B1 Verb Forms 1 min read 보통

Participle (-an/-ən) as a Noun

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Turn any verb into a person or thing by adding -an or -ən to the root.

  • Add -an/-ən to verb roots: Oxu + yan = Oxuyan (The reader/singer).
  • Negate with -ma/-mə before the suffix: Oxumayan (The one who doesn't read).
  • The new word acts like a noun, taking case and plural endings: Gələnlər (The ones who come).
Verb Root + (y) + -an/-ən = 👤 The Doer

Forming the Participle Noun

Verb Root Harmony Buffer Participle Form English Meaning
Gəl- (come)
Soft (ə)
None
Gələn
The one who comes
Yaz- (write)
Hard (a)
None
Yazan
The one who writes
Oxu- (read)
Hard (a)
y
Oxuyan
The one who reads
Gözlə- (wait)
Soft (ə)
y
Gözləyən
The one who waits
Gül- (laugh)
Soft (ə)
None
Gülən
The one who laughs
Qaç- (run)
Hard (a)
None
Qaçan
The one who runs
Gör- (see)
Soft (ə)
None
Görən
The one who sees
Anla- (understand)
Hard (a)
y
Anlayan
The one who understands

Meanings

The participle formed with -an/-ən describes a person or object performing an action. When used as a noun, it replaces the need for a relative clause like 'the person who...'.

1

The Agent (Person)

Refers to a person performing the action of the verb.

“Danışan kimdir? (Who is the one speaking?)”

“Gözləyənlər çoxdur. (The ones waiting are many.)”

2

The Object/Instrument

Refers to a thing that performs a specific function.

“Uçan xalça (Flying carpet - here used as adj, but can be 'Uçan' in context)”

“Yanan (The burning thing)”

3

Professional/Role Titles

Some participles have become fixed nouns for professions or roles.

“Oxuyan (Singer/Student)”

“Baxan (The one looking/Caretaker)”

Reference Table

Reference table for Participle (-an/-ən) as a Noun
Form Structure Example Translation
Affirmative
Root + (y)an/ən
Baxan
The one looking
Negative
Root + ma/mə + yan/yən
Baxmayan
The one not looking
Plural
Root + (y)an/ən + lar/lər
Baxanlar
The ones looking
Dative Case
Root + (y)an/ən + a/ə
Baxana
To the one looking
Accusative Case
Root + (y)an/ən + ı/i
Baxanı
The one looking (obj)
Genitive Case
Root + (y)an/ən + ın/in
Baxanın
Of the one looking
Locative Case
Root + (y)an/ən + da/də
Baxanda
In/On the one looking
Ablative Case
Root + (y)an/ən + dan/dən
Baxandan
From the one looking

격식 수준 스펙트럼

격식체
Bilən kəs bilməyən kəslə eyni deyildir.

Bilən kəs bilməyən kəslə eyni deyildir. (Proverbial/Comparison)

중립
Bilən bilməyənlə bir deyil.

Bilən bilməyənlə bir deyil. (Proverbial/Comparison)

비격식체
Bilənlə bilməyən bir olar?

Bilənlə bilməyən bir olar? (Proverbial/Comparison)

속어
Bilən hara, bilməyən hara!

Bilən hara, bilməyən hara! (Proverbial/Comparison)

The 'Doer' Transformation

Verb Root

Action

  • Yazmaq to write

Suffix

  • -an the one who

Result

  • Yazan the writer

Positive vs Negative Participles

Positive
Bilən The one who knows
Negative
Bilməyən The one who doesn't know

Choosing the Right Suffix

1

Does the root end in a vowel?

YES
Add 'y' buffer
NO
Go to next step
2

Is the last vowel hard (a,ı,o,u)?

YES
Use -an
NO
Use -ən

Common Substantivized Roles

👥

People

  • Gələn
  • Gedən
  • Danışan
📦

Objects

  • Yanan
  • Axan
  • Uçan

수준별 예문

1

Gələn kimdir?

Who is the one coming?

2

Oxuyan mənəm.

The one reading is me.

3

Yeyən uşaqdır.

