بُرْهَان 30초 만에
- <strong>بُرْهَان</strong> (burhān) means conclusive proof or irrefutable evidence.
- Used in formal contexts like law, science, and math.
- Implies certainty, beyond mere suggestion.
- Distinguished from general 'evidence' (دليل).
The Arabic word بُرْهَان (burhān) is a masculine noun that signifies 'evidence' or 'proof'. It's a powerful word used to denote something that establishes the truth of a fact or statement. You'll often encounter it in academic, legal, or logical discussions where solid backing for an assertion is required.
- Core Meaning
- The fundamental concept behind بُرْهَان is an irrefutable piece of information or reasoning that leaves no room for doubt about the validity of a claim.
- Contexts of Use
- It is frequently used in fields like mathematics (e.g., a mathematical proof), law (e.g., legal evidence), science (e.g., experimental proof), and philosophy (e.g., logical argumentation). In everyday language, it can refer to any strong justification for a belief or action.
- Nuance
- While 'evidence' is a common translation, بُرْهَان often implies a more conclusive and definitive form of proof than mere suggestion or indication. It's about establishing certainty.
The scientist presented a compelling بُرْهَان for his hypothesis.
In court, the prosecution sought a definitive بُرْهَان to convict the suspect.
A mathematical theorem requires rigorous بُرْهَان.
- Etymological Hint
- The root of بُرْهَان relates to shining or clarity, suggesting that proof illuminates the truth.
Understanding بُرْهَان is key to comprehending discussions where certainty and validation are paramount. It’s a word that signifies the highest level of substantiation for any claim, moving beyond mere belief to established fact.
Using بُرْهَان (burhān) correctly in sentences involves understanding its role as a noun signifying conclusive evidence or proof. It typically follows verbs that imply presenting, finding, requiring, or lacking such proof.
- Presenting Proof
- You often see بُرْهَان used with verbs like 'to present' (قدّم - qaddama), 'to bring forth' (أتى بـ - atā bi), or 'to provide' (وفّر - waffara). The sentence structure would be Subject + Verb + بُرْهَان.
The lawyer presented a strong بُرْهَان to the judge.
- Requiring Proof
- When someone needs or demands proof, verbs like 'to need' (احتاج إلى - iḥtāja ilā) or 'to ask for' (طلب - ṭalaba) are used, followed by بُرْهَان.
We need more than just words; we need a tangible بُرْهَان.
- Lacking Proof
- Conversely, sentences might state the absence of proof using negation with verbs like 'to find' (وجد - wajada) or 'to have' (كان لدى - kāna ladā).
Until there is a clear بُرْهَان, we cannot accept this theory.
- Mathematical and Logical Contexts
- In academic settings, بُرْهَان is often linked to concepts like theorems, proofs, and arguments. It signifies the rigorous demonstration of a mathematical or logical truth.
The textbook explained the steps to find the بُرْهَان for the equation.
- Figurative Use
- Sometimes, بُرْهَان can be used slightly more figuratively to mean a strong indication or a clear sign of something, though its core meaning of definitive proof remains.
His consistent effort was a بُرْهَان of his dedication.
Mastering these sentence structures will allow you to effectively incorporate بُرْهَان into your Arabic vocabulary, conveying the concept of definitive proof with precision.
The word بُرْهَان (burhān) isn't exclusively confined to dusty academic texts; it appears in various real-world scenarios, reflecting its significance in establishing truth and validity.
- Legal Proceedings
- In courtrooms, lawyers, judges, and witnesses frequently use بُرْهَان when discussing evidence. A prosecutor might present a بُرْهَان against a defendant, or a defense attorney might argue that the prosecution lacks sufficient بُرْهَان. News reports about trials will often use this term.
The detective hoped to find a definitive بُرْهَان at the crime scene.
- Academic and Scientific Discourse
- In universities and research institutions, بُرْهَان is a cornerstone term. Professors lecture on theorems and their proofs (بُرْهَان), students write papers requiring evidence, and researchers present findings that serve as بُرْهَان for their theories. You'll hear it in lectures, seminars, and academic conferences.
The physicist detailed the experimental بُرْهَان supporting the new theory.
- Religious and Philosophical Debates
- Discussions about faith, existence, and morality often involve arguments for or against certain beliefs. بُرْهَان is used to refer to the logical or experiential evidence presented to support these arguments. Sermons, theological discussions, and philosophical texts are common places to find it.
The cleric spoke of divine signs as a بُرْهَان of God's existence.
- Journalism and Media
- News articles, investigative reports, and documentaries often use بُرْهَان when presenting facts or analyzing events. They might discuss the evidence (بُرْهَان) that led to a certain conclusion or the lack thereof.
The investigative report provided a strong بُرْهَان for the alleged corruption.
- Everyday Conversations (Formal)
- While not extremely common in casual chat, you might hear بُرْهَان in more formal discussions where someone is trying to convince another of a point with solid reasoning or evidence. For example, in a serious debate about a political issue or a significant decision.
'Show me the بُرْهَان,' someone might say if they are skeptical but open to being convinced by facts.
By listening to Arabic media, academic lectures, or even watching courtroom dramas, you'll gain a practical understanding of how بُرْهَان is used in authentic communication.
While بُرْهَان (burhān) is a relatively straightforward noun, learners can sometimes misuse it, often by confusing it with words that denote less conclusive forms of support or by misapplying its grammatical function.
