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C1 adjective 9분 분량

προκλητικός

causing annoyance or intended to provoke a reaction

At the A1 level, you don't need to use 'προκλητικός' yet, but you might hear it. Think of it as 'bad behavior'. If a child is not listening and is being 'naughty' to get a reaction, a Greek person might use this word. It's like saying 'You are trying to make me angry'. For now, just remember that it describes someone who is not being polite. It is a long word, so focus on the sound: pro-kli-ti-kos. It usually describes a person or a dress that is 'too much'.
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At A2, you can start using 'προκλητικός' to describe simple situations. For example, if a friend is teasing you too much, you can say 'Είσαι προκλητικός' (You are being provocative). You should also know that it describes clothes. If you see someone in a very flashy or revealing outfit, you can use this word. Remember the endings: -ος for men, -η for women, -ο for things. 'Ένα προκλητικό μπλουζάκι' (A provocative t-shirt). It's a word used when someone is 'pushing' your limits.
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At the B1 level, you should understand that 'προκλητικός' is about intent. It's not just an accident. The person wants a reaction. You will see this word in the news about politics or sports. 'Προκλητικές δηλώσεις' are statements made by famous people to start a fight or get attention. You should also learn the adverb 'προκλητικά'. For example: 'Μου χαμογέλασε προκλητικά' (He smiled at me provocatively). This means the smile was not friendly; it was a challenge.
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At B2, you need to use 'προκλητικός' in more abstract ways. It can describe a 'provocative price' (προκλητική τιμή) which is so high it feels like an insult, or a 'provocative silence' (προκλητική σιωπή) when someone should speak but chooses not to just to annoy others. You should be able to distinguish it from 'ενοχλητικός' (annoying). 'Προκλητικός' is stronger and implies a social or moral violation. It is very common in essays about social issues or media behavior.
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At the C1 level, you must master the nuances of 'προκλητικός'. It is a key term in Greek 'diplomatese' (language of diplomacy) to describe territorial violations or aggressive rhetoric by other nations. You should also use it in literary or art criticism to describe works that challenge the status quo. Understand its connection to 'προκαλώ' (to provoke/challenge) and 'πρόκληση' (challenge). You should be able to use it to describe an 'insolent' attitude in professional settings, where it carries a heavy negative weight regarding one's character and 'filotimo'.
At C2, you use 'προκλητικός' to analyze complex socio-political dynamics. You understand how it functions as a tool for 'othering' in political discourse—labeling an opponent's stance as 'προκλητική' to delegitimize it. You can use it in academic contexts to describe 'provocative hypotheses' that shift paradigms. You are also aware of its historical usage in Greek literature to describe the 'defiant' spirit of heroes or anti-heroes. You can weave it into high-level rhetoric to emphasize the outrageous nature of a situation, using it with sophisticated adverbs like 'αναίσχυντα' (shamelessly) or 'απροκάλυπτα' (openly/unabashedly).
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예시 노트와 팁

προκλητικός 30초 만에

  • An adjective meaning provocative, defiant, or suggestive.
  • Used to describe behavior intended to get a reaction.
  • Common in Greek news regarding politics and social issues.
  • Follows standard -ος, -η, -ο adjective declension rules.

The Greek word προκλητικός is a multifaceted adjective that English speakers often encounter at the C1 level because its meaning shifts significantly based on context. At its core, it stems from the verb προκαλώ (to provoke or challenge). When you describe someone or something as προκλητικός, you are suggesting that they are actively seeking a reaction, often an aggressive, emotional, or shocked one. In a social or political context, it describes behavior that is defiant or insolent, pushing the boundaries of what is considered acceptable or polite. For instance, a politician might make a προκλητική δήλωση (provocative statement) to stir up their base or rattle their opponents.

Social Defiance
In everyday Greek life, if a teenager speaks back to a teacher with an attitude of 'what are you going to do about it?', their behavior is termed προκλητική συμπεριφορά. It implies a lack of respect and a deliberate attempt to cause annoyance.
Visual and Aesthetic Context
The word also translates to 'suggestive' or 'revealing' regarding clothing. An outfit that is προκλητικό is one intended to attract sexual attention or challenge modest norms. This is a common usage in fashion and social commentary.
Intellectual and Artistic Use
In the arts, being προκλητικός is often seen as a merit. A 'provocative' film or book is one that forces the audience to rethink their values or confront uncomfortable truths. Here, the nuance is less about 'annoying' and more about 'challenging the status quo'.

