過去の仮定(もし知っていたら…)
tivesse(〜だったら)と teria(〜だっただろう)のコンビネーションを使いましょう。
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use this structure to talk about past regrets or hypothetical situations that didn't happen by combining 'ter' in the imperfect subjunctive with a past participle.
- Use 'se' + 'tivesse' + past participle for the condition: 'Se eu tivesse sabido...'
- Use the conditional tense for the result: '...eu teria ido.'
- Always ensure the past participle agrees with the subject if necessary (though usually fixed with 'ter').
Overview
ter(持つ)と過去分詞を組み合わせる必要があります。teria(~しただろう)という条件法を使って、その仮定のニュアンスを明確に示します。この二つの時制をセットで使うことで、過去の変えられない事実に対する「もしも」の世界を完璧に構築できるのです。terの活用と動詞の過去分詞を組み合わせることで作られます。以下の表で構成を確認しましょう。se + ter (接続法過去) + 過去分詞 |ter (条件法過去) + 過去分詞 |tivesse |tivesse |tivéssemos |tivessem |teria |teria |teríamos |teriam |Se eu tivesse estudado, teria passado. (もし勉強していたら、受かっていただろう)- 1後悔や反省:
Se eu tivesse falado a verdade, não teríamos brigado.(もし真実を話していたら、喧嘩にはならなかっただろうに) - 2チャンスの喪失:
Se tivesse aceitado o convite, teria conhecido pessoas incríveis.(もし誘いを受けていたら、素晴らしい人たちに出会えていただろう) - 3歴史的推測:
Se o Brasil tivesse vencido aquele jogo, a história seria diferente.(もしブラジルがその試合に勝っていたら、歴史は変わっていただろう) - 4安堵:
Se eu tivesse pegado aquele voo, teria estado no meio do acidente.(もしあの飛行機に乗っていたら、事故に巻き込まれていたはずだ)
- 1
se節にteriaを使ってしまう: 日本語では「もし~しただろう」と表現するため、つい条件節にもteriaを使いたくなりますが、seの直後は必ず接続法が必要です。*Se eu teria sabidoは文法的に誤りです。 - 2両方の節に
tivesseを使ってしまう: 日本語の「~たら、~たら」というリズムに引きずられ、帰結節まで接続法にしてしまうケースです。帰結節は「~だろう」という推量を表す条件法teriaが必須です。 - 3過去分詞の不一致: 日本語には「過去分詞」という概念がないため、
terの後に動詞の原形を置いてしまうミスがよく起こります。*Se eu tivesse falarではなく、必ずfalado(過去分詞)にする必要があります。
se + 現在形 + 未来形 | 現実的な可能性(もし雨が降れば、行かない) |se + 接続法過去 + 条件法単純 | 現在の反実仮想(もしお金があれば、買うのに) |se + 接続法過去完了 + 条件法完了 | 過去の反実仮想(もしあれば、買ったのに) |se節は必ず文頭に来ますか?Eu teria ido se tivesse tido tempo. と言っても意味は同じです。terを使いますか?terですが、状態を表す動詞などでserやestarを補助動詞として使う場合もありますが、この構文ではterが最も一般的です。Conjugation of 'Ter' in Imperfeito do Subjuntivo
| Pronoun | Verb Form |
|---|---|
|
Eu
|
tivesse
|
|
Tu
|
tivesses
|
|
Ele/Ela/Você
|
tivesse
|
|
Nós
|
tivéssemos
|
|
Vós
|
tivésseis
|
|
Eles/Elas/Vocês
|
tivessem
|
Meanings
This structure expresses a hypothetical condition in the past and its corresponding result. It is used to describe things that are contrary to historical facts.
Regret/Hypothetical Past
Expressing an alternative outcome to a past event.
“Se você tivesse me ligado, eu teria atendido.”
“Se tivéssemos chegado cedo, teríamos visto o filme.”
Reference Table
| 主語 | 条件節(もし〜だったら) | 帰結節(〜だっただろう) | 意味 |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Eu
|
tivesse falado
|
teria ouvido
|
もし私が話していたら / 聞いていただろう
|
|
Você/Ele/Ela
|
tivesse chegado
|
teria visto
|
もしあなたが着いていたら / 見ていただろう
|
|
Nós
|
tivéssemos saído
|
teríamos rido
|
もし私たちが外出していたら / 笑っていただろう
|
|
Eles/Elas
|
tivessem pedido
|
teriam comido
|
もし彼らが注文していたら / 食べていただろう
|
|
Eu (否定)
|
não tivesse ido
|
não teria caído
|
もし私が行っていなかったら / 転んでいなかっただろう
|
|
Tu (ポルトガル/南部)
|
tivesses dito
|
terias feito
|
もし君が言っていたら / していただろう
|
フォーマル度スペクトル
Se eu tivesse tido conhecimento, ter-me-ia deslocado. (General)
Se eu tivesse sabido, eu teria vindo. (General)
Se eu soubesse, tinha vindo. (General)
Se eu soubesse, vinha. (General)
正しい時制の選び方
過去の話をしていますか?
