B2 · 中上級 チャプター 7

Reporting the Past and Expressing Regret

8 トータルルール
88 例文
7 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of relaying information and expressing complex regrets with precision and native-level flow.

  • Report statements and commands accurately using correct tense shifts.
  • Formulate polite indirect questions to sound more professional.
  • Express hypothetical past regrets using the third conditional structure.
Speak with nuance: report conversations and reflect on life.

学べること

In this chapter, you're going to master Portuguese like a native speaker! No more worrying about how to tell someone what another person said, or how to express those deep regrets about past actions you wish you could change. We're diving deep into indirect speech. You'll learn how to accurately report statements like He said that... and correctly shift tenses, for instance, reporting

He said he was ill
(not he is ill). These advanced rules will equip you to speak politely, professionally, and precisely. Imagine you're at a friendly gathering or a business meeting, and you need to relay someone else's words or ask a question very courteously, such as:
He asked if we could go?
(instead of a blunt Can we go?). Or perhaps you're reflecting on a past decision and wish to say,
If I had known, I never would have done that.
This chapter will teach you how to perfectly convey true regret with phrases like
If... this would have happened...
. By the end of this chapter, you'll be able to flawlessly report conversations, confidently ask indirect questions, and discuss past actions or inactions with the nuance and sophistication of a native Portuguese speaker. Your speech won't just be correct; it'll be natural and eloquent. Ready? Let's dive in!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: accurately report what someone said in a professional context.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: express deep past regrets using conditional structures.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Welcome to this advanced Portuguese grammar B2 chapter, where you'll unlock the secrets to speaking with incredible nuance and precision. Moving beyond basic sentence structures, this chapter focuses on two vital aspects of native-like communication: indirect speech and expressing regret. Mastering these will not only make your Portuguese more accurate but also significantly more sophisticated, allowing you to navigate complex social and professional interactions with ease.
Imagine you're in a situation where you need to relay information from a third party, perhaps in a business meeting or a casual chat. Instead of simply quoting, you'll learn how to seamlessly integrate someone else's words into your own narrative using reported speech, like He said that... or She asked if.... This involves crucial tense shifting rules that distinguish a B2 speaker from an intermediate one.
Furthermore, we'll tackle the art of expressing regret about past actions or missed opportunities, equipping you with the Portuguese third conditional – phrases like
If I had known, I would have...
– to convey deep reflection and hypothetical past scenarios.
By the end of this journey, you won't just be forming grammatically correct sentences; you'll be conveying messages with the politeness, professionalism, and emotional depth of a native speaker. These advanced rules are essential for anyone aiming for true fluency and confidence in their Portuguese grammar B2 skills. Get ready to elevate your communication!

How This Grammar Works

This chapter delves into the intricacies of indirect speech and the hypothetical past in Portuguese, crucial for advanced communication. When reporting what someone else said, asked, or commanded, you often need to adjust tenses and pronouns.
Indirect Speech (He said that...) is formed using verbs like dizer que (to say that) or contar que (to tell that). A key aspect is tense shifting. If the original statement was in the present, it often shifts to the imperfect in reported speech.
For example, if someone says Eu estou cansado (I am tired), you'd report it as: Ele disse que estava cansado. (He said that he was tired.) The present estou becomes the imperfect estava.
For Indirect Questions, we use perguntar se (to ask if) for yes/no questions, or an interrogative pronoun (e.g., onde, quando, quem) followed by the conjugated verb. So, Você pode vir? (Can you come?) becomes: Ela perguntou se eu podia vir. (She asked if I could come.) And Onde você mora? (Where do you live?) becomes: Ele perguntou onde eu morava. (He asked where I lived.)
Reported Commands typically use verbs like pedir para (to ask to) or dizer para (to tell to), followed by the infinitive. For instance, Vá embora! (Go away!) can be reported as: Ele me pediu para ir embora. (He asked me to go away.)
The Future in the Past (using iria) is vital for reporting someone's past intention about a future event. If someone said,
Eu vou viajar amanhã
(I will travel tomorrow), you report it as: Ele disse que iria viajar no dia seguinte. (He said he would travel the next day.)
Finally, for Hypothetical Past and Third Conditional to express regret, we combine the pluperfect subjunctive (for the if clause) with the conditional perfect (for the main clause). This structure, Se eu tivesse... teria... (If I had...
I would have...), is perfect for expressing regrets. For example: Se eu tivesse estudado mais, teria passado no exame. (If I had studied more, I would have passed the exam.) This allows for sophisticated expression of past actions and their potential, unrealized consequences.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong:
    Ele disse que *está* ocupado.
    (He said that he *is* busy.)
✓ Correct:
Ele disse que *estava* ocupado.
(He said that he *was* busy.)
*Explanation:* When reporting past statements, the present tense in the original statement usually shifts to the imperfect tense in Portuguese reported speech. This reflects that the reported action was contemporary with the moment it was said, not necessarily the current moment.
  1. 1✗ Wrong:
    Ela perguntou: *Você vem?*
    (She asked: *Are you coming?*)
✓ Correct:
Ela perguntou *se eu viria*.
(She asked *if I would come*.)
*Explanation:* When converting a direct question into an indirect one, you must use se (if) for yes/no questions, and the verb tense often shifts. The direct question mark is removed, and the sentence structure changes to that of a statement.
  1. 1✗ Wrong:
    Se eu *sabia*, eu *não faria* isso.
    (If I *knew*, I *wouldn't do* that.)
✓ Correct:
Se eu *tivesse sabido*, eu *não teria feito* isso.
(If I *had known*, I *wouldn't have done* that.)
*Explanation:* To express regret or a hypothetical situation in the past (the Third Conditional), both parts of the sentence require specific past tenses: the pluperfect subjunctive in the if clause (tivesse sabido) and the conditional perfect in the result clause (teria feito).

