C1 Verb Forms 1 min read 어려움

Adjectival Participial Phrases

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Turn verbs into adjectives to describe nouns concisely by using the '-anta' or '-to' suffix forms.

  • Use the present participle (-anta) for ongoing actions: 'চলন্ত ট্রেন' (moving train).
  • Use the past participle (-to) for completed states: 'ভাঙ্গা জানালা' (broken window).
  • Place the participle directly before the noun it modifies.
Verb Root + (anta/to) + Noun

Participle Formation

Verb Root Suffix Participle Form Meaning
chol
anta
cholanta
moving
bhang
a
bhanga
broken
por
a
pora
read
jwol
anta
jwolanta
burning
har
ano
harano
lost
likh
a
likha
written

Meanings

Adjectival participial phrases allow you to condense relative clauses into a single descriptive word, making your Bengali sound more native and fluid.

1

Present Participle

Describes an ongoing action or state of the noun.

“চলন্ত বাস”

“কাঁদতে থাকা বাচ্চা”

2

Past Participle

Describes a completed action or a resulting state of the noun.

“পড়া বই”

“ভাঙ্গা কাঁচ”

Reference Table

Reference table for Adjectival Participial Phrases
Form Structure Example
Present Participle
Root + anta
cholanta bus
Past Participle
Root + a/to
bhanga glass
Negative (Past)
na + Root + a
na-lekha chithi
Negative (Present)
na + Root + anta
na-cholanta gari
Question
Participle + Noun + ki?
bhanga chair-ti ki tomar?
Plural
Participle + Noun + ra
cholanta bus-gulo

격식 수준 스펙트럼

격식체
চলন্ত ট্রেনটি বিলম্বিত।

চলন্ত ট্রেনটি বিলম্বিত। (Travel)

중립
চলন্ত ট্রেনটি দেরি করছে।

চলন্ত ট্রেনটি দেরি করছে। (Travel)

비격식체
চলন্ত ট্রেনটা লেট।

চলন্ত ট্রেনটা লেট। (Travel)

속어
চলন্ত ট্রেনটা ফালতু।

চলন্ত ট্রেনটা ফালতু। (Travel)

Participle Types

Participle

Ongoing

  • cholanta moving

Completed

  • bhanga broken

수준별 예문

1

ঘুমন্ত বাচ্চা

Sleeping baby

2

পড়া বই

Read book

3

ভাঙ্গা চেয়ার

Broken chair

4

উড়ন্ত পাখি

Flying bird

1

আমি একটি চলন্ত বাস দেখলাম।

I saw a moving bus.

2

সে একটি লেখা চিঠি পেল।

He received a written letter.

3

এটি একটি পোড়া রুটি।

This is a burnt bread.

4

আমি একটি কাঁদা মানুষ দেখলাম।

I saw a crying man.

1

চলন্ত ট্রেনে চড়া বিপজ্জনক।

Boarding a moving train is dangerous.

2

ভাঙ্গা কাঁচের টুকরোটি সাবধানে ধরুন।

Hold the broken piece of glass carefully.

3

সে তার হারানো ঘড়িটি খুঁজে পেল।

He found his lost watch.

4

উড়ন্ত অবস্থায় বিমানটির ছবি তুললাম।

I took a photo of the plane while flying.

1

শিক্ষক ছাত্রদের পড়া পাঠটি বুঝিয়ে দিলেন।

The teacher explained the read lesson to the students.

2

প্রবহমান নদীটি আমাদের গ্রামের পাশ দিয়ে বয়ে গেছে।

The flowing river flows by our village.

3

অতীতের ভুলে যাওয়া স্মৃতিগুলো মনে পড়ছে।

I am remembering the forgotten memories of the past.

4

তিনি একটি জ্বলন্ত মোমবাতি হাতে দাঁড়িয়ে ছিলেন।

He was standing with a burning candle in his hand.

1

চলমান প্রক্রিয়ায় কোনো পরিবর্তন আনা সম্ভব নয়।

It is not possible to bring changes to the ongoing process.

2

বিস্মৃত ইতিহাস পুনরায় চর্চা করা প্রয়োজন।

It is necessary to re-examine forgotten history.

3

উদ্বেলিত জনতা রাস্তায় নেমে এসেছে।

The agitated crowd has come out to the streets.

4

অনির্ধারিত সূচি অনুযায়ী আমাদের কাজ করতে হবে।

We have to work according to the unscheduled agenda.

1

অস্তগামী সূর্যের আলোয় প্রকৃতি এক মায়াবী রূপ ধারণ করে।

Nature takes on a magical form in the light of the setting sun.

2

পরিত্যক্ত অট্টালিকাটি ইতিহাসের সাক্ষী হয়ে দাঁড়িয়ে আছে।

The abandoned mansion stands as a witness to history.

3

অকথিত কথাগুলো আজ প্রকাশ পেল।

The unspoken words were revealed today.

4

প্রত্যাখ্যাত প্রস্তাবটি পুনরায় বিবেচনা করা হলো।

The rejected proposal was reconsidered.