The one eating is a child.

4

Gülən qızdır.

The one laughing is a girl.

1

Gələnlər mənim dostlarımdır.

The ones coming are my friends.

2

Bilməyən soruşsun.

Let the one who doesn't know ask.

3

Səni gözləyən var.

There is someone waiting for you.

4

İşləyənlər yorulublar.

The ones who are working are tired.

1

Məni eşidən varmı?

Is there anyone who hears me?

2

Dərsi başa düşməyənlər əl qaldırsın.

Those who don't understand the lesson, please raise your hand.

3

Yalan danışana inanma.

Don't believe the one who tells lies.

4

Şəhərdə yaşayanlar bunu bilir.

Those living in the city know this.

1

Konfransda iştirak edənlərin siyahısı hazırdır.

The list of those participating in the conference is ready.

2

Müsabiqədə qalib gələnlər mükafatlandırılacaq.

Those who win the competition will be rewarded.

3

Səhvini başa düşən insan ağıllıdır.

A person who understands their mistake is wise.

4

Bizi izləyənlərə çox təşəkkür edirik.

We thank those who follow us very much.

1

Vətənini sevən hər kəs bu işdə bizə qoşulmalıdır.

Everyone who loves their motherland should join us in this work.

2

Gələcəyini düşünən gənclər təhsilə önəm verirlər.

Youth who think about their future give importance to education.

3

Qanunu pozanlar məsuliyyətə cəlb olunacaqlar.

Those who break the law will be held accountable.

4

Həqiqəti gizlədənlər gec-tez ifşa olunacaqlar.

Those who hide the truth will be exposed sooner or later.

1

Zamanın nəbzini tutan sənətkar həmişə aktual qalır.

An artist who keeps their finger on the pulse of time always remains relevant.

2

Xalqın rifahı naminə çalışanlar tarixdə iz qoyurlar.

Those who work for the welfare of the people leave a mark in history.

3

Özünü dərk edən fərd cəmiyyətin sütunudur.

An individual who realizes themselves is the pillar of society.

4

Aşağıda imza edənlər bu müqavilənin şərtlərini qəbul edirlər.

The undersigned accept the terms of this contract.

혼동하기 쉬운

Participle (-an/-ən) as a Noun Participle (-an) vs. Habitual (-ar)

Learners mix up 'the one who does' (-an) with 'the one who usually does' (-ar).

Participle (-an/-ən) as a Noun Active (-an) vs. Passive (-ılan)

Confusing the doer with the receiver of the action.

Participle (-an/-ən) as a Noun Participle (-an) vs. Gerund (-anda)

Confusing 'the one who' with 'when/while'.

자주 하는 실수

Adam kim gəlir

Gələn adam

Don't use 'kim' like the English 'who'. Use the participle before the noun.

oxuan

oxuyan

Missing the buffer 'y' after a vowel.

gəlan

gələn

Incorrect vowel harmony.

yazən

yazan

Incorrect vowel harmony.

bilənməyən

bilməyən

The negative suffix -ma/-mə must come before the participle suffix.

gələnlar

gələnlər

Vowel harmony error in the plural suffix.

oxumayan

oxumayan

Actually correct, but learners often forget the 'y' here too.

Gələnəni gördüm

Gələni gördüm

Double suffixing. You only need one participle suffix.

Səni sevənəni

Səni sevəni

Incorrect case application.

Yazanı kitabı

Yazanın kitabı

Using accusative instead of genitive for possession.

Dəvət edən qonaqlar

Dəvət olunan qonaqlar

Using active instead of passive. 'Dəvət edən' means the one who invites.

문장 패턴

___ olan kəs ___.

Mən ___ -ı/i tanımıram.

Orada ___ kimdir?

___ -lar/lər bura gəlsin.

Real World Usage

Social Media very common

Bizi bəyənənlərə təşəkkür!

Job Interviews common

Müraciət edənlər çoxdur.

Public Announcements constant

Qatarı gözləyənlər diqqətli olsun.

Ordering Food occasional

Acı yeyən var?

News Headlines very common

Hadisə yerindən qaçanlar tutuldu.

