B2 · Intermedio alto Capítulo 7

Reporting the Past and Expressing Regret

8 Reglas totales
88 ejemplos
7 min

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of relaying information and expressing complex regrets with precision and native-level flow.

  • Report statements and commands accurately using correct tense shifts.
  • Formulate polite indirect questions to sound more professional.
  • Express hypothetical past regrets using the third conditional structure.
Speak with nuance: report conversations and reflect on life.

Lo que aprenderás

In this chapter, you're going to master Portuguese like a native speaker! No more worrying about how to tell someone what another person said, or how to express those deep regrets about past actions you wish you could change. We're diving deep into indirect speech. You'll learn how to accurately report statements like He said that... and correctly shift tenses, for instance, reporting

He said he was ill
(not he is ill). These advanced rules will equip you to speak politely, professionally, and precisely. Imagine you're at a friendly gathering or a business meeting, and you need to relay someone else's words or ask a question very courteously, such as:
He asked if we could go?
(instead of a blunt Can we go?). Or perhaps you're reflecting on a past decision and wish to say,
If I had known, I never would have done that.
This chapter will teach you how to perfectly convey true regret with phrases like
If... this would have happened...
. By the end of this chapter, you'll be able to flawlessly report conversations, confidently ask indirect questions, and discuss past actions or inactions with the nuance and sophistication of a native Portuguese speaker. Your speech won't just be correct; it'll be natural and eloquent. Ready? Let's dive in!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: accurately report what someone said in a professional context.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: express deep past regrets using conditional structures.

Guía del capítulo

Overview

Welcome to this advanced Portuguese grammar B2 chapter, where you'll unlock the secrets to speaking with incredible nuance and precision. Moving beyond basic sentence structures, this chapter focuses on two vital aspects of native-like communication: indirect speech and expressing regret. Mastering these will not only make your Portuguese more accurate but also significantly more sophisticated, allowing you to navigate complex social and professional interactions with ease.
Imagine you're in a situation where you need to relay information from a third party, perhaps in a business meeting or a casual chat. Instead of simply quoting, you'll learn how to seamlessly integrate someone else's words into your own narrative using reported speech, like He said that... or She asked if.... This involves crucial tense shifting rules that distinguish a B2 speaker from an intermediate one.
Furthermore, we'll tackle the art of expressing regret about past actions or missed opportunities, equipping you with the Portuguese third conditional – phrases like
If I had known, I would have...
– to convey deep reflection and hypothetical past scenarios.
By the end of this journey, you won't just be forming grammatically correct sentences; you'll be conveying messages with the politeness, professionalism, and emotional depth of a native speaker. These advanced rules are essential for anyone aiming for true fluency and confidence in their Portuguese grammar B2 skills. Get ready to elevate your communication!