"Η στάση του στο δικαστήριο ήταν ιδιαίτερα προκλητική, εξοργίζοντας τους ενόρκους."

— Translation: His stance in court was particularly provocative, infuriating the jurors.

Understanding the weight of this word is crucial. Calling someone προκλητικός is a strong judgment. It suggests that the person is not just being difficult by accident, but is doing so with intent. It is the difference between being 'annoying' (ενοχλητικός) and 'provocative' (προκλητικός). The latter implies a calculated strategy to disrupt peace or order. In geopolitical terms, Greece often uses this word to describe the actions of neighboring countries that violate international law or maritime borders, labeling such acts as προκλητικές ενέργειες (provocative actions).

"Φορούσε ένα προκλητικό φόρεμα που τράβηξε όλα τα βλέμματα πάνω της."

— Translation: She was wearing a provocative dress that drew all eyes upon her.

When analyzing the word's frequency, it appears heavily in news headlines. Journalists use it to describe everything from 'provocative prices' (προκλητικές τιμές)—meaning prices so high they are an insult to the consumer—to 'provocative behavior' in sports, such as a player taunting the crowd. It is a word that demands attention because it describes a violation of the 'norm' or a direct challenge to authority.

Using προκλητικός correctly requires an understanding of Greek adjective agreement. Since it ends in -ος, it follows the standard first and second declension pattern: προκλητικός (masculine), προκλητική (feminine), and προκλητικό (neuter). It must agree in gender, number, and case with the noun it modifies. Let's look at how this functions across different grammatical structures.

Attributive Position
When the adjective comes before the noun to describe a quality: 'Ο προκλητικός μαθητής τιμωρήθηκε' (The provocative student was punished). Here, it identifies which student we are talking about.
Predicative Position
When the adjective follows a linking verb like 'είναι' (is): 'Οι ερωτήσεις του ήταν προκλητικές' (His questions were provocative). This describes the state or nature of the questions.

"Μην γίνεσαι προκλητικός χωρίς λόγο, δεν βοηθάς την κατάσταση."

— Translation: Don't be provocative for no reason; you're not helping the situation.

In formal writing, you will often see it paired with abstract nouns like ύφος (style/manner) or δήλωση (statement). For example, 'προκλητικό ύφος' refers to a smug or defiant look on someone's face. It is also used to describe economic disparities: 'Είναι προκλητικό να υπάρχουν τέτοιοι μισθοί την ώρα που ο κόσμος πεινάει' (It is provocative/insulting for such salaries to exist while people are starving). In this sense, 'προκλητικό' acts as a synonym for 'outrageous' or 'offensive to the common sense of justice'.

"Η προκλητική σιωπή της κυβέρνησης προκάλεσε αντιδράσεις."

— Translation: The government's provocative silence caused reactions.

To intensify the meaning, Greeks often use adverbs like άκρως (extremely) or ιδιαίτερα (particularly). 'Μια άκρως προκλητική ενέργεια' sounds much more serious in a news report than just 'μια προκλητική ενέργεια'. If you want to describe the way someone is acting, you use the adverbial form προκλητικά. For example: 'Μου μίλησε πολύ προκλητικά' (He spoke to me very provocatively/defiantly).

If you turn on a Greek news channel (like SKAI or ERT), you are almost guaranteed to hear προκλητικός within the first ten minutes. It is the go-to word for political commentary. When Turkey conducts drills in the Aegean, the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs will issue a statement regarding προκλητικές παραβιάσεις (provocative violations). In this high-stakes context, the word signifies a threat to national sovereignty and a deliberate testing of patience.

The Courtroom and Law
Lawyers use it to describe the behavior of the opposing party. If a defendant shows no remorse and laughs during a trial, the prosecutor will describe their attitude as προκλητική, aiming to secure a harsher sentence based on the lack of respect for the law.
Talk Shows and Celebrity Gossip
In the 'lifestyle' (lifestyle) segments of morning shows, hosts discuss προκλητικές εμφανίσεις (provocative appearances) of celebrities on the red carpet or Instagram. Here, the word is used to describe outfits that are 'too much' or designed specifically to trend on social media.