Real Conversations

A

A

A Maria disse que não podia vir à festa, porque estava doente. (Maria said that she couldn't come to the party, because she was sick.)
B

B

Que pena! Eu perguntaria se ela queria que eu levasse algo, mas já é tarde. (What a shame! I would ask if she wanted me to bring something, but it's already too late.)
A

A

O João perguntou onde nós tínhamos guardado os documentos importantes. (João asked where we had kept the important documents.)
B

B

Eu disse a ele que os tínhamos deixado no escritório, mas ele não pareceu acreditar. (I told him that we had left them in the office, but he didn't seem to believe it.)
A

A

Se eu tivesse escutado o seu conselho, não teria cometido aquele erro. (If I had listened to your advice, I wouldn't have made that mistake.)
B

B

Não se preocupe, acontece. O importante é aprender com os erros. (Don't worry, it happens. The important thing is to learn from mistakes.)

Quick FAQ

Q

How do you report a past statement in Portuguese when the original statement was in the present?

You generally shift the present tense to the imperfect tense. For example, Eu estou feliz becomes

Ele disse que estava feliz.

Q

What is the Portuguese third conditional used for?

The Portuguese third conditional (Se eu tivesse... teria...) is used to express hypothetical situations in the past and their unrealized consequences, often conveying regret or what *would have happened* if things had been different.

Q

When do I use iria in reported speech?

You use iria (the conditional form of ir) to express the

future in the past,
reporting what someone said they *would do* from a past perspective. For example,
Ela disse que iria viajar.

Q

Are there alternatives to dizer que for reported speech in Portuguese?

Yes, verbs like contar que (to tell that), afirmar que (to affirm that), mencionar que (to mention that), or explicar que (to explain that) can also be used, depending on the nuance you want to convey.

Cultural Context

In Portuguese, the precise use of reported speech and the conditional perfect for regret is a hallmark of educated and polite discourse. It demonstrates an ability to convey information accurately and reflect on past events with depth. While informal conversations might sometimes skip strict tense agreement, particularly in Brazilian Portuguese, mastering these structures is crucial for professional settings, academic writing, and expressing empathy or nuanced opinions.
Using the Portuguese third conditional for regret, for instance, adds a layer of emotional maturity to your communication, showing you can reflect on consequences and learn from experience.

重要な例文 (8)

1

O Pedro disse que não ia à festa porque estava doente.

ペドロは、病気だからパーティーには行かないと言っていました。

間接話法（彼は〜だと言った）
2

A recepcionista perguntou se eu tinha agendamento.

受付の人は、私が予約を持っているか尋ねました。

間接話法（彼は〜だと言った）
3

Você sabe `se` tem Wi-Fi aqui?

ここにWi-Fiがあるか知っていますか？

間接疑問文：Seと疑問詞の使い方
4

Não me lembro `onde` estacionei o carro.

どこに車を停めたか思い出せません。

間接疑問文：Seと疑問詞の使い方
5

A mãe pediu para eu lavar a louça.

お母さんが私に皿洗いをするように頼みました。

間接命令 (Discurso Indireto - Imperativo)
6

O chefe mandou que nós refizéssemos o relatório.