Texting Friends constant

Gələn sən sən?

🎯

The 'Who' Shortcut

Whenever you want to say 'the person who...', stop! Don't use 'kim'. Just take the verb and add -an/-ən.
⚠️

Vowel Harmony

Always check the last vowel of the root. 'Yazan' sounds right, 'Yazən' sounds like a mistake.
💡

Negation First

Remember that the negative -ma/-mə always comes before the -an/-ən. It's 'bil-mə-yən', not 'bil-ən-mə'.
💬

Respectful Roles

Using 'Baxan' for a supervisor or 'Oxuyan' for a singer is common and natural. Don't feel you always need a formal job title.

Smart Tips

Try to replace it with a participle. Instead of 'O adam ki, orada oturub', say 'Orada oturan'.

O adam ki, orada oturub, mənim dostumdur. Orada oturan mənim dostumdur.

Always remember the 'y'. Since -ma/-mə ends in a vowel, the negative participle is always -mayan/-məyən.

Gəlməən Gəlməyən

Use the participle + 'olan'. For example, 'Qırmızı köynəkdə olan' (The one in the red shirt).

Qırmızı köynək geyinən adam Qırmızı köynəkdə olan

Look for case endings after it. If you see 'gələnlərdən', break it down: gəl (root) + ən (who) + lər (plural) + dən (from).

gələnlərdən (confusing long word) gəl + ən + lər + dən (clear structure)

발음

gə-LƏN, ya-ZAN

Stress on the Suffix

In Azerbaijani, the stress usually falls on the last syllable of the participle suffix (-AN or -ƏN).

o-xu-YAN

Buffer 'y' Glide

The buffer 'y' should be pronounced as a smooth glide between the two vowels, not a hard 'y' sound.

Rising Intonation for Questions

Gələn SƏNSƏN? ↗

Surprise or confirmation check.

암기하기

기억법

Think of '-an' as 'A Name' for the person doing the action.

시각적 연상

Imagine a person holding a sign with a verb on it. As soon as they step onto a stage (the -an/-ən suffix), the sign turns into their name tag.

Rhyme

If they do the plan, they are the -an!

Story

A man is running (qaçmaq). You don't know him, so you call him 'Qaçan'. He stops to read (oxumaq), so now he is 'Oxuyan'. He starts to sing (oxumaq), and he is still 'Oxuyan'!

Word Web

GələnGedənBaxanGörənYazanOxuyanDanışanEşidən

챌린지

Look around you in a public place. Identify 5 people by what they are doing using the -an/-ən form (e.g., 'Telefonla danışan', 'Qəhvə içən').

문화 노트

In Azerbaijani culture, using participles like 'Oxuyan' (Singer) or 'Baxan' (Fortune teller/Caretaker) as titles is very common and respectful.

In some southern dialects, the -an/-ən suffix might sound closer to -on/-en, but the standard written form remains the same.

Classical Azerbaijani poetry often uses these participles to create timeless descriptions of the 'Beloved' or the 'Seeker'.

Derived from the Old Turkic suffix -gan/-gen, which was used to form agentive nouns and adjectives.

대화 시작하기

Bu şəkildə gülən kimdir?

Azərbaycanda ən çox sevilən oxuyan kimdir?

Dərsi başa düşməyənlər üçün nə etmək olar?

Gələcəyini düşünən gənc nələrə diqqət etməlidir?

일기 주제

Describe a busy park using at least 5 -an/-ən participles.
Write about the qualities of a good leader.
Discuss the challenges faced by those living in big cities.
Reflect on a famous person you admire.

자주 하는 실수

Incorrect

정답


Incorrect

정답


Incorrect

정답


Incorrect

정답

Test Yourself

Fill in the correct participle form of 'gəlmək'.