"Σταμάτα να κάνεις προκλητικές ερωτήσεις, δεν πρόκειται να σου απαντήσω."

— Translation: Stop asking provocative questions; I am not going to answer you.

In a household setting, parents often use it when arguing with their children. A parent might say, 'Μη μου μιλάς με αυτό το προκλητικό ύφος!' (Don't speak to me with that provocative/defiant tone!). It captures that specific 'teenage angst' or 'rebellion' where the child is trying to push the parent's buttons. It's also common in sports commentary, especially during 'derbies' (Olympiacos vs. Panathinaikos), where a player’s celebration might be deemed προκλητικός towards the rival fans, leading to fines or yellow cards.

"Η επίδειξη του πλούτου τους σε καιρό κρίσης θεωρήθηκε προκλητική."

— Translation: Their display of wealth during a time of crisis was considered provocative/offensive.

Finally, in academic or intellectual debates, a προκλητική θεωρία (provocative theory) is one that challenges established scientific or historical consensus. In this context, the word carries a more positive, or at least neutral, connotation of being groundbreaking or 'outside the box'.

For English speakers, the most common mistake is confusing προκλητικός with 'challenging' in the sense of 'difficult'. In English, you might say 'This is a challenging exercise'. If you translate this literally into Greek as 'Αυτή είναι μια προκλητική άσκηση', you are actually saying 'This is a provocative/defiant exercise', which makes no sense. For 'difficult/challenging', you should use δύσκολος or απαιτητικός (demanding).

Confusion with 'Annoying'
While προκλητικός causes annoyance, it isn't just 'annoying' (ενοχλητικός). If a fly is buzzing around your head, it's ενοχλητική. It isn't προκλητική because the fly doesn't have the conscious intent to challenge your authority or provoke an emotional outburst. Use προκλητικός only when there is an element of intent or social boundary-crossing.
The 'Sexual' vs 'Aggressive' Nuance
In English, 'provocative' often has a sexual undertone by default. In Greek, προκλητικός is equally likely to mean 'aggressive' or 'insolent'. Be careful with context; calling a man's behavior προκλητικό in an argument means he is being a jerk/defiant, not that he is being 'sexy'.

"Λάθος: Αυτή η δουλειά είναι προκλητική. Σωστό: Αυτή η δουλειά είναι απαιτητική."

— Explanation: You cannot use 'προκλητικός' to mean a 'challenging task' or 'difficult job'.

Another mistake involves the adverbial form. Learners often say 'Μου μίλησε με προκλητικό τρόπο' (He spoke to me in a provocative way), which is correct, but they forget they can simply say 'Μου μίλησε προκλητικά'. Also, pay attention to the stress. It is on the syllable 'τι' (pro-kli-ti-KOS). Misplacing the stress can make the word unrecognizable to native speakers.

"Είναι προκλητικό να γελάς στην κηδεία."

— Translation: It is provocative/outrageous to laugh at a funeral.

Lastly, remember that προκλητικός is a 'loaded' word. If you use it to describe someone's opinion in a casual conversation, you are essentially starting a fight. It's not a 'soft' word. If you just disagree with someone, say 'Διαφωνώ'. If you say 'Η άποψή σου είναι προκλητική', you are telling them their opinion is an insult to logic or morality.

Depending on the specific nuance you want to convey, Greek offers several alternatives to προκλητικός. Choosing the right one will make your Greek sound much more natural and precise.

Ερεθιστικός (Erethistikos)
This means 'stimulating' or 'irritating'. In a sexual context, it is a closer synonym to 'arousing'. In a medical context, it means 'irritant'. It is less about 'defiance' and more about 'physical or sensory stimulation'.
Αναιδής (Anaidis)
This means 'impudent' or 'insolent'. If someone is being προκλητικός because they lack respect for elders or authority, αναιδής is the more specific term for their character flaw.
Εξοργιστικός (Exorgistikos)
Meaning 'infuriating'. Use this when the focus is on the anger the action causes in others, rather than the 'challenge' itself. 'Μια εξοργιστική απόφαση' (An infuriating decision).

"Αντί για προκλητικός, μπορείς να πεις 'τολμηρός' αν θέλεις να τονίσεις το θάρρος κάποιου."