上司は私たちに報告書をやり直すよう命じました。

間接命令 (Discurso Indireto - Imperativo)
7

O Pedro disse que não gostava de comida japonesa.

ペドロは日本食が好きではないと言っていました。

間接話法：現在形から半過去へ（彼は～だと言った）
8

Ela me mandou mensagem e falou que estava presa no trânsito.

彼女からメッセージがあって、渋滞にハマっていると言っていました。

間接話法：現在形から半過去へ（彼は～だと言った）

ヒントとコツ (4)

🎯

接続詞 'Que' の省略について

ブラジルのカジュアルな会話では、diz の後の 'que' を省くことがたまにあります。
Ele diz que vai vir hoje.
でも、書き言葉や過去の報告では省略せずにしっかり残すのが正解ですよ。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 間接話法（彼は〜だと言った）
⚠️

「Que」の罠に注意！

英語やスペイン語に引っ張られて、se や onde の前に que を入れないようにしましょう。NG例:
Não sei que onde...
正しくはこうです:
Não sei onde ele mora.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 間接疑問文：Seと疑問詞の使い方
🎯

迷ったら "Para" ルート！

接続法の活用に自信がないときは、'Pedir para' + 不定詞を使えば間違いありません。ブラジルではどこでも通じる自然な表現ですよ:
Ele pediu para eu sair.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 間接命令 (Discurso Indireto - Imperativo)
🎯

接着剤の 'Que'

英語と違ってポルトガル語では 'that' にあたる 'que' は省略できません！
Ele disse que estava cansado.
のように、必ずセットで使いましょう。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 間接話法：現在形から半過去へ（彼は～だと言った）

重要な語彙 (6)

afirmar to state/affirm questionar to question ordenar to order arrependimento regret hipotético hypothetical relatar to report

Real-World Preview

briefcase

Office Update

Review Summary

  • Verbo + que + oração
  • Se + pretérito mais-que-perfeito subjuntivo + futuro do pretérito composto

よくある間違い

When the reporting verb is in the past, the reported verb must shift back.

Wrong: Ele disse que é feliz.
正解: Ele disse que era feliz.

Indirect questions need the correct interrogative particle.

Wrong: Ele perguntou que eu queria.
正解: Ele perguntou o que eu queria.

The 'if' clause in the third conditional must use the subjunctive.

Wrong: Se eu teria sabido...
正解: Se eu tivesse sabido...

このチャプターのルール (8)

1

間接話法（彼は〜だと言った）

B2
過去のことを報告するなら、現在形は Imperfeito に、未来形は Condicional に変えて、場所も「ここ」から «Lá» へとシフトさせましょう。 disse que や perguntou se が基本のパーツになります。
O Pedro disse que não ia à festa porque estava doe...
12 例文
2

間接疑問文：Seと疑問詞の使い方

B2
間接疑問文は、se や疑問詞を使って、会話をより丁寧でスムーズにするための魔法のツールです。大事なキーワードは se、onde、como の3つ！
Você sabe `se` tem Wi-Fi aqui?
10 例文
3

間接命令 (Discurso Indireto - Imperativo)

B2
命令や依頼を報告するときは、«para + 不定詞» を使うカジュアルな道と、«que + 接続法» を使うフォーマルな道の2つを使い分けましょう。
A mãe pediu para eu lavar a louça.
11 例文
4

間接話法：現在形から半過去へ（彼は～だと言った）

B2
過去の時点で誰かが言ったことを伝えるときは、動詞を半過去（Imperfect）に「一歩下げる」のがコツ。 que でつなぎ、 falava や queria を使いましょう。
O Pedro disse que não gostava de comida japonesa.
12 例文
5

過去の間接話法 (Ele disse que...)

B2
メインの動詞が過去（disse, perguntouなど）なら、あとの動詞も「一歩過去」へタイムスリップさせましょう。 disse や perguntou がその合図です。
O Tiago disse que não podia ir à festa.
11 例文
6

過去における未来：誰かが「〜するだろう」と言ったことを伝える (Iria)

B2
過去に言った「未来の予定」は、動詞を過去未来形にシフトさせるのがコツ。会話では iria や faria、もっとカジュアルなら ia fazer を使いこなしましょう！
Ele disse que `viria` à festa hoje.
11 例文
7

過去の仮定（もし知っていたら…）

B2
過去の「もし〜だったら（実際は違ったけれど）」を話すには、tivesse（〜だったら）と teria（〜だっただろう）のコンビネーションを使いましょう。
Se eu tivesse acordado cedo, não teria perdido o ô...
11 例文
8

仮定法過去完了：過去の後悔 (Se eu tivesse...)