その出来事は実際に起きましたか?
条件文の種類
後悔の解剖学
条件(原因)
- tivesse + 過去分詞 〜していたら
結果(影響)
- teria + 過去分詞 〜していただろう
よく使う不規則過去分詞
必須チェック
- • Fazer → Feito
- • Dizer → Dito
- • Ver → Visto
- • Vir → Vindo
間違いやすいもの
- • Pôr → Posto
- • Escrever → Escrito
- • Abrir → Aberto
レベル別の例文
Se eu tivesse dinheiro, compraria.
If I had money, I would buy.
Se tivesse chovido, eu teria ficado.
If it had rained, I would have stayed.
Se ele tivesse estudado, teria passado.
If he had studied, he would have passed.
Se tivéssemos visto, teríamos avisado.
If we had seen, we would have warned.
Se você tivesse vindo, teria gostado.
If you had come, you would have liked it.
Se eu tivesse tido tempo, teria feito.
If I had had time, I would have done it.
Se a empresa tivesse investido, teríamos crescido.
If the company had invested, we would have grown.
Se ela não tivesse saído, teria visto o show.
If she hadn't left, she would have seen the show.
Se eles tivessem chegado antes, teriam nos encontrado.
If they had arrived earlier, they would have met us.
Se eu tivesse sabido da reunião, teria me preparado.
If I had known about the meeting, I would have prepared.
Se o governo tivesse implementado a reforma, a economia teria se estabilizado.
If the government had implemented the reform, the economy would have stabilized.
Se não tivesse havido aquele erro, o projeto teria sido um sucesso.
If there hadn't been that error, the project would have been a success.
Se tivéssemos considerado todas as variáveis, teríamos evitado o problema.
If we had considered all variables, we would have avoided the problem.
Se ele tivesse tido mais coragem, teria mudado o curso da história.
If he had had more courage, he would have changed the course of history.
Se a conjuntura econômica tivesse sido favorável, teríamos testemunhado um crescimento exponencial.
If the economic situation had been favorable, we would have witnessed exponential growth.
Se não tivesse ocorrido tal equívoco, teríamos logrado êxito na empreitada.
If such a mistake hadn't occurred, we would have succeeded in the endeavor.
Se tivéssemos ponderado as consequências, não teríamos incorrido em tal erro.
If we had pondered the consequences, we wouldn't have incurred such an error.
Se ela tivesse vislumbrado o desfecho, teria agido de forma distinta.
If she had foreseen the outcome, she would have acted differently.
間違えやすい
Learners mix up the simple and compound forms.
Using 'teria' in the 'se' clause.
Using 'tinha' instead of 'tivesse'.
よくある間違い
Se eu tinha sabido...
Se eu tivesse sabido...
Se eu teria sabido...
Se eu tivesse sabido...
Se tivesse sabido, eu faria...
Se tivesse sabido, eu teria feito...
Se tivesse tido, teria tido.
Se tivesse tido, teria tido.
文型パターン
Se eu tivesse ___ , eu teria ___ .
Se você tivesse ___ , teria ___ ?
Se nós tivéssemos ___ , teríamos ___ .
Se eles não tivessem ___ , não teriam ___ .
Real World Usage
Se eu tivesse visto sua msg, teria respondido.
Se eu tivesse tido mais experiência, teria aplicado antes.
Se eu tivesse sabido que era tão bom, teria ido!
Se tivéssemos reservado o hotel, teríamos economizado.
Se eu tivesse pedido antes, teria chegado quente.
Se os dados tivessem sido analisados, teríamos concluído.
ブラジルの口語表現
teria ido の代わりに ia や tinha ido と言うことがよくあります。書く時は teria が正解ですが、Eu ia se tivesse dinheiro.のような表現もよく耳にしますよ。
「Se」の鉄則
Se の直後に teria を置くことは絶対にありません。英語で If I would have...と言ってしまうのと同じくらい不自然なので、必ず
Se eu tivesse... を使いましょう。発音のショートカット
Se eu tivesse は Seu tivesse のように音がつながって聞こえます。母音が混ざり合うリズムに慣れておくと、リスニングがぐっと楽になりますよ。Smart Tips
Always use the full 'tivesse' form to sound professional.
Don't be surprised if they use 'tinha', but stick to 'tivesse' for clarity.
