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B1 noun #36 가장 일반적인 13분 분량

commonwealth

At the A1 level, 'commonwealth' is a very difficult word. You don't need to use it often. Think of it as a 'big group' of countries that are friends. They help each other. For example, 'The Commonwealth is a group of 56 countries.' They have a big sports meeting called the Commonwealth Games every four years. It is like a small version of the Olympics. You might see this word on a map or in a news headline about sports. Just remember: Commonwealth = a group of countries working together. It is not a single country, but many countries in one group. Some of these countries used to be part of the British Empire, but now they are independent. They choose to be in the group because they want to talk and share ideas. If you see 'Commonwealth of Australia,' it just means the official name of Australia. You can just say 'Australia' in most conversations. Don't worry about the long word yet!
At the A2 level, you can start to understand that 'commonwealth' refers to a specific type of organization. It is a noun. It means a group of states or nations that have joined together for a common reason. Usually, this reason is political or economic. For example, 'The Commonwealth of Nations' is a famous group. You might hear people talk about the 'Commonwealth Games.' In the United States, some states like Virginia call themselves a 'Commonwealth.' This is just a special name for 'State.' It means the government is for the people. When you see this word, think about 'sharing.' The word comes from 'common' (for everyone) and 'wealth' (well-being). So, it is a group that looks after the well-being of everyone in it. You can use it in simple sentences like: 'Canada is in the Commonwealth.' or 'I want to watch the Commonwealth Games.' It is a formal word, so you will see it more in books or news than in daily talk with friends.
At the B1 level, you should be able to define 'commonwealth' as a group of countries or states joined for a common purpose. You should recognize that it often refers to the association of former British colonies. You should also know that it can refer to a self-governing state. For instance, you might read a news article about a 'Commonwealth summit' where leaders meet to discuss trade. You should understand that the word implies a sense of shared responsibility and public good. In your writing, you can use it to describe formal political entities. For example: 'The Commonwealth of Australia was formed in 1901.' You should also be aware of the four US states that use this title. At this level, you are moving beyond just knowing the word exists to understanding its political significance. You can distinguish it from 'empire' because a commonwealth is a voluntary group. It is a useful word for discussing history, international relations, and formal government structures.
At the B2 level, you should have a nuanced understanding of 'commonwealth.' You should know its etymological roots in the 'common weal' (the public good) and how this relates to republicanism. You should be able to explain the difference between the Commonwealth of Nations and the historical Commonwealth of England under Oliver Cromwell. You should also understand the specific legal status of 'commonwealths' in the US system, including both the four states and territories like Puerto Rico. In discussions about international relations, you can use the term to describe soft power and diplomatic cooperation. You should be comfortable using it in academic essays or formal reports. For example: 'The Commonwealth provides a unique platform for small island states to have a voice in global affairs.' You should also recognize its use in literature or philosophy to describe a community of shared interests, such as a 'commonwealth of letters.' Your vocabulary should include collocations like 'Commonwealth realm,' 'Commonwealth citizen,' and 'head of the Commonwealth.'
At the C1 level, you should be able to use 'commonwealth' with precision in complex political and legal contexts. You should understand the constitutional implications of a country being a 'Commonwealth realm' (recognizing the monarch as head of state) versus a 'Commonwealth member' (which could be a republic). You should be able to discuss the historical transition from the British Empire to the Commonwealth and the role of the Balfour Declaration of 1926. In a US context, you should understand the administrative and legal nuances of 'commonwealth' status for territories like Puerto Rico and how it differs from incorporated territories. You should be able to use the word metaphorically in high-level discourse, such as describing the 'global commonwealth' in the context of environmental protection or digital rights. Your understanding should include the philosophical origins of the term in the works of Hobbes and Locke, where the 'commonwealth' represents the social contract and the collective body politic. You should be able to critique the effectiveness of the Commonwealth as an international organization in the 21st century.
At the C2 level, you possess a comprehensive mastery of 'commonwealth' in all its historical, legal, and philosophical dimensions. You can engage in deep analysis of the 'commonwealth' as a political concept, comparing it to the 'res publica' of Roman thought and the 'politeia' of Greek philosophy. You understand the intricate legal frameworks that define the Commonwealth of Nations, including the London Declaration of 1949 which allowed republics to remain members. You can speak authoritatively on the 'Commonwealth' status of US states as a reflection of 18th-century political theory and its lack of modern legal distinction from 'state' status. You can use the term in highly abstract ways to describe the 'commonwealth of the mind' or the 'biological commonwealth' of an ecosystem. Your writing should reflect an awareness of the word's gravitas and its ability to evoke a sense of historical continuity and shared human destiny. You are capable of navigating the sensitivities surrounding the word's colonial origins while acknowledging its modern role in promoting democratic values and human rights on a global scale.
연습하기 예시 노트와 팁