- Confusing with 'Evidence' vs. 'Hint'
- Mistake: Using بُرْهَان for something that is merely a suggestion or an indication, rather than a definitive proof. For instance, calling a faint clue a بُرْهَان when it's more of an 'إشارة' (ishāra - sign/indication) or 'دليل' (dalīl - evidence, which can sometimes be less conclusive than بُرْهَان).
- Correction: Reserve بُرْهَان for situations where you have conclusive, undeniable evidence that establishes a fact beyond reasonable doubt. For weaker forms of evidence, consider 'دليل' (dalīl) or 'إشارة' (ishāra).
Incorrect: The scattered papers were a بُرْهَان of his recent activity. (Unless they were the only papers and proved something specific).
Correct: The fingerprints found at the scene provided a strong بُرْهَان linking the suspect to the crime.
- Overuse in Casual Conversation
- Mistake: Using بُرْهَان in very informal, everyday chats where simpler words like 'دليل' (dalīl - evidence) or even just descriptive language would suffice. It can sound overly formal or even pretentious.
- Correction: Save بُرْهَان for contexts where the concept of definitive, conclusive proof is genuinely relevant – academic, legal, or serious logical arguments. In casual talk, stick to more common terms.
Informal Incorrect: I need a بُرْهَان that you ate the last cookie! (Better: 'Show me proof' or 'Where's the evidence?')
Appropriate Use: The court requires a بُرْهَان beyond a reasonable doubt.
- Grammatical Errors (e.g., Pluralization)
- Mistake: Incorrectly forming the plural or using it in contexts where the singular is appropriate. While بُرْهَان is often used in the singular even when referring to multiple pieces of evidence in a collective sense, its proper plural is 'براهين' (barāhīn).
- Correction: Be aware that 'براهين' (barāhīn) is the plural form. However, in many contexts, especially when referring to the concept of proof in general, the singular بُرْهَان is used. For example, 'This is a بُرْهَان' (هذا برهان) or 'These are proofs' (هذه براهين). Using the singular form collectively is very common.
Less common/potentially awkward: قدم الأدلة المختلفة كـ بُرْهَان واحد. (He presented the different pieces of evidence as one بُرْهَان.)
More natural: قدم الأدلة المختلفة كـ بُرْهَان قاطع. (He presented the different pieces of evidence as conclusive proof.) OR قدم الأدلة المختلفة، وكل منها بُرْهَان. (He presented the different pieces of evidence, each one a proof.)
- Using it as a Verb or Adjective
- Mistake: Treating بُرْهَان as if it were a verb or an adjective. It is fundamentally a noun.
- Correction: Remember that بُرْهَان is a noun. You need verbs like 'to provide' (قدّم), 'to find' (وجد), 'to require' (تطلّب), or adjectives to describe it, such as 'strong' (قوي - qawī) or 'clear' (واضح - wāḍiḥ).
Incorrect: The evidence burhān-ed his innocence. (No such verb exists).
Correct: The evidence served as a بُرْهَان for his innocence.
By being mindful of these common pitfalls, you can ensure your usage of بُرْهَان is accurate and effective.
While بُرْهَان (burhān) stands out for its connotation of definitive proof, Arabic offers several related words that convey different shades of meaning when it comes to evidence and substantiation. Understanding these nuances helps in choosing the most precise term.
- دليل (dalīl)
- Meaning: Evidence, proof, guide, indication.
- Comparison: 'Dalīl' is a more general term for evidence. It can refer to anything that supports a claim, from a strong piece of proof to a mere hint or clue. It can also mean a 'guide' or 'indicator'. بُرْهَان is a specific type of 'dalīl' – one that is conclusive and irrefutable.
- Usage Example: 'The footprints were a دليل of his presence.' (Here, it's evidence, but maybe not the final proof.) vs. 'The DNA match was a بُرْهَان of his guilt.' (Conclusive proof.)
- حجة (ḥujjah)
- Meaning: Argument, proof, plea, reason.
- Comparison: 'Ḥujjah' often refers to a reasoned argument or a justification used to support a point. It can be a form of proof, especially in debates or legal pleas. While it can imply proof, it emphasizes the logical or rhetorical structure of the argument more than the factual basis itself. بُرْهَان is more about the solid, undeniable fact or piece of evidence.
- Usage Example: 'He presented a strong حجة against the proposal.' (A well-reasoned argument.) vs. 'The confession was the ultimate بُرْهَان.' (Irrefutable evidence.)
- إثبات (ithbāt)
- Meaning: Proof, confirmation, verification, affirmation.
- Comparison: 'Ithbāt' is the verbal noun form related to the verb 'to prove' (أثبت - athbata). It focuses on the act or result of proving something. It's very close in meaning to بُرْهَان, often used interchangeably, but 'ithbāt' can also refer to the process of confirmation or verification, while بُرْهَان typically refers to the tangible proof itself.
- Usage Example: 'The team worked on the إثبات of the hypothesis.' (The process of proving.) vs. 'The experiment provided definitive بُرْهَان.' (The result of the proof.)
- برهان (burhān) vs. دليل (dalīl)
- Key Distinction: بُرْهَان implies a higher level of certainty and conclusiveness. If you have a بُرْهَان, there's no debate. A 'dalīl' might be strong evidence, but it could still be open to interpretation or require further substantiation.