How This Grammar Works

This chapter delves into the intricacies of indirect speech and the hypothetical past in Portuguese, crucial for advanced communication. When reporting what someone else said, asked, or commanded, you often need to adjust tenses and pronouns.
Indirect Speech (He said that...) is formed using verbs like dizer que (to say that) or contar que (to tell that). A key aspect is tense shifting. If the original statement was in the present, it often shifts to the imperfect in reported speech.
For example, if someone says Eu estou cansado (I am tired), you'd report it as: Ele disse que estava cansado. (He said that he was tired.) The present estou becomes the imperfect estava.
For Indirect Questions, we use perguntar se (to ask if) for yes/no questions, or an interrogative pronoun (e.g., onde, quando, quem) followed by the conjugated verb. So, Você pode vir? (Can you come?) becomes: Ela perguntou se eu podia vir. (She asked if I could come.) And Onde você mora? (Where do you live?) becomes: Ele perguntou onde eu morava. (He asked where I lived.)
Reported Commands typically use verbs like pedir para (to ask to) or dizer para (to tell to), followed by the infinitive. For instance, Vá embora! (Go away!) can be reported as: Ele me pediu para ir embora. (He asked me to go away.)
The Future in the Past (using iria) is vital for reporting someone's past intention about a future event. If someone said,
Eu vou viajar amanhã
(I will travel tomorrow), you report it as: Ele disse que iria viajar no dia seguinte. (He said he would travel the next day.)
Finally, for Hypothetical Past and Third Conditional to express regret, we combine the pluperfect subjunctive (for the if clause) with the conditional perfect (for the main clause). This structure, Se eu tivesse... teria... (If I had...
I would have...), is perfect for expressing regrets. For example: Se eu tivesse estudado mais, teria passado no exame. (If I had studied more, I would have passed the exam.) This allows for sophisticated expression of past actions and their potential, unrealized consequences.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1Wrong:
    Ele disse que *está* ocupado.
    (He said that he *is* busy.)
Correct:
Ele disse que *estava* ocupado.
(He said that he *was* busy.)
*Explanation:* When reporting past statements, the present tense in the original statement usually shifts to the imperfect tense in Portuguese reported speech. This reflects that the reported action was contemporary with the moment it was said, not necessarily the current moment.
  1. 1Wrong:
    Ela perguntou: *Você vem?*
    (She asked: *Are you coming?*)
Correct:
Ela perguntou *se eu viria*.
(She asked *if I would come*.)
*Explanation:* When converting a direct question into an indirect one, you must use se (if) for yes/no questions, and the verb tense often shifts. The direct question mark is removed, and the sentence structure changes to that of a statement.
  1. 1Wrong:
    Se eu *sabia*, eu *não faria* isso.
    (If I *knew*, I *wouldn't do* that.)
Correct:
Se eu *tivesse sabido*, eu *não teria feito* isso.
(If I *had known*, I *wouldn't have done* that.)
*Explanation:* To express regret or a hypothetical situation in the past (the Third Conditional), both parts of the sentence require specific past tenses: the pluperfect subjunctive in the if clause (tivesse sabido) and the conditional perfect in the result clause (teria feito).

Real Conversations

A

A

A Maria disse que não podia vir à festa, porque estava doente. (Maria said that she couldn't come to the party, because she was sick.)
B

B

Que pena! Eu perguntaria se ela queria que eu levasse algo, mas já é tarde. (What a shame! I would ask if she wanted me to bring something, but it's already too late.)
A

A

O João perguntou onde nós tínhamos guardado os documentos importantes. (João asked where we had kept the important documents.)
B

B

Eu disse a ele que os tínhamos deixado no escritório, mas ele não pareceu acreditar. (I told him that we had left them in the office, but he didn't seem to believe it.)
A

A

Se eu tivesse escutado o seu conselho, não teria cometido aquele erro. (If I had listened to your advice, I wouldn't have made that mistake.)
B

B

Não se preocupe, acontece. O importante é aprender com os erros. (Don't worry, it happens. The important thing is to learn from mistakes.)

Quick FAQ

Q

How do you report a past statement in Portuguese when the original statement was in the present?

You generally shift the present tense to the imperfect tense. For example, Eu estou feliz becomes

Ele disse que estava feliz.

Q

What is the Portuguese third conditional used for?

The Portuguese third conditional (Se eu tivesse... teria...) is used to express hypothetical situations in the past and their unrealized consequences, often conveying regret or what *would have happened* if things had been different.

Q

When do I use iria in reported speech?

You use iria (the conditional form of ir) to express the

future in the past,
reporting what someone said they *would do* from a past perspective. For example,
Ela disse que iria viajar.

Q

Are there alternatives to dizer que for reported speech in Portuguese?

Yes, verbs like contar que (to tell that), afirmar que (to affirm that), mencionar que (to mention that), or explicar que (to explain that) can also be used, depending on the nuance you want to convey.

Cultural Context

In Portuguese, the precise use of reported speech and the conditional perfect for regret is a hallmark of educated and polite discourse. It demonstrates an ability to convey information accurately and reflect on past events with depth. While informal conversations might sometimes skip strict tense agreement, particularly in Brazilian Portuguese, mastering these structures is crucial for professional settings, academic writing, and expressing empathy or nuanced opinions.
Using the Portuguese third conditional for regret, for instance, adds a layer of emotional maturity to your communication, showing you can reflect on consequences and learn from experience.

Ejemplos clave (8)

1

O Pedro disse que não ia à festa porque estava doente.

Pedro dijo que no iba a la fiesta porque estaba enfermo.

Discurso Indirecto (Dijo que...)
2

A recepcionista perguntou se eu tinha agendamento.

La recepcionista preguntó si yo tenía cita.