commonwealth 30초 만에

  • A commonwealth is a group of countries or states united for a common purpose, often for economic or political cooperation.
  • The term 'commonwealth' literally means 'common well-being' and emphasizes the public good over individual interests.
  • It is the official title of four US states (VA, PA, MA, KY) and an international organization of 56 nations.
  • Historically, it was used to describe a republic, specifically the period when England was ruled without a monarch.

The term commonwealth is a sophisticated noun that describes a political community founded for the common good. Historically, it was used as a direct translation of the Latin phrase res publica, which literally means 'the public thing' or 'the public welfare.' In modern English, the word carries several distinct but related meanings, ranging from a global association of nations to the legal title of specific states within a federation. Understanding the word requires looking at its two parts: 'common' and 'wealth.' In this context, 'wealth' does not just mean money; it refers to 'weal' or well-being. Therefore, a commonwealth is a system where the resources and governance are directed toward the collective well-being of all its members.

Global Association
The most frequent modern use refers to the Commonwealth of Nations, a voluntary association of 56 sovereign states, most of which were former territories of the British Empire. This organization focuses on cooperation in areas like trade, human rights, and democracy.

The leaders of the commonwealth met in London to discuss climate change and economic stability across the member states.

State Designation
In the United States, four states—Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia—officially call themselves 'Commonwealths' rather than 'States.' This choice is largely symbolic, emphasizing that their government is based on the common consent of the people.

Furthermore, the term is used in political philosophy to describe an ideal state where the government is for the people. For example, the period in English history between 1649 and 1660, when the monarchy was abolished and the country was ruled as a republic under Oliver Cromwell, is known as 'The Commonwealth.' This historical usage underscores the word's deep roots in republicanism and the rejection of absolute monarchical power in favor of public interest.

The philosopher argued that a true commonwealth must prioritize the education of its citizens to ensure long-term stability.

In a more localized sense, 'commonwealth' can refer to any group that shares a common interest. For instance, a university might be described as a 'commonwealth of scholars,' implying that the students and faculty are united in their pursuit of knowledge for the benefit of all. This usage is less formal but highlights the word's versatility in describing collaborative environments.

Australia is officially known as the Commonwealth of Australia, reflecting its federal structure.

Political Status
The term also describes the political status of territories like Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands, which are 'Commonwealths' of the United States. This signifies a specific legal relationship that is more than a colony but less than a full state.

The commonwealth of letters refers to the global community of writers and readers who share ideas across borders.

Ultimately, whether used in a legal, historical, or metaphorical sense, the word 'commonwealth' emphasizes the importance of the group over the individual and the shared responsibility of maintaining a healthy, functioning society. It is a word of unity, cooperation, and public service.

Using commonwealth correctly involves identifying whether you are referring to a specific political entity, a historical period, or a general concept of community. Because it is a noun, it typically functions as the subject or object of a sentence. When referring to the 'Commonwealth of Nations,' it is almost always capitalized and preceded by 'the.' When used as a general term for a republic or a shared community, it is usually lowercase.