- برهان (burhān) vs. حجة (ḥujjah)
- Key Distinction: بُرْهَان is about the factual basis of proof, while 'ḥujjah' is more about the logical or rhetorical construction used to persuade or demonstrate.
- برهان (burhān) vs. إثبات (ithbāt)
- Key Distinction: بُرْهَان is the proof itself, often a concrete piece of evidence or a series of logical steps. 'Ithbāt' is the act or result of proving, the confirmation.
By understanding these distinctions, you can use بُرْهَان and its related terms with greater precision and fluency.
How Formal Is It?
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재미있는 사실
In some ancient Semitic contexts, the root B-R-H-N could also be associated with 'fleeing' or 'escaping'. This might seem contradictory, but one interpretation is that a clear proof (burhan) causes falsehood or doubt to 'flee'. Alternatively, it relates to distinguishing oneself or standing out, much like a clear proof stands out.
발음 가이드
- Mispronouncing the 'h' sound: Some learners might not aspirate the 'h' clearly, making it sound like 'buran'.
- Incorrect vowel sounds: Not distinguishing the short 'u' in the first syllable from a longer vowel, or the long 'aa' in the second syllable.
- Over-rolling the 'r': While a slight roll is common, an exaggerated trill might sound unnatural.
- Ignoring the stress: Placing stress on the second syllable would alter the word's rhythm significantly.
난이도
At a B2 level, learners can understand the main ideas of complex texts on both concrete and abstract topics. Recognizing <strong>بُرْهَان</strong> in contexts like academic articles, legal documents, or sophisticated discussions is achievable. However, understanding its nuanced distinctions from similar words like 'dalīl' or 'ḥujjah' requires careful attention.
Learners at B2 can write clear, detailed text on a wide range of subjects. They can effectively use <strong>بُرْهَان</strong> in formal writing, such as essays or reports, to support arguments. The challenge lies in using it precisely and avoiding overuse in informal contexts.
B2 speakers can interact with a degree of fluency and spontaneity. They can express themselves clearly on familiar topics and in abstract discussions. Using <strong>بُرْهَان</strong> appropriately in a debate or explanation demonstrates a good command of the language, but might still require some thought to ensure correct usage.
At B2, learners can understand the main ideas of complex speech on concrete and abstract topics. They should be able to follow discussions where <strong>بُرْهَان</strong> is used, particularly in media, lectures, or formal conversations. The key is to discern its meaning based on context.
다음에 무엇을 배울까
선수 학습
다음에 배울 것
고급
알아야 할 문법
Use of the accusative case (manṣūb) for nouns following verbs like 'qaddama' (to present) or 'wajada' (to find).
قدمت المحكمة برهانًا. (The court presented proof.)
Use of the genitive case (majrūr) for nouns following prepositions like 'min' (from), 'ilā' (to), 'ʿalā' (on), or after 'iḥtāja ilā' (to need).
نحن بحاجة إلى برهانٍ. (We need proof.)
Formation of the plural noun: بُرْهَان (singular) becomes براهين (barāhīn) (plural).
كانت لديهم براهين كثيرة. (They had many proofs.)
Adjectives follow the noun they modify in gender, number, and case.
وجدنا برهانًا قاطعًا. (We found conclusive proof.)
The definite article 'al-' attaches to the noun and its adjective if the noun is definite.
البرهان العلمي يدعم النظرية. (The scientific proof supports the theory.)
수준별 예문
هذا دليل.
This is evidence.
Singular noun 'dalīl' (evidence).
أريد أن أرى.
I want to see.
Verb 'urīdu' (I want) + infinitive 'an arā' (to see).
هذه صورة.
This is a picture.
Singular feminine noun 'ṣūrah' (picture).
هل هذا صحيح؟
Is this correct?
Interrogative particle 'hal' + demonstrative pronoun 'hādhā' + adjective 'ṣaḥīḥ'.
لا يوجد برهان.
There is no proof.
Negation 'lā yūjad' (there is no) + noun 'burhān'.
أنا أبحث عن.
I am looking for.
Verb 'abḥathu' (I search) + preposition 'ʿan' (for).
هل لديك شيء؟
Do you have something?
Interrogative particle 'hal' + verb 'ladayka' (you have) + indefinite pronoun 'shay'.
هذا مهم.
This is important.
Demonstrative pronoun 'hādhā' + adjective 'muhimm'.
قدم المحامي دليلاً قوياً.
The lawyer presented strong evidence.
'dalīl qawī' (strong evidence) - noun + adjective.
نحتاج إلى برهان واضح.
We need clear proof.
'burhān wāḍiḥ' (clear proof) - noun + adjective.
لم يكن هناك أي برهان على كلامه.
There was no proof of his words.
Negation with 'lā yakun hunāka ayy' (there was no).
هذا ليس برهانًا كافيًا.
This is not sufficient proof.
'burhānan kāfiyan' (sufficient proof) - accusative case after 'laysa'.
العلم يبحث عن البراهين.
Science looks for proofs.
Plural 'barāhīn' (proofs).
هل لديك برهان على ذلك؟
Do you have proof of that?
Interrogative 'hal' + possessive 'ladayka' (you have).
هذه الحادثة تقدم برهانًا.
This incident provides proof.
Verb 'tuqaddimu' (provides) + noun 'burhānan'.
