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B1 adjective ニュートラル 3分で読める

persoonlijk

Belonging to or affecting a particular person.

/pɛrˈsoːnlək/
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Overview

The Dutch word 'persoonlijk' is an adjective that directly translates to 'personal' in English. It's used to describe something that belongs to, relates to, or affects a particular person. Its usage is quite similar to its English counterpart, but understanding its nuances can enrich your Dutch vocabulary and communication.

**Core Meaning and Usage:**

At its heart, 'persoonlijk' signifies individuality and direct connection to a person. Consider these common applications:

  • Possession/Belonging: When something is 'persoonlijk,' it means it's someone's own, not shared or public. For example, 'mijn persoonlijke bezittingen' means 'my personal belongings,' referring to items that exclusively belong to you.
  • Private/Confidential: It can denote something that is private or confidential to an individual, not meant for public knowledge. 'Een persoonlijke kwestie' would be 'a personal matter,' implying something that concerns only that person and is often kept private.
  • Direct Interaction/Involvement: 'Persoonlijk' can also describe a direct, one-on-one interaction or involvement. If you 'persoonlijk spreken met iemand,' you are 'speaking personally with someone,' emphasizing a direct conversation without intermediaries.
  • Subjective/Individual Perspective: It can refer to a subjective viewpoint or opinion. 'Mijn persoonlijke mening is...' translates to 'My personal opinion is...', highlighting that the opinion is yours and not necessarily a universally accepted fact.
  • Customized/Tailored: In a commercial or service context, it often implies something customized or tailored to an individual's needs. 'Persoonlijk advies' means 'personal advice,' suggesting guidance specific to your situation.

**Grammatical Forms and Agreement:**

As an adjective, 'persoonlijk' will agree in gender and number with the noun it modifies. However, in modern Dutch, the 'e' ending is often omitted for common gender singular nouns, unless it's used attributively (before the noun) and the noun is defined or preceded by a definite article or demonstrative pronoun. Generally:

  • Singular (common gender): 'de persoonlijke brief' (the personal letter)
  • Singular (neuter gender): 'het persoonlijke gesprek' (the personal conversation)
  • Plural: 'de persoonlijke gegevens' (the personal data)

When used predicatively (after a verb like 'zijn' - to be), it remains 'persoonlijk' regardless of the noun's gender or number: 'Die opmerking was persoonlijk' (That remark was personal).

**Common Expressions and Idioms:**

  • Persoonlijk contact: Personal contact, direct interaction.
  • Persoonlijke ontwikkeling: Personal development, self-improvement.
  • Persoonlijke gegevens: Personal data/information.
  • Iemand persoonlijk kennen: To know someone personally.
  • Het persoonlijk opnemen: To take it personally.

**Distinction from Similar Words:**

While 'persoonlijk' is quite straightforward, it's good to distinguish it from words like 'privé' (private), which often carries a stronger connotation of secrecy or exclusivity, and 'individueel' (individual), which emphasizes singularity rather than direct personal connection.

In summary, 'persoonlijk' is a versatile adjective that highlights the connection of something to a specific person, encompassing aspects of ownership, privacy, directness, and subjectivity. Mastering its use will greatly enhance your ability to express nuanced ideas in Dutch.

例文

1

dat is mijn persoonlijke mening

as in, belonging to an individual

that is my personal opinion

2

hij heeft persoonlijke problemen

as in, affecting an individual's private life

he has personal problems

3

een persoonlijke aanval

as in, directed at a particular person

a personal attack

4

de chef sprak hem persoonlijk aan

as in, directly to the individual

the boss addressed him personally

5

persoonlijke bezittingen

as in, possessions of an individual

personal belongings

よく使う組み合わせ

persoonlijk record
persoonlijke ontwikkeling
persoonlijk contact
persoonlijke voorkeur

よく混同される語

persoonlijk 対 persoonlijke
persoonlijk is an adjective meaning personal, private, or individual. It can refer to something that belongs to a particular person, or something that affects a person individually. For example, 'een persoonlijke mening' means 'a personal opinion'. Persoonlijke is the inflected form of persoonlijk, used when the adjective modifies a plural noun or a definite singular noun. For example, 'mijn persoonlijke bezittingen' means 'my personal belongings'.

文法パターン

persoonlijk advies (personal advice) een persoonlijke benadering (a personal approach) op persoonlijke titel (in a personal capacity)

使い方

使い方のコツ

'Persoonlijk' can be used as an adjective or an adverb in Dutch. As an adjective, it directly modifies a noun, as in 'een persoonlijke kwestie' (a personal matter) or 'persoonlijke bezittingen' (personal belongings). In this context, it highlights that something pertains exclusively to an individual. As an adverb, it often means 'personally' or 'in person,' as in 'Ik heb hem persoonlijk gesproken' (I spoke to him personally). It can also emphasize that an action or feeling comes from an individual's own perspective or involvement, e.g., 'Ik vind dat persoonlijk niet zo'n goed idee' (Personally, I don't think that's such a good idea). It's important to differentiate 'persoonlijk' from 'privé,' which strictly means 'private' in the sense of not being public. While there's overlap, 'persoonlijk' often implies a deeper connection to the individual's identity or involvement, whereas 'privé' simply refers to non-public information or spaces.