B2
「もし〜していたら、〜だったのに」と言いたい時は、 Se tivesse ＋過去分詞と teria ＋過去分詞を組み合わせるのが魔法のフレーズです。
Se você tivesse me avisado, eu não teria vindo.
10 例文

Next Steps

You've tackled some of the hardest grammar in Portuguese! Keep practicing these structures in your daily conversations.

Listen to a Portuguese podcast and try to summarize what the host said using indirect speech.

Continue to: Mastering Object Pronoun Forms

クイック練習 (10)

適切な動詞の形を選んで文を完成させてください。

Se eu ___ (saber), eu ___ (ajudar).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: tivesse sabido / teria ajudado
過去の仮定には、条件節に 'tivesse' + 過去分詞、帰結節に 'teria' + 過去分詞が必要です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 過去の仮定（もし知っていたら…）

この文の間違いを見つけてください。

Find and fix the mistake:

Se você teria me ligado, eu teria atendido.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Change 'teria me ligado' to 'tivesse me ligado'
'se' 節の中で条件法（teria）を使うことはできません。必ず接続法（tivesse）を使いましょう。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 過去の仮定（もし知っていたら…）

時制のミスを見つけて修正してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

Ela disse que vai ao cinema ontem.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ela disse que ia ao cinema ontem.
「行く（vou）」という予定を報告する場合、過去の視点からは半過去（ia）を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 過去の間接話法 (Ele disse que...)

文法的に正しい文章を選んでください。

最適な選択肢を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ela perguntou se eu queria café.
「se」の前に「que」を置く必要はありません。また、報告文なので文末にクエスチョンマークは不要です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 間接疑問文：Seと疑問詞の使い方

結果の節にある文法ミスを直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

Se eu tivesse acordado cedo, eu não perdi o ônibus.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Se eu tivesse acordado cedo, eu não teria perdido o ônibus.
結果の節に単純過去（perdi）は使えません。 teria perdido（条件法完了）か、口語の tinha perdido を使う必要があります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 仮定法過去完了：過去の後悔 (Se eu tivesse...)

「過去の仮定」について述べている文はどれですか？

正しい選択肢を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Se eu tivesse tido tempo, eu teria ido.
3番目の選択肢だけが、完了形の構造（tivesse tido + teria ido）を使って「実際には起きなかった過去の出来事」を指しています。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 過去の仮定（もし知っていたら…）

空欄に正しい過去未来形の動詞を入れてみましょう。

Ela disse que ___ (comprar) o pão.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: compraria
報告する側の動詞 'disse' が過去形なので、未来の予定を報告するには過去未来形の 'compraria' を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 過去における未来：誰かが「〜するだろう」と言ったことを伝える (Iria)

過去の後悔を正しく表現している文を選んでください。

「もし行っていたら、見ていただろうに」という意味の文はどれ？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Se eu tivesse ido, eu teria visto.
tivesse... teria... の形だけが、過去の仮定（第3条件文）を表せます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 仮定法過去完了：過去の後悔 (Se eu tivesse...)

間違いを見つけて修正してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

Você sabe que horas são.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Você sabe que horas são?
メインの文章自体が「知っていますか？」という質問（Você sabe...?）であれば、最後にクエスチョンマークが必要です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 間接疑問文：Seと疑問詞の使い方

間接話法の文を完成させてください。

元のセリフ: 'Eu **quero** café.' → Ele disse que ___ café.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: queria
過去の動詞（disse）の後の現在形（quero）は、半過去（queria）にずらします。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 過去の間接話法 (Ele disse que...)

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

誰かの発言を、一言一句そのまま引用するのではなく、自分の言葉で要約して伝える方法です。
Ele disse que estava feliz.
のように表現します。
報告する動詞（said, asked）が過去形の場合のみ必要です。
Ele diz que está feliz.
のように現在形で言うなら、中身も現在形のままです。
文章の中に質問を組み込む方法です。「〜ですか？」と直接聞く代わりに「〜か知りたいです」と言うことで、より丁寧になります。
Queria saber se você está livre.
確信がない時や質問には「se」（〜かどうか）を使い、事実を伝える時には「que」（〜ということ）を使います。
Não sei se ele vem.
いいえ。'Perguntar' は疑問文の報告に使います。依頼や命令の場合は 'Pedir' を使いましょう:
Ele pediu para sair.
接続法を使う場合のみ 'que' が必要です。不定詞を使う場合は 'para' を使います:
Ele pediu que ficasse.
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