لا يمكن إثبات ذلك بدون برهان.
It cannot be proven without proof.
Passive verb 'yuthbata' (to be proven) + preposition 'bidūn' (without).
قدمت الشرطة برهانًا قويًا ضد المشتبه به.
The police presented strong proof against the suspect.
Prepositional phrase 'ḍidda al-mushtabah bihi' (against the suspect).
في الرياضيات، كل نظرية تتطلب برهانًا.
In mathematics, every theorem requires proof.
'kullun' (every) + noun + verb 'tataṭallabu' (requires).
لم يجدوا أي برهان مادي يدعم ادعاءاتهم.
They found no physical proof to support their claims.
'māddī' (physical) - adjective modifying 'burhān'.
إن غيابه المتكرر هو برهان على عدم اهتمامه.
His frequent absence is proof of his lack of interest.
'hiyya' (it is) + prepositional phrase 'ʿalā ʿadam ihtimāmihi' (of his lack of interest).
يحتاج القاضي إلى برهان قاطع قبل إصدار الحكم.
The judge needs conclusive proof before issuing the verdict.
'qaṭiʿ' (conclusive) - adjective modifying 'burhān'.
كانت شهادته بمثابة برهان إضافي.
His testimony served as additional proof.
'bi-mathābati' (served as) + adjective 'iḍāfī' (additional).
البحث عن برهان علمي يتطلب صبرًا.
Searching for scientific proof requires patience.
'ʿilmī' (scientific) - adjective modifying 'burhān'.
هل هناك أي برهان على وجود حياة خارج الأرض؟
Is there any proof of extraterrestrial life?
'ḥayāh khārij al-arḍ' (life outside Earth).
لقد قدمت أدلة قاطعة، لكن لم يكن هناك برهان نهائي.
They presented strong evidence, but there was no final proof.
'adillah qaṭiʿah' (strong evidence) vs. 'burhān nihāʾī' (final proof).
يعتمد الاستدلال العلمي على تقديم براهين تجريبية.
Scientific reasoning relies on presenting experimental proofs.
'istiḏlāl ʿilmī' (scientific reasoning) + 'barāhīn tajrībiyyah' (experimental proofs).
كانت حجته قوية، لكنها تفتقر إلى البرهان المادي.
His argument was strong, but it lacked physical proof.
'taftaqiru ilā' (lacks) + 'burhān māddī' (physical proof).
إن عدم وجود برهان يدحض النظرية لا يعني أنها صحيحة.
The absence of proof refuting the theory does not mean it is correct.
'yadḥuḍu' (refutes) - verb.
تكمن صعوبة القضية في غياب أي برهان مباشر.
The difficulty of the case lies in the absence of any direct proof.
'takmunu ṣuʿūbatu' (the difficulty lies) + 'burhān mubāshir' (direct proof).
التحقيق كشف عن برهان دامغ يدين المتهم.
The investigation revealed damning proof that convicted the accused.
'damigh' (damning) - adjective modifying 'burhān'.
قدموا سلسلة من البراهين التي لا تقبل الشك.
They presented a series of undeniable proofs.
'silsilah min' (a series of) + 'lā taqbalu ash-shakk' (undeniable).
هل يمكن اعتبار هذه الظاهرة برهانًا على تغير المناخ؟
Can this phenomenon be considered proof of climate change?
'tughayyar al-munākh' (climate change).
يجب على المرء أن يفرق بين الدليل الظني والبرهان القطعي.
One must differentiate between presumptive evidence and conclusive proof.
'al-dalīl aẓ-ẓannī' (presumptive evidence) vs. 'al-burhān al-qaṭʿī' (conclusive proof).
إن الافتقار إلى برهان قاطع يترك مجالًا للتشكيك.
The lack of definitive proof leaves room for doubt.
'al-iftiqāru ilā' (the lack of) + 'majāl lil-tashkīk' (room for doubt).
المنطق السليم يقتضي أن يكون لكل ادعاء برهان يدعمه.
Sound logic dictates that every claim must have supporting proof.
'al-manṭiq as-salīm' (sound logic) + 'yaqtaḍī' (dictates).
تستند الحقيقة العلمية إلى تراكم البراهين الموثوقة.
Scientific truth is based on the accumulation of reliable proofs.
'al-ḥaqīqah al-ʿilmīyah' (scientific truth) + 'tarākum al-barāhīn al-mawthūqah' (accumulation of reliable proofs).
في غياب أي برهان يثبت عكس ذلك، نفترض صحة الدعوى.
In the absence of any proof to the contrary, we assume the claim is valid.
'yuthbita ʿaksa ḏālika' (proves the contrary) + 'naftariḍu ṣiḥḥata ad-daʿwā' (we assume the claim is valid).
كانت الأدلة الظرفية قوية، لكنها لم ترقَ إلى مستوى البرهان الجنائي.
The circumstantial evidence was strong, but it did not rise to the level of criminal proof.
'al-adillah aẓ-ẓarfiyyah' (circumstantial evidence) + 'lam tarqa ilā' (did not rise to).
يُعدّ التحليل المعمق للبيانات برهانًا لا يمكن تجاهله.
The in-depth analysis of the data is proof that cannot be ignored.
'al-taḥlīl al-muʿammaq' (in-depth analysis) + 'lā yumkinu tajāhuluhu' (cannot be ignored).