Formal Political Context
In formal writing, 'commonwealth' is used to denote official titles. Example: 'The Commonwealth of Massachusetts has strict laws regarding environmental protection.' Here, it acts as a proper noun and a specific legal designation.

Many athletes from across the globe compete every four years in the Commonwealth Games.

When discussing international relations, you might use the word to describe a collective of nations. 'The Commonwealth represents a diverse array of cultures and economies, spanning every continent.' In this sentence, 'the Commonwealth' serves as a collective noun, emphasizing the unity of its members. You can also use it to describe the status of a country: 'Upon gaining independence, the nation chose to remain a member of the Commonwealth.'

Historical Reference
When writing about history, particularly British or American history, the word is used to describe specific eras or legal frameworks. Example: 'The English Commonwealth under Cromwell was a period of significant religious and political upheaval.'

The governor addressed the citizens of the commonwealth during the annual state of the state address.

In philosophical or abstract contexts, you can use the word to describe the 'common good.' For example: 'The tax revenue was spent for the benefit of the whole commonwealth.' Here, 'commonwealth' is synonymous with 'the public' or 'the state.' This usage is common in political science textbooks and classical literature. It suggests a moral obligation to the community.

Grammatical Patterns
The word is often followed by 'of' + [Name of Place], such as 'The Commonwealth of Australia' or 'The Commonwealth of Independent States.' It can also be modified by adjectives like 'international,' 'global,' 'democratic,' or 'historical.'

The treaty aimed to create a commonwealth of interests between the two neighboring regions.

The scholar described the internet as a digital commonwealth where information is shared freely for the benefit of all humanity.

By mastering these different contexts, you can use 'commonwealth' to add precision and a touch of formality to your writing. Whether you are discussing the history of the 17th century, the politics of modern Australia, or the shared goals of a local community, 'commonwealth' provides a rich, historical resonance that few other words can match.

The word commonwealth is most frequently heard in the news, particularly when international summits or sporting events are taking place. If you follow global politics, you will hear it every time the 'Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting' (CHOGM) occurs. This is a major biennial event where leaders from 56 countries meet to discuss global issues. Journalists use the term to describe the collective voice of these nations, which represent about one-third of the world's population.

Sports Broadcasting
Every four years, the 'Commonwealth Games' are held. This is a multi-sport event similar to the Olympics but limited to athletes from Commonwealth countries. During this time, the word is used constantly in sports commentary, news headlines, and social media discussions.

The sprinter won gold for her country at the Commonwealth Games in Birmingham.

In the United States, you will hear the word frequently if you live in or near Virginia, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, or Kentucky. Local news anchors will refer to 'the Commonwealth' when discussing state government actions, such as 'The Commonwealth's Department of Transportation announced new road closures.' In these regions, 'commonwealth' is the standard way to refer to the state government in official and media contexts.

Legal and Political Discourse
In courtrooms within these four US states, prosecutors are often referred to as 'Commonwealth's Attorneys.' When a case is called, the bailiff might say, 'The Commonwealth versus John Doe.' This highlights the legal reality that the prosecution represents the collective interests of the people of that commonwealth.

The High Court ruled that the Commonwealth government had the authority to regulate interstate trade.

History classrooms and documentaries are another common place to encounter the word. When studying the 17th-century English Civil War, students learn about the 'Commonwealth of England.' In this context, the word is used to explain the transition from a monarchy to a republic. Similarly, when discussing the fall of the Soviet Union, you might hear about the 'Commonwealth of Independent States' (CIS), which was formed by several former Soviet republics to maintain economic and military ties.

Academic and Philosophical Lectures
In universities, political science professors use 'commonwealth' to discuss the theories of Thomas Hobbes or John Locke. Hobbes’ famous book, Leviathan, discusses the creation of a 'commonwealth' as a solution to the 'state of nature' where life is 'nasty, brutish, and short.'

The debate over Puerto Rico's status as a commonwealth continues to be a central issue in local politics.

In summary, you will hear 'commonwealth' in the halls of government, on the sports field, in the courtroom, and in the classroom. It is a word that bridges the gap between ancient political theory and modern international cooperation.

