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A1 adjective 10分で読める

дутуу

incomplete, lacking, missing

At the A1 level, 'дутуу' (dutuu) is a vital word for basic survival and daily interactions. You will primarily use it to describe physical items that are missing or quantities that are not enough. For example, if you are at a shop and you realize you don't have enough money, you say 'Мөнгө дутуу'. If you are counting items and one is gone, you say 'Нэг дутуу'. It is one of the first adjectives you learn because it helps you express a 'need' or a 'problem' in a very simple way. You will mostly use it with the verb 'байна' (is/are). It is a 'state' word—it tells the listener about the current condition of something. You should focus on using it to describe physical objects like books, money, or food. For example, 'Хоол дутуу' could mean the portion is too small or it is not ready. At this level, keep your sentences short and direct. The goal is to signal that something is 'not finished' or 'not enough'. You will also hear it in the classroom when a teacher checks if all students are present. If someone is absent, the teacher might say 'Нэг хүүхэд дутуу' (One child is missing). This is a very common and practical way to start using the word.
At the A2 level, you begin to use 'дутуу' in slightly more complex ways, particularly as an adverbial modifier for verbs. You will move beyond just saying 'it is missing' to saying 'it was done incompletely'. A key phrase at this level is 'дутуу унтах' (to get insufficient sleep) or 'дутуу идэх' (to not eat enough). You will also start to use it in the past tense, such as 'дутуу байсан' (was incomplete). You might describe a process that was interrupted: 'Би ажлаа дутуу орхисон' (I left my work unfinished). This level also introduces the use of 'дутуу' in shopping and service contexts. You might need to tell a waiter that your change is wrong: 'Хариулт мөнгө дутуу байна'. You are also expected to understand the difference between 'дутуу' and 'бага' (small). You should be able to explain that something is 'дутуу' because there is a specific goal it hasn't reached. For instance, if a battery is not fully charged, it is 'дутуу цэнэглэгдсэн'. This level is about expanding the word's application from simple objects to simple actions and processes.
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At the B1 level, 'дутуу' starts to appear in more abstract and figurative contexts. You will use it to describe feelings of inadequacy or missing pieces in a story or argument. For example, 'Түүний ярианд нэг зүйл дутуу байна' (There is something missing in his story). You will also encounter it in more formal settings, such as discussing work projects or educational goals. You might use it to describe a 'shortcoming' in a plan. At this level, you should be comfortable using the word in various tenses and with different auxiliary verbs. You will also learn the common idiom 'дутуу дулимаг', which emphasizes that something is quite insufficient or lacking. You'll start to see 'дутуу' in compound words and as a prefix for more complex verbs like 'дутуу үнэлэх' (to undervalue/underestimate). This level requires you to understand the nuance of 'дутуу' as a lack of quality or depth, not just a lack of physical quantity. You might describe a movie as being 'дутуу' because the ending wasn't satisfying. It becomes a tool for expressing more nuanced opinions and critiques.
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At the B2 level, your use of 'дутуу' becomes more precise and sophisticated. You will use it to discuss complex social or economic issues, such as 'төсвийн дутуу' (budget deficit) or 'мэдээллийн дутуу байдал' (lack of information/information gap). You will be able to distinguish 'дутуу' from more academic synonyms like 'хангалтгүй' (insufficient) or 'гүйцэд бус' (incomplete). You will also use the word in hypothetical and conditional sentences. For example, 'Хэрвээ мөнгө дутуу байвал бид яах вэ?' (If the money is insufficient, what shall we do?). You will also encounter 'дутуу' in legal or technical documents where it describes a failure to meet specific requirements. At this level, you should be able to use the word to describe complex human emotions, such as the feeling of something being 'missing' in one's life. You will also use it in more complex grammatical structures, such as using it as a noun in some contexts (though rare) or in elaborate participial phrases. Your ability to use 'дутуу' to provide detailed feedback on a person's performance or a project's status is a key marker of this level.
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At the C1 level, you use 'дутуу' with the finesse of a native speaker, often employing it in idiomatic expressions and high-level rhetoric. You understand the deep cultural implications of 'wholeness' in Mongolian thought and how 'дутуу' represents a significant deviation from that ideal. You will use the word in literary analysis to describe 'incomplete' character arcs or 'missing' thematic elements. You are also proficient in using the word in professional negotiations, where 'дутуу' might be used tactfully to point out flaws in a proposal without being overly aggressive. You will understand and use phrases like 'дутуу төрөлт' (premature birth) in a medical or social context with ease. At this level, you can also use 'дутуу' to discuss philosophical concepts—the 'incompleteness' of human knowledge or the 'missing' links in historical records. You will be able to play with the word's meaning in creative writing, using it to create atmosphere or tension. Your understanding of the word is no longer just about 'missing pieces' but about the very nature of 'lack' as a concept in Mongolian language and culture.
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At the C2 level, you have a masterly command of 'дутуу', using it effortlessly in any context, from the most technical scientific discussion to the most profound poetry. You can use the word to navigate the most subtle nuances of the Mongolian language, such as the difference between 'дутуу' and 'дулимаг' in a classical literary text. You are able to use the word in complex wordplay or puns. You understand its historical evolution and its relationship to other words in the Altaic language family. You can discuss the etymology of the word and how its meaning has shifted over centuries. In professional or academic settings, you can use 'дутуу' to criticize a complex theory or a national policy with absolute precision and appropriate register. You can also use it to describe the most delicate human experiences, such as the 'incomplete' feeling of nostalgia or the 'missing' elements of a lost tradition. At this level, 'дутуу' is not just a vocabulary word; it is a versatile tool that you can use to express the finest shades of meaning, reflecting a deep and comprehensive understanding of the Mongolian soul and language.
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例文