— Tip: Use 'τολμηρός' (bold/daring) if you want to give a positive spin to a provocative action.

If you are looking for an antonym, σεμνός (modest/humble) is the perfect opposite for the sexual or social vanity meanings. For the aggressive meaning, διακριτικός (discreet/tactful) or ήπιος (mild) are better choices. A person who is διακριτικός tries to avoid causing a scene, whereas a προκλητικός person thrives on it.

"Η προκλητική του συμπεριφορά τον οδήγησε στην απόλυση."

— Translation: His provocative behavior led to his dismissal.

In political discourse, you might also hear επιθετικός (aggressive) or επεκτατικός (expansionist). While προκλητικός describes the nature of the act, these words describe the intent behind it. For example, 'μια προκλητική και επιθετική ενέργεια' (a provocative and aggressive act) is a common redundancy used for emphasis in Greek diplomacy.

재미있는 사실

The root 'kaleo' is the same one that gives us 'Ecclesia' (the church, literally the 'called out ones') and 'English 'call' has a similar sound, though linguists debate the direct link.

발음 가이드

UK /pro.kli.ti.ˈkos/
US /proʊ.kli.ti.ˈkoʊs/
The stress is on the final syllable: kos.
라임이 맞는 단어
επιθετικός εκπαιδευτικός πολιτικός στατιστικός θετικός αρνητικός ρεαλιστικός φανταστικός
자주 하는 실수
  • Stressing the second syllable (pro-KLI-ti-kos) instead of the last.
  • Pronouncing 'kh' instead of 'k' (it is a soft k, not a raspy one).
  • Confusing the 'i' sound with 'ai' or 'ee' in English.
  • Merging the 'l' and 'i' too much.
  • Failing to pronounce the final 's' clearly.
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수준별 예문

1

Το παιδί είναι προκλητικό σήμερα.

The child is provocative/naughty today.

Masculine singular nominative.

2

Είναι ένα προκλητικό παιχνίδι.

It is a provocative game.

Neuter singular nominative.

3

Μην είσαι προκλητικός.

Don't be provocative (to a male).

Imperative context with adjective.

4

Αυτή η μπλούζα είναι προκλητική.

This shirt is provocative.

Feminine singular nominative.

5

Είναι προκλητικοί άνθρωποι.

They are provocative people.

Masculine plural nominative.

6

Το χρώμα είναι προκλητικό.

The color is provocative.

Neuter singular.

7

Έχει προκλητικό ύφος.

He has a provocative look.

Accusative case.

8

Είναι πολύ προκλητική.

She is very provocative.

Feminine singular.

1

Φοράει προκλητικά ρούχα στο πάρτι.

She wears provocative clothes to the party.

Neuter plural accusative.

2

Η απάντησή του ήταν προκλητική.

His answer was provocative.

Feminine singular.

3

Γιατί είσαι τόσο προκλητικός μαζί μου;

Why are you so provocative with me?

Question form.

4

Είδαμε μια προκλητική ταινία.

We saw a provocative movie.

Feminine singular accusative.

5

Οι τιμές στα μαγαζιά είναι προκλητικές.

The prices in the shops are provocative (outrageous).

Feminine plural.

6

Μην κάνεις προκλητικές κινήσεις.

Don't make provocative moves.

Feminine plural accusative.

7

Το γέλιο του ήταν προκλητικό.

His laugh was provocative.

Neuter singular.

8

Είναι προκλητικό να μην βοηθάς.

It is provocative not to help.

Impersonal expression.

1

Ο πολιτικός έκανε μια προκλητική δήλωση για την οικονομία.

The politician made a provocative statement about the economy.

Feminine singular accusative.

2

Η συμπεριφορά του στο σχολείο είναι συχνά προκλητική.

His behavior at school is often provocative.

Feminine singular (agrees with 'συμπεριφορά').

3

Περπατούσε προκλητικά στη μέση του δρόμου.

He was walking provocatively in the middle of the street.

Adverbial form 'προκλητικά'.

4

Αυτό το άρθρο είναι γεμάτο προκλητικές ιδέες.

This article is full of provocative ideas.

Feminine plural accusative.

5

Δεν μου αρέσει το προκλητικό σου χιούμορ.

I don't like your provocative humor.