يتطلب إثبات وجود ظواهر خارقة للطبيعة براهين استثنائية.
Proving the existence of supernatural phenomena requires extraordinary proofs.
'ẓawāhir khāriqah lil-ṭabīʿah' (supernatural phenomena) + 'barāhīn istithnāʾiyyah' (extraordinary proofs).
إن إقامة دعوى قضائية ناجحة تتطلب تقديم برهان دامغ يتجاوز الشك المعقول.
Establishing a successful lawsuit requires presenting damning proof that goes beyond reasonable doubt.
'iqāmatu daʿwā qaḍāʾiyyah nājiḥah' (establishing a successful lawsuit) + 'yutajāwazu ash-shakk al-maʿqūl' (goes beyond reasonable doubt).
في سياق فلسفي، قد يُنظر إلى التجربة الحسية كبرهان أولي على الواقع الخارجي.
In a philosophical context, sensory experience might be seen as primary proof of external reality.
'al-tajribah al-ḥissiyyah' (sensory experience) + 'burhān awwalī' (primary proof) + 'al-wāqiʿ al-khārijī' (external reality).
تُعدّ البراهين الرياضية، بطبيعتها الاستنباطية، من أقوى أشكال البرهان المعروفة.
Mathematical proofs, by their deductive nature, are among the strongest forms of proof known.
'bi-ṭabīʿatihā al-istinbāṭiyyah' (by their deductive nature) + 'aqwā ashkal al-burhān' (strongest forms of proof).
إن غياب أي برهان مضاد يدعم فرضية معينة لا يمنحها صفة الحقيقة المطلقة.
The absence of any counter-proof supporting a particular hypothesis does not grant it the status of absolute truth.
'burhān muḍādd' (counter-proof) + 'yaḥmanuhā ṣifat al-ḥaqīqah al-muṭlaqah' (grants it the status of absolute truth).
تتطلب المسائل العلمية المعقدة براهين متعددة ومتكاملة لتأكيد صحتها.
Complex scientific issues require multiple and integrated proofs to confirm their validity.
'masāʾil ʿilmīyah muʿaqqadah' (complex scientific issues) + 'mutakāmilah' (integrated).
يمكن اعتبار الإجماع العلمي الواسع برهانًا قويًا، وإن لم يكن دائمًا قاطعًا.
Broad scientific consensus can be considered strong proof, though not always definitive.
'al-ijmāʿ al-ʿilmī al-wāsiʿ' (broad scientific consensus) + 'wa-in lam yakun dāʾiman qaṭiʿan' (though not always definitive).
إن تقديم برهان زائف يمكن أن يقوض مصداقية الحجة بأكملها.
Presenting false proof can undermine the credibility of the entire argument.
'burhān zāʾif' (false proof) + 'yuqawwiḍu miṣdāqiyyah' (undermines credibility).
تُعدّ البراهين التاريخية، المستندة إلى الوثائق والأدلة الأثرية، حجر الزاوية في فهم الماضي.
Historical proofs, based on documents and archaeological evidence, are the cornerstone of understanding the past.
'al-barāhīn at-tārīkhiyyah' (historical proofs) + 'ḥajar az-zāwiyah' (cornerstone).
자주 쓰는 조합
자주 쓰는 구문
— There is no proof. This phrase is used to state that sufficient or conclusive evidence is lacking for a particular claim or situation.
He made accusations, but <strong>لا يوجد برهان</strong> to support them.
— To provide proof or evidence. This is a direct command or statement about presenting substantiation for a claim.
The court asked the witness to <strong>قدم برهانًا</strong> for her testimony.
— Conclusive proof. This is an emphatic way of saying definitive, undeniable evidence that leaves no room for doubt.
The confession was considered <strong>برهان قاطع</strong> in the case.
— Proof and evidence. Often used together to emphasize the need for strong substantiation.
We need both <strong>برهان ودليل</strong> to win this argument.
— Proof of. Used to connect the proof to what it is proving.
His actions were a <strong>برهان على</strong> his dedication.
— In the absence of proof. This phrase indicates that a decision or conclusion is being made without sufficient evidence.
<strong>في غياب البرهان</strong>، لا يمكننا تأكيد نظريته.
— Needs proof. This indicates that a claim or statement is not accepted without substantiation.
Any extraordinary claim <strong>يحتاج إلى برهان</strong>.
— Scientific proof. Refers specifically to evidence derived from scientific methods and experiments.
The theory is widely accepted due to strong <strong>برهان علمي</strong>.
— Logical proof. Refers to evidence established through sound reasoning and logical deduction.
The philosopher presented a <strong>برهان منطقي</strong> for his argument.
— Conclusive proof and evidence. A very strong emphasis on the certainty and finality of the substantiation.
The jury demanded <strong>برهان ودليل قاطع</strong> before reaching a verdict.
자주 혼동되는 단어
While both mean 'evidence', بُرْهَان implies a higher level of conclusiveness and certainty. 'Dalīl' can be any piece of evidence, whereas 'burhān' is proof that establishes a fact beyond doubt.
'Ḥujjah' refers more to a reasoned argument or justification, emphasizing the logic or rhetoric. بُرْهَان refers to the factual basis or irrefutable proof itself.
An 'iftirāḍ' is an assumption made without proof, whereas بُرْهَان is what validates or refutes an assumption.