よくある間違い

A common mistake for English speakers might be to confuse 'persoonlijk' with words that sound similar but have different meanings, or to misinterpret the 'lijk' ending. While '-lijk' often translates to '-ly' or '-able' in other contexts, here it signifies 'belonging to' or 'affecting' a person. Another mistake could be using it interchangeably with 'privé' (private). While related, 'persoonlijk' emphasizes the individual connection or impact, whereas 'privé' often refers to something not meant for public knowledge or access. For example, 'een persoonlijke aanpak' (a personal approach) highlights an individualized method, while 'een privéaangelegenheid' (a private matter) suggests confidentiality. It's important to understand the nuance of individual connection versus general privacy.

ヒント

💡

Use in formal contexts:

'Persoonlijk' is often used in more formal settings, such as business correspondence, legal documents, or academic writing, to emphasize that something is specific to an individual.
💡

Distinguish from 'privé':

While 'persoonlijk' can sometimes overlap with 'privé' (private), 'persoonlijk' generally focuses on the individual's direct involvement or unique characteristic, whereas 'privé' often refers to something confidential or not for public knowledge.
💡

Common phrases:

Some common phrases include 'een persoonlijke mening' (a personal opinion), 'persoonlijke gegevens' (personal data), 'persoonlijk contact' (personal contact), and 'zijn persoonlijke bezittingen' (his personal belongings).

語源

Derived from the Middle Dutch 'persoonlijc', from 'persone' (person) and '-lijc' (adjective-forming suffix, akin to '-ly' in English). It shares roots with the Old French 'personnel' and Latin 'personalis'. The concept of 'personal' has evolved from referring to an individual's legal or social status in Roman law to its more modern meaning of pertaining to an individual's private self or characteristics. Over centuries, the word has maintained its core meaning of individuality and direct relation to a person, differentiating itself from collective or public aspects. Its usage in Dutch reflects a direct adoption and adaptation of this concept, highlighting the importance of the individual in various contexts, from possessions to opinions and direct interactions. The suffix '-lijk' is a common Germanic suffix used to form adjectives from nouns, signifying 'like' or 'pertaining to', thus 'persoonlijk' literally means 'person-like' or 'pertaining to a person'. This linguistic construction is paralleled in other Germanic languages, emphasizing a shared etymological heritage.

文化的な背景

In Dutch culture, 'persoonlijk' often carries a strong emphasis on privacy and individuality. Dutch society values directness, but also respects personal space and boundaries. Therefore, when something is described as 'persoonlijk,' it implies a high degree of individual ownership or a matter that is deeply private and not for public discussion. This can be seen in how personal opinions are shared, often prefaced with phrases like 'Mijn persoonlijke mening is...' (My personal opinion is...). It also relates to the concept of 'gezelligheid' (coziness/conviviality), where personal connections are fostered in private, intimate settings rather than grand public displays. The distinction between public and personal life is often quite clear, and delving too deeply into someone's 'persoonlijke' matters without an established relationship can be seen as intrusive. Therefore, understanding this nuance is key to navigating social interactions in the Netherlands, where personal matters are typically reserved for close acquaintances and family.

覚え方のコツ

Visualize a 'person' (persoon) holding something 'personlijk' (personal) close to them, like a personal diary or a treasured possession. Imagine the 'lijk' at the end sounding like 'like', as in 'like a person'.

よくある質問

4 問
'Persoonlijk' is a Dutch word that translates to 'personal' in English. It describes something that belongs to, relates to, or affects a particular person. It can refer to private matters, individual preferences, or characteristics that are unique to someone. For example, you might talk about 'persoonlijke spullen' (personal belongings) or 'een persoonlijke mening' (a personal opinion). The word emphasizes the individual aspect of something.
Certainly! Here are a few examples: * 'Dit is mijn persoonlijke mening.' (This is my personal opinion.) * 'Ze heeft een persoonlijke assistent.' (She has a personal assistant.) * 'Dit is een zeer persoonlijke kwestie voor mij.' (This is a very personal matter for me.) * 'Hij nam het persoonlijk op.' (He took it personally.) * 'We hadden een persoonlijk gesprek.' (We had a personal conversation.) These examples show how 'persoonlijk' is used to highlight individuality and direct relevance to a specific person.
Yes, there are a few common phrases. One is 'iets persoonlijk opnemen,' which means 'to take something personally.' This implies that someone feels offended or targeted by a remark or action. Another common usage is 'persoonlijke groei,' which refers to 'personal growth' or self-improvement. You might also hear 'persoonlijke ontwikkeling' with a similar meaning. These phrases demonstrate the word's versatility in everyday Dutch.
While both 'persoonlijk' and 'privé' relate to an individual, they have slightly different nuances. 'Persoonlijk' (personal) often refers to something that is characteristic of an individual, their thoughts, feelings, or possessions. It can be shared but is still tied to the person. 'Privé' (private) generally refers to something that is not for public knowledge or access, emphasizing confidentiality and seclusion. For instance, 'persoonlijke informatie' (personal information) might be shared with trusted parties, while 'privéleven' (private life) is typically kept out of the public eye. So, 'privé' often implies a greater degree of secrecy or exclusivity.

自分をテスト

fill blank

De __________ assistent helpt me met mijn taken.

正解！ おしい！ 正解:
fill blank

Ik geef de voorkeur aan __________ benadering bij het lesgeven.

正解！ おしい！ 正解:
fill blank

Zijn __________ bezittingen werden aan zijn familie teruggegeven.

正解！ おしい！ 正解:

スコア： /3

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