Sabah bizə ___ qonaqlar mənim qohumlarımdır.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
The present participle 'gələn' is used to describe the guests who are coming.
Choose the correct negative form. 객관식

Sualı ___ şagird yoxdur.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: b
The negative form 'bilməyən' (the one who doesn't know) fits the context.
Find the mistake in the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Mən oxuan uşağı tanıyıram.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
The root 'oxu' ends in a vowel, so it needs the buffer 'y'.
Reorder the words to make a correct sentence. Sentence Reorder

Arrange the words in the correct order:

All words placed

Click words above to build the sentence

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
The standard word order is 'Location + Participle + Question Word'.
Match the verb with its substantivized meaning. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Simple suffix application following vowel harmony.
Translate: 'I don't know the one who is speaking.' 번역

I don't know the one who is speaking.

Answer starts with: a...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
The substantivized participle 'danışan' takes the accusative case '-ı' because it is the object of 'tanımıram'.
Which one is plural and dative? 객관식

To the ones who are waiting...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Gözləyən (participle) + lər (plural) + ə (dative).
Complete the proverb.

Çox ___, çox bilər.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
The famous proverb is 'Çox oxuyan çox bilər' (He who reads much knows much).

Score: /8

연습 문제

8 exercises
Fill in the correct participle form of 'gəlmək'.

Sabah bizə ___ qonaqlar mənim qohumlarımdır.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
The present participle 'gələn' is used to describe the guests who are coming.
Choose the correct negative form. 객관식

Sualı ___ şagird yoxdur.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: b
The negative form 'bilməyən' (the one who doesn't know) fits the context.
Find the mistake in the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Mən oxuan uşağı tanıyıram.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
The root 'oxu' ends in a vowel, so it needs the buffer 'y'.
Reorder the words to make a correct sentence. Sentence Reorder

kimdir / danışan / orada / ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
The standard word order is 'Location + Participle + Question Word'.
Match the verb with its substantivized meaning. Match Pairs

1. Yazmaq, 2. Oxumaq, 3. Qaçmaq

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Simple suffix application following vowel harmony.
Translate: 'I don't know the one who is speaking.' 번역

I don't know the one who is speaking.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
The substantivized participle 'danışan' takes the accusative case '-ı' because it is the object of 'tanımıram'.
Which one is plural and dative? 객관식

To the ones who are waiting...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Gözləyən (participle) + lər (plural) + ə (dative).
Complete the proverb.

Çox ___, çox bilər.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
The famous proverb is 'Çox oxuyan çox bilər' (He who reads much knows much).

Score: /8

자주 묻는 질문 (8)

Yes! While it usually refers to people, it can refer to objects that perform an action, like `uçan xalça` (flying carpet) or `axan su` (flowing water).

`Tələbə` is the specific noun for 'student'. `Oxuyan` is more general, meaning 'the one who reads' or 'the one who sings'. In some contexts, they are interchangeable.

Only if the verb root ends in a vowel (a, e, ə, i, ı, o, ö, u, ü). If it ends in a consonant, just add -an/-ən.

You would use the suffix `-mış/-miş` instead. For example, `gəlmiş` (the one who has come).

It is neutral and used in all registers, from slang to legal documents.

Absolutely! Since it functions as a noun, you can add all six cases: `gələnə`, `gələndən`, `gələnin`, etc.

Using `kim` as a relative pronoun (like 'the man who...') is an Indo-European structure. Azerbaijani is Turkic and prefers using participles to keep sentences concise.

No. Azerbaijani has no grammatical gender. `Gələn` can mean 'the man who comes' or 'the woman who comes'.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

English moderate

The one who... / -er

Azerbaijani avoids the relative pronoun 'who' entirely.

Spanish low

El que / Quien

Spanish requires a full clause; Azerbaijani uses a single word.

French low

Celui qui

Azerbaijani is synthetic (suffix-based), French is analytic (phrase-based).

German moderate

Der/Die/Das + Partizip I

German participles must agree in gender and case with the article.

Japanese high

Verb + hito / mono

Japanese uses the plain form of the verb; Azerbaijani uses a specific participle form.

Arabic moderate

Ism al-Fa'il (اسم الفاعل)

Arabic uses root-and-pattern morphology; Azerbaijani uses agglutinative suffixes.

Chinese high

Verb + de (的)

Chinese 'de' is a separate particle; Azerbaijani '-an' is a suffix.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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