관용어 및 표현
— As clear as the sun at midday. This idiom is used to describe something that is extremely obvious and requires no proof, like a clear بُرْهَان.
His guilt was كالشمس في رابعة النهار, requiring no further بُرْهَان.
Figurative/Formal— Nothing false comes to it. This phrase is often used to describe divine words or undeniable truths, implying they are like perfect بُرْهَان.
The Quran is considered by Muslims to be a divine book to which لا يأتيه الباطل, thus serving as a ultimate بُرْهَان.
Religious/Formal— Proves its worth/merit. While not directly containing بُرْهَان, this idiom implies demonstrating something through actions or results, akin to providing proof of capability.
The new system يُثبت جدارة in handling complex data, serving as a بُرْهَان of its effectiveness.
Figurative/General— Conclusive evidence. This is a very common phrase that functions similarly to 'برهان قاطع', emphasizing the definitive nature of the proof.
The forensic report provided دليل قاطع linking the suspect to the crime.
Formal/Legal— Overwhelming argument. Similar to having irrefutable proof, this idiom suggests an argument so strong it cannot be refuted.
Her presentation was a حجة دامغة that convinced everyone.
Formal/Rhetorical— In front of witnesses/publicly. This refers to something being done or shown openly, often implying it's for everyone to see and accept as fact, like presenting a public بُرْهَان.
He declared his innocence على رؤوس الأشهاد, but lacked any بُرْهَان.
General/Formal— Reveals what is hidden. This implies bringing hidden facts to light, which often serves as a بُرْهَان for underlying truths.
The investigation helped يكشف المستور, providing crucial بُرْهَان.
Figurative/Investigative— The least that can be said about it. Used to understate something significant, often implying that the reality is even more profound, like a subtle بُرْهَان of a larger truth.
His resilience was أقل ما يقال عنه; it was a true بُرْهَان of his spirit.
Figurative/Understatement— Undeniable/Incontestable. This describes something that is so evident it cannot be argued against, much like a perfect بُرْهَان.
The beauty of the sunset was لا جدال فيه.
General/Formal— Damning evidence. Similar to 'برهان دامغ', this phrase highlights evidence that strongly implicates someone or something.
The recovered documents provided دليل دامغ of the conspiracy.
Formal/Legal혼동하기 쉬운
Both words relate to providing support for a claim.
<strong>بُرْهَان</strong> signifies conclusive, irrefutable proof that establishes a fact with certainty. 'Dalīl' is a more general term for evidence, which can be indicative or suggestive but not necessarily definitive. Think of 'burhān' as the 'smoking gun' and 'dalīl' as any clue found at the scene.
The footprints were a <strong>دليل</strong> of his presence, but the DNA match was the <strong>بُرْهَان</strong> of his guilt.
Both are used in argumentation and establishing truth.
'Ḥujjah' refers to an argument, plea, or reasoned justification. It focuses on the logical structure or persuasive power of the reasoning. <strong>بُرْهَان</strong> is the factual basis or undeniable evidence that supports the argument. You might use a 'ḥujjah' to present your 'burhān'.
He presented a strong <strong>حجة</strong>, supported by scientific <strong>براهين</strong>.
Both relate to the concept of proving something.
'Ithbāt' is the verbal noun meaning 'proof', 'confirmation', or the 'act of proving'. It can refer to the process or the result. <strong>بُرْهَان</strong> typically refers to the piece of evidence or the demonstration itself that serves as the proof. 'Ithbāt' is more about the action of proving, while 'burhān' is the outcome.
The investigation aimed at the <strong>إثبات</strong> of his innocence, and the unearthed document served as the key <strong>بُرْهَان</strong>.
Proof leads to certainty.
'Yaqīn' means certainty or conviction, which is a state of mind. <strong>بُرْهَان</strong> is the objective evidence or logical demonstration that leads to that certainty. You have 'yaqīn' *because* of the 'burhān'.
The overwhelming <strong>بُرْهَان</strong> left no room for doubt, resulting in his absolute <strong>يقين</strong>.
Both are related to claims and their validity.
'Iftirāḍ' means assumption or hypothesis – something taken as true for the sake of argument or investigation, but not yet proven. <strong>بُرْهَان</strong> is the proof that either confirms or refutes an 'iftirāḍ'.
The initial <strong>افتراض</strong> was that the suspect was innocent, but the forensic <strong>بُرْهَان</strong> proved otherwise.
문장 패턴
هذا <strong>برهان</strong>.
هذا <strong>برهان</strong> على صدقه.
نحتاج <strong>برهان</strong>.
نحتاج <strong>برهان</strong> قوي.
قدم ... <strong>برهانًا</strong>.
قدم المحامي <strong>برهانًا</strong>.
لا يوجد <strong>برهان</strong>.
لا يوجد <strong>برهان</strong> على ادعاءاته.
<strong>برهان</strong> + صفة
كان <strong>برهانًا قاطعًا</strong>.
<strong>برهان</strong> + على + اسم
كانت هذه الحادثة <strong>برهانًا</strong> على أهمية الموضوع.
الـ + <strong>برهان</strong> + صفة
<strong>البرهان العلمي</strong> يدعم النظرية.
في غياب <strong>البرهان</strong>
في غياب <strong>البرهان</strong>، لا يمكن اتخاذ قرار.
어휘 가족
명사
동사
형용사
관련
사용법
Moderate to High in formal and academic contexts, lower in casual conversation.