дутуу 30秒で

  • Дутуу means incomplete, missing, or lacking in quantity or quality.
  • It is commonly used for missing money, undercooked food, or unfinished tasks.
  • The word functions as both an adjective and an adverb in Mongolian sentences.
  • It is the direct opposite of 'гүйцэд' (complete) and 'дүүрэн' (full).

The Mongolian word дутуу (pronounced 'dutuu') is a foundational adjective that every beginner must master. At its core, it signifies that something is not whole, is missing a part, or has not reached its intended quantity or state. Unlike the English word 'missing' which can sometimes imply being lost, дутуу specifically points to an incompleteness or a deficit. If you are baking a cake and realize you are short on flour, that state is дутуу. If a book is missing its final chapters, it is дутуу. This word is incredibly versatile, appearing in contexts ranging from basic arithmetic to deep emotional descriptions. In Mongolian culture, which often values wholeness and completion (symbolized by the circle or 'tenger'), identifying what is дутуу is the first step toward restoration and balance.

Physical State
Used to describe objects that are broken or missing components. For example, a set of keys where one is gone, or a puzzle missing a piece.
Quantitative Deficit
Used in financial transactions or measurements when the amount provided is less than the amount required. If you owe 1000 Tugrik but only pay 800, the payment is 'дутуу'.

Миний халаасанд мөнгө дутуу байна.

Translation: There is money missing in my pocket (I am short on money).

Beyond the physical, дутуу carries significant weight in abstract contexts. It can describe a person's knowledge (мэдлэг дутуу - lacking knowledge) or an unfinished task (ажил дутуу - unfinished work). In the nomadic tradition, ensuring nothing is дутуу when moving camp or preparing for winter is a matter of survival. If the hay supply is дутуу, the livestock may not survive the 'zud' (harsh winter). Therefore, the word carries a sense of urgency and a call to action. It is not just a neutral observation; it is often a prompt to fill the gap.

It is also important to distinguish дутуу from бага (small/little). While бага refers to size or a small quantity that might be sufficient, дутуу always implies that the current amount is less than what it should be. It is a relative term based on an expected total. If a glass is half full, you might say it is 'дутуу' if you expected it to be full. If you are counting sheep and one is missing, the count is 'дутуу'. This nuance is vital for clear communication.

Энэ номын хуудас дутуу байна.

Translation: This book is missing pages.

Finally, the word is often used in compound structures or as a prefix-like adjective to modify verbs. When someone speaks without finishing their thought, they might be said to have spoken 'дутуу'. When food is undercooked, Mongolians say it is 'дутуу болсон' (literally 'became incomplete'). This versatility makes it one of the most high-frequency words in daily life, from the kitchen to the classroom to the office.