Neuter singular accusative.

6

Η σιωπή του θεωρήθηκε προκλητική από όλους.

His silence was considered provocative by everyone.

Passive construction.

7

Είναι προκλητικό να λες ψέματα μπροστά σε όλους.

It is provocative to lie in front of everyone.

Impersonal 'είναι' + neuter adjective.

8

Χρησιμοποίησε προκλητική γλώσσα στη συζήτηση.

He used provocative language in the discussion.

Feminine singular accusative.

1

Η χώρα προέβη σε προκλητικές ενέργειες στα σύνορα.

The country engaged in provocative actions at the borders.

Feminine plural accusative.

2

Το ύφος της ήταν τόσο προκλητικό που κανείς δεν της μίλησε.

Her manner was so provocative that no one spoke to her.

Neuter singular (agrees with 'ύφος').

3

Δεν πρέπει να υποκύπτουμε σε προκλητικές συμπεριφορές.

We must not give in to provocative behaviors.

Dative-like usage with 'σε'.

4

Η επίδειξη πλούτου είναι προκλητική σε περιόδους κρίσης.

The display of wealth is provocative in times of crisis.

Feminine singular.

5

Έβγαλε μια προκλητική φωτογραφία για να τραβήξει την προσοχή.

He/She took a provocative photo to draw attention.

Feminine singular accusative.

6

Οι οπαδοί έκαναν προκλητικά συνθήματα κατά του διαιτητή.

The fans made provocative chants against the referee.

Neuter plural accusative.

7

Είναι προκλητικό το πώς αγνοεί τους κανόνες ασφαλείας.

It is provocative how he ignores the safety rules.

Clausal subject.

8

Η τέχνη του είναι σκόπιμα προκλητική.

His art is intentionally provocative.

Adverb 'σκόπιμα' + adjective.

1

Η ρητορική του κόμματος κρίνεται ως άκρως προκλητική.

The party's rhetoric is judged as extremely provocative.

Feminine singular with 'ως'.

2

Αντιμετώπισε τις κατηγορίες με ένα προκλητικό μειδίαμα.

He faced the accusations with a provocative smirk.

Neuter singular accusative.

3

Οι προκλητικές παραβιάσεις του εναέριου χώρου συνεχίζονται.

The provocative violations of airspace continue.

Feminine plural nominative.

4

Θεωρώ προκλητικό το γεγονός ότι δεν ζήτησε καν συγγνώμη.

I find it provocative that he didn't even apologize.

Object complement.

5

Η προκλητική αδιαφορία της διοίκησης οδήγησε σε απεργία.

The administration's provocative indifference led to a strike.

Feminine singular nominative.

6

Το βιβλίο προσφέρει μια προκλητική ανάλυση της σύγχρονης κοινωνίας.

The book offers a provocative analysis of modern society.

Feminine singular accusative.

7

Δεν θα ανεχτούμε άλλες προκλητικές προκλήσεις από την άλλη πλευρά.

We will not tolerate any more provocative challenges from the other side.

Redundant use for emphasis.

8

Η προκλητική της παρουσία κυριάρχησε στην αίθουσα.

Her provocative presence dominated the room.

Feminine singular nominative.

1

Η υιοθέτηση ενός προκλητικού δόγματος εξωτερικής πολιτικής ενέχει κινδύνους.

Adopting a provocative foreign policy doctrine carries risks.

Genitive masculine singular.

2

Η προκλητική ασάφεια των νόμων επιτρέπει την αυθαιρεσία.

The provocative ambiguity of the laws allows for arbitrariness.

Feminine singular nominative.

3

Επιδεικνύει μια προκλητική αυτοπεποίθηση που συνορεύει με την αλαζονεία.

He exhibits a provocative confidence that borders on arrogance.

Feminine singular accusative.

4

Το έργο του αποτελεί μια προκλητική απάντηση στον συντηρητισμό της εποχής.

His work constitutes a provocative response to the conservatism of the era.

Feminine singular accusative.

5

Η προκλητικότητα των πράξεών του δεν άφησε περιθώρια για διάλογο.

The provocativeness of his actions left no room for dialogue.

Noun form 'προκλητικότητα'.

6

Πρόκειται για μια προκλητική διαστρέβλωση της ιστορικής αλήθειας.