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Using <strong>بُرْهَان</strong> for mere hints or suggestions.
→
Use 'دليل' (dalīl) or 'إشارة' (ishāra) for less conclusive evidence.
<strong>بُرْهَان</strong> implies irrefutable proof. Calling a weak clue a 'burhān' overstates its certainty and can lead to miscommunication. For example, saying 'The fallen leaf was a <strong>بُرْهَان</strong> of winter' is incorrect; it's merely an indication (دليل or إشارة).
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Overusing <strong>بُرْهَان</strong> in casual conversation.
→
Opt for simpler terms like 'proof' (often translated as دليل) or descriptive language in informal settings.
Using <strong>بُرْهَان</strong> in everyday casual chat can sound overly formal or even pretentious. It's better suited for contexts where definitive proof is genuinely required, such as debates or formal explanations.
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Confusing <strong>بُرْهَان</strong> with 'ḥujjah' (argument).
→
Remember that <strong>بُرْهَان</strong> is the factual proof, while 'ḥujjah' is the reasoned argument presented.
While related, 'ḥujjah' focuses on the logic and rhetoric of an argument, whereas <strong>بُرْهَان</strong> is the solid, undeniable evidence that supports it. You use 'ḥujjah' to present your 'burhān'.
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Treating <strong>بُرْهَان</strong> as a verb or adjective.
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Use <strong>بُرْهَان</strong> as a noun and employ verbs like 'qaddama' (to present) or adjectives like 'qāṭiʿ' (conclusive) to describe it.
<strong>بُرْهَان</strong> is fundamentally a noun. Sentences like 'The evidence burhān-ed his innocence' are grammatically incorrect. Instead, one should say 'The evidence served as a <strong>بُرْهَان</strong> for his innocence.'
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Using the singular form when a plural is clearly needed and more natural.
→
Use the plural 'buraheen' (براهين) when referring to multiple distinct pieces of conclusive proof, though the singular is often used collectively.
While the singular <strong>بُرْهَان</strong> can be used collectively, in cases where distinct proofs are being itemized or emphasized, the plural 'barāhīn' is more appropriate. For instance, 'The scientist presented several <strong>barāhīn</strong>' is better than 'several <strong>burhān</strong>'.
팁
Visual Association
Picture a beam of light (from the root meaning 'to shine') cutting through darkness to illuminate a document labeled 'PROOF'. This visual can help you remember that بُرْهَان brings clarity and establishes truth.
Mastering the 'H'
Pay close attention to the aspirated 'h' sound in بُرْهَان (bur-HAAN). It's a clear, breathy sound distinct from 'k' or 'q'. Practicing this sound will significantly improve your pronunciation.
Case Endings
When using بُرْهَان, remember its case endings. After verbs like 'qaddama' (to present), it will be accusative (burhānan). After prepositions like 'ilā' (to) or 'min' (from), it will be genitive (burhānin).
Distinguish from دليل
Constantly remind yourself of the difference between بُرْهَان (conclusive proof) and دليل (dalīl - general evidence). This distinction is crucial for accurate and nuanced communication.
Use in Writing
In your writing, try to use بُرْهَان when you want to make a strong, definitive point that is backed by solid evidence. For example, 'The data provided a clear بُرْهَان for the hypothesis.'
Use in Speaking
When speaking, use بُرْهَان when you are absolutely certain about something and can present undeniable evidence. For instance, 'I have a بُرْهَان that proves he was there.'
Root Meaning
Recall the root B-R-H-N meaning 'to shine' or 'illuminate'. This helps connect بُرْهَان to making the truth clear and obvious, like a bright light.
Learn Related Terms
Expand your understanding by learning related terms like 'qāṭiʿ' (conclusive), 'ʿilmī' (scientific), and 'manṭiqī' (logical), which often pair with بُرْهَان.
Active Recall
Test yourself by trying to translate sentences that use 'proof' or 'evidence' from English to Arabic, specifically aiming to use بُرْهَان where appropriate. This active recall strengthens memory.
암기하기
기억법
Think of the word 'burn' in English. When something is proven, it's like a 'burn' mark on the truth – it's undeniable and permanent. So, 'burhān' sounds a bit like 'burn' and means 'proof'.
시각적 연상
Imagine a bright, shining lamp (representing clarity and light from the root) illuminating a complex mathematical equation or a legal document, making the proof obvious. The lamp is the بُرْهَان.
Word Web
챌린지
Try to explain a simple concept (like why the sky is blue) using the word بُرْهَان to someone who doesn't know it. Focus on the idea of undeniable proof.
어원
The word بُرْهَان (burhān) originates from the Semitic root B-R-H-N, which is related to concepts of shining, clarity, and distinction. This root is found in other Semitic languages as well, such as Hebrew (בָּרַח - barach, meaning to flee, but related roots can signify shining or brightness).
원래 의미: The core idea relates to something that shines or illuminates, thus making the truth clear and distinct. It signifies bringing light to a matter.
Semitic languages (specifically Arabic)문화적 맥락
The word بُرْهَان carries a weight of authority and certainty. Using it appropriately signifies respect for truth and rigor. Misusing it to assert unproven claims can be seen as intellectually dishonest or manipulative.