Remember to place the pronoun before the auxiliary.
Keep the 'se' clause structure intact.
発音
Tivesse
The 'ss' is a soft 's' sound. The 'e' at the end is often dropped in fast speech.
Conditional dip
Se eu tivesse sabido ↘, eu teria vindo ↗.
The first clause falls, the second rises.
暗記しよう
記憶術
Tivesse-Teria: The T-T team. If you have a 'Tivesse' (If), you must have a 'Teria' (Then).
視覚的連想
Imagine a fork in the road. One path is reality, the other is a ghost path. The ghost path is the 'tivesse' path.
Rhyme
Se tivesse o passado, teria o resultado.
Story
Maria missed the bus. She thought: 'If I had woken up earlier (Se eu tivesse acordado), I would have caught the bus (teria pegado o ônibus). But I didn't, so I am here.'
Word Web
チャレンジ
Write 3 sentences about things you would have done differently yesterday.
文化メモ
Brazilians often use the imperfect indicative ('tinha') in informal speech instead of the pluperfect subjunctive.
European Portuguese speakers are more likely to maintain the formal subjunctive structure.
In formal writing, the 'tivesse' form is mandatory regardless of dialect.
Derived from Latin pluperfect subjunctive.
会話のきっかけ
Se você tivesse nascido em outro país, onde teria morado?
Se você tivesse tido mais tempo ontem, o que teria feito?
Se você não tivesse estudado português, o que estaria fazendo?
Se você tivesse ganhado na loteria, teria comprado o quê?
日記のテーマ
よくある間違い
Test Yourself
Se eu ___ (saber), eu ___ (ajudar).
正しい選択肢を選んでください:
Find and fix the mistake:
Se você teria me ligado, eu teria atendido.
Score: /3
練習問題
8 exercisesSe eu ___ (saber), teria ido.
Se você ___ (ter) tempo, teria feito?
Find and fix the mistake:
Se eu teria visto, teria falado.
Eu não vi, então não falei. (Se...)
Se ele tivesse vindo, ...
Se ___ (nós) tivéssemos...
teria / se / eu / tido / tempo / feito / o / trabalho.
'Se eu tivesse sabido, eu teria ido.'
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesSe nós tivéssemos ___ o trabalho, o chefe não estaria bravo.
節を論理的につなげてください:
comprado / eu / se / tivesse / dinheiro / teria / .
ポルトガル語で 'If I had gone' は何と言いますか?
Se eu tivesse visto, eu ia falar com você.
どの形が正しいですか: 'Se ele tivesse ___ (dizer)...'?
Se eles ___ chegado cedo, teriam visto o show.
Se você não tivesse mentido, ela ___ (perdoar) você.
構造と意味を一致させてください:
Se nós tivéssemos corrido, tivéssemos alcançado o trem.
Score: /10
よくある質問 (8)
In informal Brazilian speech, yes. In formal writing or exams, no.
Because it uses two verbs: the auxiliary 'ter' and the main verb's participle.
No, when used with 'ter', it remains in the masculine singular form.
Yes: 'Eu teria ido se tivesse sabido.'
Yes, especially when discussing past plans that failed.
Yes, it functions exactly the same way.
The pronoun goes before the auxiliary: 'Se eu me tivesse lembrado...'
Write down regrets or 'what if' scenarios from your week.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Si hubiera sabido...
The auxiliary verb is different.
Si j'avais su...
French uses indicative, Portuguese uses subjunctive.
Wenn ich gewusst hätte...
Word order is very different.
知っていたら...
No verb conjugation for person.
لو كنت أعرف...
Different particle usage.
如果我早知道...
No verb conjugation.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
関連動画
Related Grammar Rules
繰り返しの言葉を省略する (Elipse & Zeugma)
Overview ポルトガル語のネイティブスピーカーが話すのを聞いて、言葉の半分がどこに消えたのか疑問に思ったことはありませんか...
修辞的反復(リピティション)をマスターする
### Overview ポルトガル語を学習する上で、C2レベルに到達した皆さんが次に目指すべきは、単なる文法的な正しさではなく、言語...
非現実的な仮定:夢と後悔 (se eu fosse, eu faria)
### Overview ポルトガル語における「非現実の仮定(Unreal Hypotheses)」、つまり `se eu fosse, eu faria`(もし私が〜なら...
過去の間接話法 (Ele disse que...)
### Overview ポルトガル語学習において、他人の発言や思考、命令を伝える「間接話法(`discurso indireto`)」は、中上級レベ...
過去における未来:誰かが「〜するだろう」と言ったことを伝える (Iria)
### Overview ポルトガル語学習において、過去の時点から見て「その時点での未来」を表現する「過去未来(Futuro do Pretérito...