Discurso Indirecto (Dijo que...)
3

Você sabe `se` tem Wi-Fi aqui?

¿Sabes si hay Wi-Fi aquí?

Preguntas indirectas: Uso de Se e interrogativos
4

Não me lembro `onde` estacionei o carro.

No recuerdo dónde estacioné el coche.

Preguntas indirectas: Uso de Se e interrogativos
5

A mãe pediu para eu lavar a louça.

La mamá me pidió que lavara los platos.

Comandos Indirectos (Discurso Indireto - Imperativo)
6

O chefe mandou que nós refizéssemos o relatório.

El jefe nos ordenó rehacer el informe.

Comandos Indirectos (Discurso Indireto - Imperativo)
7

O Pedro disse que não gostava de comida japonesa.

Pedro dijo que no le gustaba la comida japonesa.

Discurso Indirecto: Presente a Imperfecto (Ele disse que era...)
8

Ela me mandou mensagem e falou que estava presa no trânsito.

Ella me mandó un mensaje y dijo que estaba atrapada en el tráfico.

Discurso Indirecto: Presente a Imperfecto (Ele disse que era...)

Consejos y trucos (4)

🎯

La omisión del 'Que'

¡Ojo! En el portugués hablado, sobre todo en Brasil, a veces se omite el 'que' después de verbos como 'dizer' o 'falar'. Por ejemplo,
Ele diz (que) vai vir hoje
. Pero si escribes o reportas algo en pasado, ¡es mejor mantenerlo!
Ele disse que viria.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Discurso Indirecto (Dijo que...)
⚠️

La Trampa del 'Que'

¡Cuidado! Nunca pongas 'que' antes de 'se', 'onde' o 'quem' en estas frases. Es un error común influenciado por el español o el inglés.
Eu perguntei onde ela estava.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Preguntas indirectas: Uso de Se e interrogativos
🎯

El Atajo del "Para"

Si te sientes inseguro con las conjugaciones del subjuntivo, ¡no te compliques! Usa 'Pedir para' + Infinitivo. Es gramaticalmente correcto y universalmente entendido en Brasil. Imagina que tu amigo te da un consejo rápido:
Ele pediu para você ir logo.
(Él te pidió que fueras pronto).
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Comandos Indirectos (Discurso Indireto - Imperativo)
🎯

El pegamento 'Que'

¡Nunca olvides el 'que'! A diferencia del inglés, en portugués es obligatorio para conectar las frases:
Ele disse que estava ocupado.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Discurso Indirecto: Presente a Imperfecto (Ele disse que era...)

Vocabulario clave (6)

afirmar to state/affirm questionar to question ordenar to order arrependimento regret hipotético hypothetical relatar to report

Real-World Preview

briefcase

Office Update

Review Summary

  • Verbo + que + oração
  • Se + pretérito mais-que-perfeito subjuntivo + futuro do pretérito composto

Errores comunes

When the reporting verb is in the past, the reported verb must shift back.

Wrong: Ele disse que é feliz.
Correcto: Ele disse que era feliz.

Indirect questions need the correct interrogative particle.

Wrong: Ele perguntou que eu queria.
Correcto: Ele perguntou o que eu queria.

The 'if' clause in the third conditional must use the subjunctive.

Wrong: Se eu teria sabido...
Correcto: Se eu tivesse sabido...

Reglas en este capítulo (8)

Next Steps

You've tackled some of the hardest grammar in Portuguese! Keep practicing these structures in your daily conversations.

Listen to a Portuguese podcast and try to summarize what the host said using indirect speech.

Práctica rápida (10)

Encuentra y corrige el error de tiempo verbal.

Find and fix the mistake:

Ela disse que vai ao cinema ontem.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ela disse que ia ao cinema ontem.
Si ella dijo 'Eu vou' (intención futura/presente), lo reportamos como 'ia' ('Imperfeito'). 'Vai' está en presente y no encaja con 'ontem' en el estilo indirecto aquí.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Discurso Indirecto en Pasado (Ele disse que...)

Rellena el espacio en blanco con el conector correcto (se, onde, quem, etc.)

Eu não sei ___ ele mora.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: onde
Usamos 'onde' para preguntar sobre una ubicación indirectamente sin añadir 'que'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Preguntas indirectas: Uso de Se e interrogativos

Elige la versión correcta en estilo indirecto.