In English-speaking cultures, the concept of 'proof' is also central, especially in science, law, and mathematics. Terms like 'evidence', 'demonstration', 'validation', and 'verification' are used. The CEFR B2 level suggests learners are moving beyond basic communication to more nuanced discussions where terms like 'burhān' become relevant.
실생활에서 연습하기
실제 사용 상황
Legal proceedings and court cases.
- تقديم برهان دامغ
- غياب البرهان
- برهان قاطع
- برهان مادي
Academic lectures and scientific research.
- برهان علمي
- برهان تجريبي
- برهان منطقي
- إثبات النظرية
Philosophical and theological debates.
- برهان عقلي
- برهان على وجود الله
- الحاجة إلى برهان
Journalistic investigations and news reports.
- برهان يكشف الحقيقة
- لا يوجد برهان
- البرهان على الفساد
Formal discussions and arguments.
- قدم برهانًا
- يحتاج إلى برهان
- برهان ودليل
대화 시작하기
"What kind of proof do you find most convincing?"
"Can you think of a situation where evidence was crucial?"
"How important is it to have proof for your beliefs?"
"What's the difference between evidence and absolute proof?"
"When is it okay to rely on intuition versus needing concrete proof?"
일기 주제
Describe a time you had to provide proof for something important. What was it and how did you do it?
Reflect on a belief you hold strongly. What is the 'burhān' or proof behind it?
Imagine you are a detective. What kind of 'burhān' would you look for to solve a mystery?
Consider a scientific theory you find fascinating. What kind of 'burhān' supports it?
Write about a time you were skeptical about something until you saw irrefutable proof.
자주 묻는 질문
10 질문بُرْهَان (burhān) refers to conclusive, irrefutable proof that establishes a fact with certainty. It's the highest form of substantiation. دليل (dalīl) is a more general term for evidence, which can be indicative, suggestive, or even circumstantial, but might not definitively establish a fact on its own. For example, finding a footprint (dalīl) might suggest someone was there, but finding their DNA at the scene (burhān) proves it conclusively.
While بُرْهَان is primarily used in formal, academic, legal, or logical contexts due to its strong meaning of conclusive proof, it can appear in more serious everyday discussions where someone is trying to be very precise about the certainty of a claim. However, in casual chat, simpler terms like 'proof' (often translated as دليل) or descriptive language are more common to avoid sounding overly formal or pretentious.
The plural of بُرْهَان is براهين (barāhīn). However, in many contexts, the singular form بُرْهَان is used collectively to refer to multiple pieces of evidence that together constitute proof.
No, while it's very common in science and mathematics, بُرْهَان is also used in legal contexts (legal proof, evidence), philosophical arguments (logical proof), and even in more general contexts to signify any form of definitive substantiation for a claim.
The root B-R-H-N is related to concepts of shining, clarity, and illumination. This connection suggests that proof (burhān) brings light to the truth, making it clear and distinct, thereby dispelling darkness or doubt.
In philosophy, a بُرْهَان might be a series of logical steps that undeniably lead to a conclusion. For example, Descartes' 'Cogito, ergo sum' ('I think, therefore I am') is often considered a philosophical بُرْهَان for existence, as the act of doubting one's existence proves one must exist to doubt.
بُرْهَان refers to the factual basis or irrefutable evidence itself that establishes truth. حجة (ḥujjah) refers more to the reasoned argument, plea, or rhetorical structure used to support a point or claim. You use a 'ḥujjah' to present your 'burhān'.
برهان قاطع (burhān qāṭiʿ) is an emphatic phrase meaning 'conclusive proof' or 'irrefutable evidence'. You use it when you want to stress that the proof leaves absolutely no room for doubt or further argument. It's a stronger, more definitive statement.
بُرْهَان is a masculine noun.
Yes, sometimes بُرْهَان can be used figuratively to mean a strong indication or a clear sign of something, though its core meaning of definitive proof remains. For example, 'His consistent effort was a بُرْهَان of his dedication.' This implies his effort conclusively demonstrated his dedication.
셀프 테스트 10 질문
/ 10 correct
Perfect score!
Summary
<strong>بُرْهَان</strong> (burhān) signifies definitive, undeniable proof that establishes a fact with absolute certainty, often employed in academic, legal, and logical discourse where rigorous substantiation is paramount.
- <strong>بُرْهَان</strong> (burhān) means conclusive proof or irrefutable evidence.
- Used in formal contexts like law, science, and math.
- Implies certainty, beyond mere suggestion.
- Distinguished from general 'evidence' (دليل).
Context is Key
Remember that بُرْهَان implies a high degree of certainty. Ensure the context genuinely requires conclusive proof, rather than just general evidence or an argument. Using it appropriately demonstrates a sophisticated understanding of Arabic.
Visual Association
Picture a beam of light (from the root meaning 'to shine') cutting through darkness to illuminate a document labeled 'PROOF'. This visual can help you remember that بُرْهَان brings clarity and establishes truth.
Mastering the 'H'
Pay close attention to the aspirated 'h' sound in بُرْهَان (bur-HAAN). It's a clear, breathy sound distinct from 'k' or 'q'. Practicing this sound will significantly improve your pronunciation.
Case Endings
When using بُرْهَان, remember its case endings. After verbs like 'qaddama' (to present), it will be accusative (burhānan). After prepositions like 'ilā' (to) or 'min' (from), it will be genitive (burhānin).
예시
قدم المحامي برهاناً قاطعاً على براءة موكله.
