Portuguese is more strict with the use of the compound conditional.

In formal writing, the pluperfect indicative (tivera) is sometimes used as a literary alternative to the pluperfect subjunctive.

Derived from Latin pluperfect subjunctive and conditional forms.

会話のきっかけ

O que você teria feito se tivesse ganhado na loteria?

Se você tivesse nascido em outro país, como seria sua vida?

Se você tivesse tido a chance de conhecer alguém famoso, quem teria sido?

Se você tivesse estudado outra profissão, qual teria escolhido?

日記のテーマ

Write about a mistake you made last year. What would you have done differently?
Imagine a historical event. If the outcome had been different, how would the world be today?
Describe a missed opportunity in your life. What would have happened if you had taken it?
Reflect on your language learning journey. What would you have done differently at the beginning?

よくある間違い

Incorrect

正解


Incorrect

正解


Incorrect

正解


Incorrect

正解

Test Yourself

条件節(Se)を正しい 'ter' の形で完成させてください。

Se eu ___ (ter) sabido da festa, eu teria ido.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: tivesse
過去の仮定の条件節では、接続法過去未完了の 'tivesse' を使います。
「もし私たちが早く着いていたら…」に当たる正しい文を選んでください。 選択問題

どの翻訳が文法的に正しいですか?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Se nós tivéssemos chegado cedo...
「もし〜していたら」という条件には 'tivéssemos' が必要です。
結果節の間違いを見つけてください。 Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Se você tivesse ligado, eu tinha atendida.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Se você tivesse ligado, eu tinha atendido.
助動詞 'ter' と一緒に使う過去分詞は、主語が女性でも語尾を変化させず 'atendido' のままにします。

Score: /3

練習問題

8 exercises
Fill in the blanks with the correct verb form.

Se eu ___ (saber), eu ___ (vir).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: c
Requires Imperfeito Subjuntivo and Compound Conditional.
Find the error in the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Se eu teria estudado, eu teria passado.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Conditional is wrong in the 'if' clause.
Choose the correct sentence. 選択問題

Which sentence is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Correct structure for both clauses.
Reorder the words to form a correct sentence. Sentence Reorder

teria / Se / eu / estudado / passado / tivesse

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Standard word order.
Translate to Portuguese. 翻訳

If I had known, I would have told you.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: b
Correct tense usage.
Conjugate the verb 'fazer' in the 'if' clause. Conjugation Drill

Se eu ___ (fazer) isso, teria sido diferente.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: c
Pluperfect subjunctive is required.
Match the condition with the result. Match Pairs

Se eu tivesse tempo... / ...teria viajado.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Matches the compound conditional.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Por que você não foi? B: ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Correct structure.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

14 exercises
適切な助動詞の形を書き込んでください。 穴埋め問題

Se eles ___ (ter) estudado, teriam passado.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: tivessem
文の始まりと、論理的につながる終わりをマッチさせてください。 Match Pairs

ペアを完成させてください。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ["eu n\u00e3o estaria com fome agora","eu n\u00e3o teria ficado chateado"]
単語を並べ替えて正しい文を作ってください。 Sentence Reorder

tivesse / Se / eu / visto / falado / teria / eu

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Se eu tivesse visto eu teria falado
過去の後悔を表現している文はどれですか? 選択問題

過去の仮定を表す文を選んでください。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Se eu tivesse tido tempo, eu teria ido.
助動詞の使い方を修正してください。 Error Correction

Se nós teríamos dinheiro, teríamos viajado.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Se nós tivéssemos dinheiro, teríamos viajado.
'If I had known' をポルトガル語に訳してください。 翻訳

フレーズを翻訳してください。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Se eu tivesse sabido
ブラジル流のカジュアルな結果の形で完成させてください。 穴埋め問題

Se eu tivesse visto, eu ___ (ter) falado nada.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: não tinha
正しい過去分詞の形を選んでください。 選択問題

Se a carta tivesse ___ (chegar) a tempo...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: chegado
正しい文になるように並べ替えてください。 Sentence Reorder

comprado / carro / Se / dinheiro / tivesse / teria / ele / o

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Se ele tivesse dinheiro teria comprado o carro
動詞の法(mood)を修正してください。 Error Correction

Se você foi na festa, teria se divertido.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Se você tivesse ido na festa, teria se divertido.
ポルトガル語の条件節と英語の翻訳を結びつけてください。 Match Pairs

フレーズをマッチさせてください。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ["If I had spoken","If I had heard"]
条件節の 'Nós' に対する正しい 'ter' の形を選んでください。 穴埋め問題

Se nós ___ (ter) avisado...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: tivéssemos
'I would have helped' を翻訳してください。 翻訳

正しい翻訳はどれですか?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Eu teria ajudado
「逃したチャンス」について言及しているのはどちらですか? 選択問題

正しい文脈を選んでください。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Se eu tivesse comprado Bitcoin em 2010...

Score: /14

よくある質問 (8)

No, never. The 'if' clause (the condition) must always use the subjunctive mood.

'Tivesse' is the standard subjunctive form. 'Tinha' is often used in informal Brazilian speech but is technically the indicative.

No, it is for any hypothetical past situation, including missed opportunities or alternative outcomes.

Because it uses an auxiliary verb ('ter') plus a past participle.

Yes, you can use 'poder' (poderia) or 'dever' (deveria) to express 'could have' or 'should have'.

Yes, it is very common when talking about the past and reflecting on choices.

Use simple conditional for present results, compound for past results.

The structure is the same, but Brazil is more likely to use informal alternatives like 'tinha' in the result clause.

Scaffolded Practice

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Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish high

Si hubiera tenido...

Spanish uses 'hubiera' as the primary form, while Portuguese uses 'tivesse'.

French high

Si j'avais eu...

French uses indicative in the 'if' clause.

German moderate

Wenn ich gehabt hätte...

German uses a different mood/tense system.

Japanese low

もし〜していたら...

Japanese lacks a subjunctive mood.

Arabic moderate

لو كنت قد فعلت...

Arabic uses a specific particle 'law' for counterfactuals.

Chinese low

如果我当时...

Chinese has no verb conjugation.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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