Using дутуу correctly requires understanding its position as an adjective that usually precedes the noun it modifies or follows a subject as a predicate. In simple A1-level sentences, it often acts as the predicate describing a noun's state of being. For example, 'Мөнгө дутуу' (Money is missing). As you progress to more complex sentences, you will see it modifying verbs to indicate an action that was not fully completed.

As a Predicate
[Subject] + дутуу + [Auxiliary Verb]. Example: 'Цай дутуу байна' (The tea is incomplete/not enough).
As an Adverbial Modifier
дутуу + [Verb]. Example: 'дутуу унтах' (to sleep insufficiently/not get enough sleep).

Тэр ажлаа дутуу орхисон.

Translation: He left his work unfinished.

One of the most common grammatical patterns involves the use of дутуу with numbers. If you are counting to ten but stop at eight, your count is 'хоёр дутуу' (two missing/two short). This structure [Number] + дутуу is essential for shopping, inventory, and logistics. It tells the listener exactly how much is lacking to reach the goal. For instance, 'Арван мянган төгрөг дутуу' means 'Ten thousand Tugrik is missing'.

In more advanced usage, дутуу can be paired with the particle 'гаруй' (more than) or 'орчим' (approximately) to describe ranges, though it usually stands alone to indicate a specific lack. It is also found in negative constructions. 'Юу ч дутуугүй' means 'nothing is missing' or 'everything is complete'. This is a common way to express satisfaction or readiness. If you have prepared for a trip and have everything you need, you would say 'Бүх зүйл бэлэн, юу ч дутуугүй'.

Би шөнө дутуу унтсан болохоор ядарч байна.

Translation: I am tired because I didn't get enough sleep last night.

When talking about food, дутуу is the standard word for 'undercooked' or 'raw in the middle'. If you are at a restaurant and the meat is not cooked through, you would say 'Мах дутуу болсон байна'. This uses the verb 'болох' (to become/to be cooked) modified by дутуу. This pattern is very productive and can be applied to many processes that reach a state of completion.

You will hear дутуу in almost every corner of Mongolian life. In the bustling markets of Ulaanbaatar like Narantuul, it is the sound of commerce. Shoppers and sellers constantly negotiate over quantities. If a bag of flour looks light, a customer might complain that the weight is дутуу. In banks or at currency exchanges, the tellers will use it to confirm if the bills you handed over match the amount you stated. It is a word of precision and accountability.

In the Kitchen
Mothers and grandmothers use it to check if the 'buuz' (steamed dumplings) are ready. 'Дутуу байна уу?' (Are they still underdone?).
In Schools
Teachers use it when grading homework. 'Гэрийн даалгавар дутуу' (Homework is incomplete). It is the dreaded red ink on a student's paper.

Таны өгсөн мөнгө 500 төгрөг дутуу байна.

Translation: The money you gave is 500 Tugrik short.

On Mongolian television, specifically in news reports or documentaries about the economy, you will hear дутуу used to describe budget deficits or resource shortages. If a province is lacking fuel, the reporter will describe the situation as a 'түлшний дутуу' (fuel shortage). In sports, if a team loses because they lacked a certain strategy or effort, analysts might say their play was дутуу. It is a word that highlights a gap between reality and the ideal standard.

In the countryside, among herders, the word is vital during the birthing season of livestock. If a mother animal is дутуу (in this context, meaning having a premature birth or lacking milk), it requires immediate intervention. Herders also use it when checking the herd at dusk; if the count is дутуу, it means a predator or a straying animal has caused a loss. The word is deeply tied to the vigilance required in nomadic life.

Энэ хоолны давс нь дутуу байна.

Translation: This food is lacking salt (needs more salt).

Lastly, in modern urban life, you'll hear it in tech contexts. If a file didn't download completely, it is 'дутуу татагдсан'. If a software update failed to finish, it is 'дутуу шинэчлэгдсэн'. Even as the world changes, дутуу remains the go-to term for anything that hasn't crossed the finish line.

One of the most frequent mistakes English speakers make is confusing дутуу with байхгүй (be absent/not exist). While both can translate to 'missing' in English, their usage is distinct. Байхгүй means something is completely gone or does not exist at all in that location. Дутуу means that some of it is there, but not enough, or the set is incomplete. For example, if you have no money, use 'Мөнгө байхгүй'. If you have 5 dollars but need 10, use 'Мөнгө дутуу'.