Despite its frequent use, commonwealth is often misunderstood or used incorrectly. The most common mistake is assuming that it is simply another word for 'empire' or 'colony.' While the Commonwealth of Nations grew out of the British Empire, the two concepts are fundamentally different. An empire is based on central control and often coercion, whereas a commonwealth is based on voluntary association and mutual benefit. Using 'commonwealth' to describe a colonial relationship is historically and politically inaccurate.

Capitalization Errors
Many learners struggle with when to capitalize the word. As a general rule, capitalize it when it is part of a proper name (e.g., 'The Commonwealth of Nations,' 'The Commonwealth of Virginia') or when it refers to the specific international organization. Use lowercase when referring to the general concept of a political community (e.g., 'They worked to build a peaceful commonwealth').

Incorrect: He is a citizen of the Commonwealth of nations. (Nations should be capitalized). Correct: He is a citizen of the Commonwealth of Nations.

Another mistake is confusing the 'Commonwealth' with the 'United Kingdom.' While the UK is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, it is only one of 56 members. Most Commonwealth countries are independent republics (like India or Nigeria) and do not recognize the British monarch as their head of state, though they recognize the monarch as the symbolic Head of the Commonwealth. Thinking that being in the Commonwealth means being 'ruled' by Britain is a major misconception.

Confusion with 'State'
In the US, people often ask, 'What is the difference between a state and a commonwealth?' Legally and functionally, there is no difference in the US system. Virginia is a state that happens to call itself a commonwealth. A common mistake is thinking that being a 'commonwealth' gives a US state different powers or a different relationship with the federal government. It does not.

Incorrect: The commonwealth of the businessman was impressive. (Use 'wealth' instead). Correct: The commonwealth of the nation was protected by the new laws.

Finally, some people use 'commonwealth' when they mean 'federation' or 'union.' While a commonwealth can be a federation (like Australia), not all federations are commonwealths. A 'commonwealth' specifically emphasizes the shared purpose and public good, whereas 'federation' describes the structural division of power between a central government and regional units. Using the words interchangeably can lead to a loss of nuance in political discussions.

Pluralization
The plural is 'commonwealths.' Some learners try to use 'commonwealthes' or treat it as an uncountable noun. It is a standard countable noun. Example: 'The two commonwealths signed a trade agreement.'

By avoiding these common pitfalls, you will use the word commonwealth with the precision of a political scientist.

Because commonwealth is such a specific term, finding the right alternative depends heavily on the context. If you are talking about a political system, words like 'republic' or 'federation' might be more appropriate. If you are talking about a group of people, 'community' or 'association' could work. Understanding the nuances between these words will help you choose the most accurate term for your needs.

Commonwealth vs. Republic
A 'republic' is a state where power is held by the people and their elected representatives, rather than a monarch. Historically, 'commonwealth' was the English word for 'republic.' Today, 'republic' is the standard political term, while 'commonwealth' is often a more traditional or symbolic title.

While France is a republic, Australia is a commonwealth that still recognizes the British monarch as a symbolic head.

Commonwealth vs. Federation
A 'federation' is a group of states with a central government but independence in internal affairs. 'Commonwealth' is sometimes used as a title for a federation (like Australia), but 'federation' is a technical term describing the structure of government.

The association of Southeast Asian nations (ASEAN) works similarly to a commonwealth in promoting regional stability.

Other similar words include 'union' and 'confederation.' A 'union' (like the European Union) often implies a deeper level of economic and political integration than a commonwealth. A 'confederation' is a more loose alliance of independent states, often formed for a specific purpose like defense. 'Commonwealth' sits somewhere in the middle, emphasizing shared values and history more than strict legal or economic integration.

Comparison Table
  • State: A general term for a territory with its own government.
  • Nation: A group of people with a common culture or history.
  • Body Politic: A very formal, philosophical term for a people organized as a state.

The scientist spoke of a commonwealth of knowledge, where every discovery belongs to all of humanity.