Discurso directo: 'Nós **compramos** a casa.' (Pasado)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Eles disseram que tinham comprado a casa.
El original está en 'Pretérito Perfeito'. En estilo indirecto, esto retrocede al 'Mais-que-perfeito', que usualmente se forma con 'tinha' + participio.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Discurso Indirecto en Pasado (Ele disse que...)

Encuentra el error en el comando reportado.

Find and fix the mistake:

O chefe mandou que nós chegamos cedo.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: O chefe mandou que nós chegássemos cedo.
Dado que 'mandou' está en pasado, el verbo siguiente debe estar en Subjuntivo Imperfecto ('chegássemos'), no en Indicativo ('chegamos').

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Comandos Indirectos (Discurso Indireto - Imperativo)

Encuentra el error en el discurso reportado.

Ela perguntou onde eu moro atualmente.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ela perguntou onde eu morava atualmente.
Incluso si todavía vives ahí, la concordancia gramatical pide el imperfeito 'morava' después de 'perguntou'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Discurso Indirecto: Presente a Imperfecto (Ele disse que era...)

Completa el comando reportado usando el método 'para'.

Mãe disse: "Estude!" → A mãe disse ___ eu estudar.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: para
Cuando usamos el método del infinitivo para comandos reportados, usamos la preposición 'para'. 'A mãe disse para eu estudar'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Comandos Indirectos (Discurso Indireto - Imperativo)

¿Qué frase es gramaticalmente correcta?

Elige la mejor opción:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ela perguntou se eu queria café.
No necesitas 'que' antes de 'se', y no usas un signo de interrogación para una declaración reportada.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Preguntas indirectas: Uso de Se e interrogativos

Encuentra el error en esta frase.

Find and fix the mistake:

Se você teria me ligado, eu teria atendido.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Cambia 'teria me ligado' por 'tivesse me ligado'
Nunca uses el condicional ('teria') en la cláusula con 'se'. Usa el subjuntivo ('tivesse').

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pasado Hipotético (Si hubiera sabido...)

Completa la oración en estilo indirecto.

Original: 'Eu **quero** café.' → Ele disse que ___ café.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: queria
Cuando reportas un verbo en 'Presente' ('quero') después de un verbo en pasado ('disse'), se cambia al 'Pretérito Imperfeito' ('queria').

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Discurso Indirecto en Pasado (Ele disse que...)

Completa el espacio con la forma correcta del Imperfeito.

O João disse que ___ (gostar) muito de viajar.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: gostava
Como 'disse' está en pasado, el verbo 'gostar' debe pasar al Imperfeito 'gostava'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Discurso Indirecto: Presente a Imperfecto (Ele disse que era...)

Score: /10

Preguntas frecuentes (6)

Es cuando reportas lo que alguien dijo sin usar sus palabras exactas. En lugar de decir: 'Él dijo: Estoy feliz', dices: 'Él dijo que estaba feliz'. Es una herramienta fundamental para contar historias y transmitir información.
Ele disse que estava cansado.
Solo si el verbo que introduce el reporte (como 'dijo' o 'preguntó') está en pasado. Si dices 'Él dice' (Presente), el resto de la frase se mantiene en Presente. Por ejemplo:
Ele diz que está feliz
.
Es una forma de preguntar algo dentro de otra oración, como 'Quiero saber si...' en lugar de solo '¿Es...?' Te hace sonar más educado.
Gostaria de saber se a vaga ainda está disponível.
Usa 'se' para preguntas/incertidumbre ('No sé si...'). Usa 'que' para hechos/certeza ('Él dijo que...').
Não sei se ele vem.
vs
Ele disse que vem.
No. 'Perguntar' es para preguntas ('Él preguntó si...'). Para comandos/peticiones ('Él me pidió que...'), debes usar 'Pedir'. Imagina que alguien te pregunta algo:
Ele perguntou se eu estava bem.
(Él preguntó si yo estaba bien).
Solo si usas el método del Subjuntivo ('Ele pediu que ficasse'). Si usas el método del Infinitivo, usa 'para' en su lugar ('Ele pediu para ficar'). Piensa en la diferencia:
Ele pediu para eu ir.
vs.
Ele pediu que eu fosse.
(Él me pidió que fuera).