Mistake: Using 'дутуу' for 'lost'
Incorrect: 'Миний түлхүүр дутуу байна' (My key is incomplete). Correct: 'Миний түлхүүр алга болсон' (My key is lost).
Mistake: Confusing with 'бага'
Incorrect: 'Энэ цай дутуу байна' when you just mean 'This is a small amount of tea'. Use 'бага' for volume, 'дутуу' for insufficiency relative to a goal.

Буруу: Би дутуу хүн. (I am an incomplete person - sounds very strange in Mongolian unless in a very specific poetic/philosophical context).

Note: Avoid using 'дутуу' to describe people's character unless you are specifically referring to a lack of a certain skill or physical attribute.

Another common error is failing to use the correct auxiliary verb. In Mongolian, adjectives often need 'байна' (is/are) to form a complete sentence. Saying just 'Мөнгө дутуу' is acceptable in casual speech, but 'Мөнгө дутуу байна' is grammatically complete. Beginners often forget this 'baina' at the end, making their speech sound clipped or like 'telegraph' Mongolian.

Finally, learners sometimes struggle with the word order when numbers are involved. In English, we say 'five missing'. In Mongolian, it is 'тав дутуу'. If you put the adjective first, like 'дутуу тав', it sounds like you are modifying the number five rather than stating that five units are missing. Always put the quantity or the item first, then describe its state with дутуу.

Зөв: Надад гурван зуун төгрөг дутуу байна.

Translation: I am 300 Tugrik short.

Watch out for the 'undercooked' meaning. If you want to say something is 'raw', use 'түүхий'. If you say 'дутуу', it means it started cooking but didn't finish. Using 'түүхий' for a steak you wanted medium-rare might confuse a chef who thinks you want it completely uncooked. Precision in these 'lack' words is key to being understood clearly in Mongolia.

To enrich your Mongolian vocabulary, it is helpful to compare дутуу with its synonyms and related terms. While дутуу is the general word for 'incomplete', other words offer more specific nuances. Understanding these differences will help you sound more like a native speaker and allow you to describe situations with greater accuracy.

Хагас (Khagas)
Means 'half' or 'semi'. While 'дутуу' means some is missing, 'хагас' specifically denotes 50%. Example: 'хагас сайн өдөр' (Saturday, literally 'half-good day').
Дулимаг (Dulimag)
A more formal or literary word for 'insufficient' or 'scant'. It is often used to describe knowledge or resources that are barely enough or slightly lacking.
Гүйцэд бус (Guitsed bus)
Literally 'not complete'. This is a more technical or formal way to say 'дутуу'. You might see this in official documents or academic reports.

Түүний мэдлэг дулимаг байна.

Translation: His knowledge is insufficient (a bit more formal than 'дутуу').

On the opposite side, the most important antonym is гүйцэд (guitsed), which means 'complete', 'fully', or 'thoroughly'. If дутуу is the problem, гүйцэд is the solution. Another antonym is дүүрэн (duuren), meaning 'full'. When a glass is no longer дутуу, it becomes дүүрэн. Learning these pairs together—дутуу/гүйцэд and дутуу/дүүрэн—is a highly effective way to anchor the meaning in your memory.

In some contexts, you might use хомс (khoms), which means 'scarce' or 'rare'. This is used for large-scale shortages, like a 'water shortage' (усны хомсдол). While дутуу is specific to a particular instance (my glass is missing water), хомс is systemic. Using the right word for the scale of the 'missing' thing shows a high level of fluency.

Ажил гүйцэд боллоо.

Translation: The work is completely finished (the opposite of 'дутуу').

Lastly, consider татуу (tatuu), which is often used in the phrase 'дутуу татуу' (incomplete and lacking). This doubling of words is common in Mongolian to add emphasis or a sense of 'all sorts of deficiencies'. If someone's life is 'дутуу татуу', it means they are struggling with many different kinds of needs or shortages.

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レベル別の例文

1

Миний мөнгө дутуу байна.

My money is missing/short.

Subject (мөнгө) + Adjective (дутуу) + Auxiliary (байна).

2

Энэ ном дутуу байна.

This book is incomplete (missing pages).

Demonstrative (энэ) + Noun (ном) + Adjective (дутуу).

3

Нэг алим дутуу байна.

One apple is missing.

Number (нэг) + Noun (алим) + Adjective (дутуу).