혼동하기 쉬운

Adjectival Participial Phrases Gerund vs Participle

Both use verb roots.

자주 하는 실수

bus cholanta

cholanta bus

Adjectives must precede the noun.

ami cholanta

ami cholchi

Do not use the participle as a main verb.

bhanganta glass

bhanga glass

Use the correct suffix for the state.

se likhanta chithi

se lekha chithi

Irregular roots require specific forms.

문장 패턴

___ ___ টি আমার খুব প্রিয়।

Real World Usage

News Report constant

চলমান পরিস্থিতি...

Social Media common

হারানো স্মৃতি...

Job Interview common

অর্জিত দক্ষতা...

Travel occasional

চলন্ত বাস...

Food Delivery occasional

পোড়া খাবার...

Texting common

লেখা চিঠি...

💡

Context is key

Always check if the action is ongoing or finished.
⚠️

Don't conjugate

Participles are adjectives, not verbs.
🎯

Use for brevity

Replace 'je' clauses to sound native.
💬

Literary style

Use more Sanskritized forms in formal writing.

Smart Tips

Use a participle to be more concise.

The book that is read is good. The read book is good.

Use Sanskritized participles.

The process that is going on. The ongoing process.

Use the -a suffix.

The glass that is broken. The broken glass.

Use the -anta suffix.

The train that is moving. The moving train.

발음

chol-AN-ta

Suffix stress

The stress usually falls on the root, not the suffix.

Declarative

চলন্ত বাসটি যাচ্ছে।

Neutral statement.

암기하기

기억법

Think of 'anta' as 'active' (both start with A) and 'to' as 'totaled' (for broken things).

시각적 연상

Imagine a bus moving (cholanta) and a glass that is totally broken (bhanga).

Rhyme

Anta for moving, to for the end, use them as adjectives, my Bengali friend.

Story

I saw a moving (cholanta) train. Inside, I found a broken (bhanga) watch. It was a lost (harano) item.

Word Web

cholantabhangaporalikhajwolantaharano

챌린지

Write 5 sentences describing objects in your room using these participial forms.

문화 노트

More formal usage of Sanskritized participles.

More colloquial use of Persian-influenced roots.

Derived from Sanskrit participial forms.

대화 시작하기

আপনি কি কখনো চলন্ত ট্রেন থেকে নামার চেষ্টা করেছেন?

일기 주제

Describe a busy street scene using at least 5 participial phrases.

자주 하는 실수

Incorrect

정답


Incorrect

정답


Incorrect

정답


Incorrect

정답

Test Yourself

Fill in the blank.

___ (chol) বাসটি চলে গেল।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: cholanta
Ongoing action requires -anta.
Choose the correct form. 객관식

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: bhanga chair
Adjective precedes noun.
Fix the error. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

সে একটি পড়ন্ত বই পড়ছে।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: pora
Completed action requires -a.
Transform the clause. Sentence Transformation

বাসটি যা চলছে -> ___ বাস

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: cholanta
Relative clause to participle.
True or False? True False Rule

Participles conjugate like verbs.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
They are adjectives.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: ট্রেনটি কেমন? B: এটি একটি ___ ট্রেন।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: cholanta
Ongoing action.
Build a sentence. Sentence Building

বই / পড়া / আমার / প্রিয়

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Pora boi amar priyo
Correct order.
Sort the words. Grammar Sorting

Ongoing vs Completed

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: cholanta, jwolanta
Ongoing group.

Score: /8

연습 문제

8 exercises
Fill in the blank.

___ (chol) বাসটি চলে গেল।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: cholanta
Ongoing action requires -anta.
Choose the correct form. 객관식

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: bhanga chair
Adjective precedes noun.
Fix the error. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

সে একটি পড়ন্ত বই পড়ছে।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: pora
Completed action requires -a.
Transform the clause. Sentence Transformation

বাসটি যা চলছে -> ___ বাস

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: cholanta
Relative clause to participle.
True or False? True False Rule

Participles conjugate like verbs.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
They are adjectives.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: ট্রেনটি কেমন? B: এটি একটি ___ ট্রেন।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: cholanta
Ongoing action.
Build a sentence. Sentence Building

বই / পড়া / আমার / প্রিয়

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Pora boi amar priyo
Correct order.
Sort the words. Grammar Sorting

Ongoing vs Completed

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: cholanta, jwolanta
Ongoing group.

Score: /8

자주 묻는 질문 (8)

Yes, they are very common.

Yes, they modify nouns.

Check the root form first.

Yes, add -gulo to the noun.

Yes, add 'na'.

No, Bengali adjectives are gender-neutral.

They vary by register.

They are more concise.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish high

Participio

Spanish agrees in gender/number.

French high

Participe passé

French has more complex agreement rules.

German moderate

Partizip I/II

German has complex declension.

Japanese partial

Rentaishi

Japanese uses particles differently.

Arabic moderate

Ism al-fa'il

Arabic is root-based with templates.

Chinese low

De-construction

Chinese has no verb conjugation.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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