It is a provocative distortion of historical truth.

Feminine singular nominative.

7

Η προκλητική ευμάρεια ορισμένων προκαλεί το δημόσιο αίσθημα.

The provocative affluence of some offends public sentiment.

Feminine singular nominative.

8

Απαντά προκλητικά σε κάθε προσπάθεια προσέγγισης.

He responds provocatively to every attempt at rapprochement.

Adverbial usage in a formal context.

자주 쓰는 조합

προκλητική συμπεριφορά
προκλητική δήλωση
προκλητικό ντύσιμο
προκλητική ενέργεια
προκλητικό ύφος
προκλητική σιωπή
προκλητική τιμή
προκλητικές παραβιάσεις
προκλητικό βλέμμα
προκλητική ερώτηση

자주 쓰는 구문

Είναι προκλητικό!

Προκλητικά πράγματα

Σε προκλητικό βαθμό

Προκλητική αδιαφορία

Χωρίς να είναι προκλητικός

Προκλητικό πνεύμα

Προκλητική πολυτέλεια

Προκλητική απάθεια

Προκλητικό δημοσίευμα

Προκλητική στάση

관용어 및 표현

"Βγάζω τη γλώσσα προκλητικά"

Literally 'to stick one's tongue out provocatively', but idiomatically to mock or defy authority openly.

Ο παίκτης έβγαλε τη γλώσσα προκλητικά στους οπαδούς.

Informal

"Προκαλώ την τύχη μου"

To push one's luck (related to the root verb).

Μην προκαλείς την τύχη σου, σταμάτα τώρα.

Neutral

"Ρίχνω το γάντι"

To throw down the gauntlet (to challenge someone provocatively).

Του έριξε το γάντι με μια προκλητική πρόταση.

Literary

"Παίζω με τη φωτιά"

To play with fire (often used when being provocative).

Είσαι προκλητικός και παίζεις με τη φωτιά.

Neutral

"Σηκώνω το γάντι"

To pick up the gauntlet (respond to a provocation).

Σήκωσε το γάντι και απάντησε προκλητικά.

Literary

"Τραβάω το σχοινί"

To pull the rope (to push things to the limit/be provocative).

Μην τραβάς το σχοινί, γίνεσαι προκλητικός.

Informal

"Κουνάω το δάχτυλο"

To wag the finger (often in a provocative, lecturing way).

Μας κουνάει το δάχτυλο προκλητικά.

Political/Journalistic

"Σπάω τα νεύρα"

To break someone's nerves (what a provocative person does).

Η προκλητική του σιωπή μου σπάει τα νεύρα.

Informal

"Βάζω φιτιλιές"

To light fuses (to say provocative things to start a fight).

Σταμάτα να βάζεις φιτιλιές με αυτά τα προκλητικά σχόλια.

Informal

"Προκλητικότατο θράσος"

Extremely provocative audacity/nerve.

Είχε το προκλητικότατο θράσος να ζητήσει και τα ρέστα.

Neutral/Formal

어휘 가족

명사

동사

형용사

관련

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기억법

Think of a 'Pro' (professional) who 'Kicks' (kli) the 'Tics' (ti-kos). He is being provocative to get a reaction from the bugs!

시각적 연상

Imagine a person wearing a bright red suit in a room full of people in grey, holding a sign that says 'Fight Me'. That is 'προκλητικός'.

Word Web

Provoke Challenge Sexy Rude Defiant Political Statement Style

챌린지

Try to find three news headlines today from a Greek news site like 'Kathimerini' that use the word 'προκλητικός' or its derivatives.

어원

From the Ancient Greek verb 'προκαλέω-ῶ' (prokaleō), which is a compound of 'πρό' (pro - before/forth) and 'καλέω' (kaleō - to call).

원래 의미: To call forth, to challenge to a duel, or to summon.

Indo-European > Hellenic > Greek.

문화적 맥락

Be careful when using this word to describe women's clothing, as it can sound judgmental or sexist depending on the tone.

English speakers might use 'edgy' or 'trolling' in informal contexts where a Greek would use 'προκλητικός'.

The 'provocative' lyrics of modern Greek trap music. Political speeches regarding the Aegean dispute. The provocative films of Yorgos Lanthimos (e.g., Dogtooth).
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관련 콘텐츠

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