4

Цай дутуу байна уу?

Is the tea insufficient/not enough?

Question particle 'уу' added to the end.

5

Би дутуу бичсэн.

I wrote incompletely (didn't finish).

Adverbial use of 'дутуу' before the verb 'бичсэн'.

6

Тав дутуу байна.

Five are missing.

Number used as the subject.

7

Хоол дутуу байна.

The food is not enough / undercooked.

Context determines if it means quantity or quality (undercooked).

8

Энэ харандаа дутуу байна.

This pencil is incomplete (missing its lead or eraser).

Simple adjective-noun relationship.

1

Би өчигдөр дутуу унтсан.

I didn't get enough sleep yesterday.

Adverbial use modifying 'унтсан' (slept).

2

Мах дутуу болсон байна.

The meat is undercooked.

'Дутуу болсон' is a common phrase for undercooked.

3

Тэр ажлаа дутуу орхиод явсан.

He left his work unfinished and went away.

Use of the connective '-ад' with 'орхиод'.

4

Надад хоёр мянган төгрөг дутуу байна.

I am 2000 Tugrik short.

Dative case 'надад' (to me) indicates who is short.

5

Энэ хариулт мөнгө дутуу байна.

This change (money) is short.

'Хариулт мөнгө' means change from a purchase.

6

Бидний тоо дутуу байна.

Our count is incomplete (some people are missing).

Possessive 'бидний' (our).

7

Чи яагаад даалгавраа дутуу хийсэн юм бэ?

Why did you do your homework incompletely?

Question with 'яагаад' (why).

8

Тэр номоо дутуу уншсан.

He read his book incompletely (didn't finish it).

Accusative 'номоо' (his book).

1

Түүний тайлбар нэг л дутуу санагдаж байна.

His explanation feels somewhat incomplete.

Use of 'санагдах' (to feel/to seem).

2

Бидний мэдээлэл дутуу байгаа тул шийдвэр гаргаж болохгүй.

Because our information is incomplete, we cannot make a decision.

Conjunction 'тул' (because/since).

3

Энэ төсөл санхүүжилт дутуугаас болоод зогссон.

This project stopped because of a lack of funding.

Ablative case 'дутуугаас' (from/because of being incomplete).

4

Тэр хүн мэдлэг дутуу ч гэсэн их хичээж байна.

Even though that person lacks knowledge, they are trying hard.

Concessive 'ч гэсэн' (even though).

5

Миний амьдралд нэг л зүйл дутуу шиг санагддаг.

It feels like something is missing in my life.

Simile 'шиг' (like).

6

Дутуу дулимаг зүйл хийх хэрэггүй.

There is no need to do things incompletely/insufficiently.

Idiomatic pairing 'дутуу дулимаг'.

7

Тэр үг хэлэхдээ зарим зүйлийг дутуу хэлсэн.

When he spoke, he left some things unsaid.

Temporal '-хдээ' (when doing).

8

Батерей дутуу цэнэглэгдсэн байна.

The battery is incompletely charged.

Passive verb 'цэнэглэгдсэн' (be charged).

1

Улсын төсөв дутуу байгаа нь эдийн засагт сөргөөр нөлөөлж байна.

The fact that the national budget is short is negatively affecting the economy.

Nominalized clause with 'нь'.

2

Бид энэ асуудлыг дутуу үнэлж болохгүй.

We must not underestimate this issue.

Compound verb 'дутуу үнэлэх' (to underestimate).

3

Хуулийн төсөлд зарим заалт дутуу тусгагдсан байна.

Some clauses are incompletely reflected in the draft law.

Locative 'хуулийн төсөлд' (in the draft law).

4

Түүний боловсрол дутуу байгаа нь ажилд ороход саад боллоо.

The fact that his education is incomplete became an obstacle to getting a job.

Dative 'ажилд ороход' (in entering work).

5

Мөрдөн байцаалтын ажил дутуу хийгдсэн гэж үзэж байна.

It is considered that the investigation work was done incompletely.

Reported speech structure with 'гэж үзэж байна'.

6

Сэтгэл дутуу хүн амжилтад хүрэхгүй.

A person who lacks heart/passion will not reach success.

Attributive use of 'сэтгэл дутуу'.

7

Гэрээний нөхцөлүүд дутуу байгааг анзаарсан уу?

Did you notice that the contract terms are incomplete?

Accusative clause 'дутуу байгааг'.

8

Тэр үнэхээр дутуу төрөлт байсан уу?

Was that really a premature birth?

Medical term 'дутуу төрөлт'.

1

Эртний сурвалж бичгүүд дутуу байгаа нь түүхийг судлахад хүндрэл учруулдаг.

The fact that ancient source texts are incomplete causes difficulties in studying history.

Complex sentence with nested clauses.

2

Урлагийн бүтээл заримдаа дутуу байхдаа илүү утга агуулдаг.

Sometimes a work of art contains more meaning when it is incomplete.

Temporal 'байхдаа' (while being).

3

Түүний онол логикийн хувьд дутуу байна.

His theory is logically incomplete/lacking.

Postpositional phrase 'логикийн хувьд' (in terms of logic).

4

Хүний амьдрал хэзээ ч гүйцэд байдаггүй, үргэлж ямар нэг зүйл дутуу мэт санагддаг.

Human life is never complete; it always feels as if something is missing.

Negative 'байдаггүй' and particle 'мэт' (as if).

5

Шүүмжлэгчид тус романыг дүр дүрслэлийн хувьд дутуу гэж дүгнэжээ.

Critics concluded that the novel is lacking in terms of character portrayal.

Perfective '-жээ' indicating a conclusion.

6

Нийгмийн халамжийн тогтолцоо дутуу байгаагаас ядуурал буурахгүй байна.

Because the social welfare system is incomplete, poverty is not decreasing.

Ablative 'байгаагаас' (due to being).

7

Тэрээр өөрийнхөө дутууг нөхөхийн тулд маш их уншдаг.

In order to fill his own deficiencies, he reads a great deal.

Noun use of 'дутуу' with possessive 'өөрийнхөө'.

8

Байгаль эх юуг ч дутуу бүтээдэггүй.

Mother Nature creates nothing incompletely.

Generalization with 'юуг ч ... -гүй'.

1

Орчлон ертөнцийн нууцыг тайлахад бидний танин мэдэхүй дэндүү дутуу байна.

Our cognition is far too lacking to unravel the mysteries of the universe.

Use of intensive adverb 'дэндүү' (too/excessively).

2

Энэхүү гар бичмэл нь дутуу татуу байдлаараа л үнэ цэнэтэй юм.

This manuscript is valuable precisely because of its incomplete and fragmented state.

Instrumental 'байдлаараа' (by its state).

3

Түүний яруу найрагт дутуу хэлэгдсэн үгс нь хамгийн хүчтэй нөлөөг үзүүлдэг.

In his poetry, the words left unsaid exert the strongest influence.

Passive participle 'хэлэгдсэн' (said).

4

Улс төрийн зүтгэлтэн хүн алсын хараа дутуу байж болохгүй.

A political figure must not lack long-term vision.

Compound noun 'алсын хараа' (vision/foresight).

5

Хүний сэтгэлийн гүн дэх дутуугийн мэдрэмж нь бүтээлч байдлын эх үүсвэр болдог.

The sense of lack deep within the human soul becomes the source of creativity.

Genitive 'дутуугийн' (of the lack/incomplete).

6

Түүхэн үнэнийг дутуу гуйвуулж тайлбарлах нь аюултай.

It is dangerous to interpret historical truth by distorting it incompletely (or partially).

Adverbial use with 'гуйвуулж' (distorting).

7

Эрдэм шинжилгээний ажилд дутуу дулимаг хандах нь ёс зүйд нийцэхгүй.

Approaching scientific research in an insufficient/lacking manner is unethical.

Dative 'ажилд' with the verb 'хандах' (to approach).

8

Бидний харилцаанд итгэлцэл дутуу байгааг би мэдэрч байна.

I feel that trust is lacking in our relationship.

Accusative clause 'дутуу байгааг'.

よく使う組み合わせ

мөнгө дутуу
дутуу унтах
дутуу болсон
ажил дутуу
нэг дутуу
дутуу төрөх
дутуу үнэлэх
мэдлэг дутуу
хуудас дутуу
сэтгэл дутуу

よく使うフレーズ

Юу ч дутуугүй

Дутуу татуу

Дутуу дулимаг

Дутуу харах

Дутуу сонсох

Дутуу үлдээх

Дутуу бодох

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