When choosing between these words, ask yourself: Is the focus on the structure (federation), the lack of a king (republic), the shared benefit (commonwealth), or the simple fact of being a group (association)? By selecting the right word, you convey a much clearer picture of the political or social relationship you are describing.

How Formal Is It?

격식체

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중립

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비격식체

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속어

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재미있는 사실

The term was so closely associated with republicanism that after the English monarchy was restored in 1660, the word fell out of favor for a while because it reminded people of the revolution.

발음 가이드

UK /ˈkɒm.ən.welθ/
US /ˈkɑː.mən.welθ/
Primary stress is on the first syllable: COM-mon-wealth.
라임이 맞는 단어
Health Stealth Wealth Self (near rhyme) Shelf (near rhyme) Twelfth (near rhyme) Pelf Elf (near rhyme)
자주 하는 실수
  • Pronouncing the 'wealth' as 'welth' without the 'th' sound.
  • Stressing the second syllable: com-MON-wealth.
  • Confusing the spelling with 'commonwelth' (missing the 'a').
  • Pronouncing 'common' as 'come-on'.
  • Merging 'common' and 'wealth' into one sound without the 'n'.

난이도

독해 6/5

Requires understanding of political context.

쓰기 7/5

Spelling and capitalization can be tricky.

말하기 5/5

Pronunciation is straightforward but formal.

듣기 6/5

Often heard in news and formal speeches.

다음에 무엇을 배울까

선수 학습

State Nation Group Common Wealth

다음에 배울 것

Republic Federation Sovereignty Diplomacy Constitution

고급

Res publica Body politic Social contract Supranational Intergovernmental

알아야 할 문법

Capitalization of Proper Nouns

The Commonwealth of Nations vs. a general commonwealth.

Collective Nouns

The Commonwealth is (or are) meeting today.

Prepositional Phrases with 'of'

The Commonwealth of Australia.

Articles with Unique Entities

The Commonwealth (only one specific organization).

Compound Nouns

Commonwealth Games functions as a single noun.

수준별 예문

1

The Commonwealth is a group of countries.

Le Commonwealth est un groupe de pays.

Uses 'the' because it's a specific group.

2

They play sports in the Commonwealth Games.

Ils font du sport aux Jeux du Commonwealth.

Proper noun, always capitalized.

3

Australia is a commonwealth.

L'Australie est un commonwealth.

Used as a common noun here.

4

Many people live in the Commonwealth.

Beaucoup de gens vivent dans le Commonwealth.

Collective noun.

5

The countries help each other in the group.

Les pays s'entraident dans le groupe.

Explaining the concept simply.

6

Is your country in the Commonwealth?

Votre pays est-il dans le Commonwealth ?

Question form.

7

The Commonwealth has 56 members.

Le Commonwealth compte 56 membres.

Subject-verb agreement.

8

I like the Commonwealth Games.

J'aime les Jeux du Commonwealth.

Direct object.

1

The Commonwealth of Nations was formed many years ago.

Le Commonwealth des Nations a été formé il y a de nombreuses années.

Passive voice 'was formed'.

2

Virginia is a commonwealth in the United States.

La Virginie est un commonwealth aux États-Unis.

Appositive phrase.

3

The group works for the common wealth of all people.

Le groupe travaille pour le bien commun de tous.

Using the literal meaning of 'common wealth'.

4

They meet every two years for a summit.

Ils se réunissent tous les deux ans pour un sommet.

Adverbial phrase of frequency.

5

The Queen was the head of the Commonwealth.

La Reine était la tête du Commonwealth.

Past tense.

6

It is a voluntary association of states.

C'est une association volontaire d'États.

Adjective 'voluntary' modifying 'association'.

7

The Commonwealth Games are very popular.

Les Jeux du Commonwealth sont très populaires.

Plural subject and verb.

8

We studied the history of the Commonwealth in school.

Nous avons étudié l'histoire du Commonwealth à l'école.

Prepositional phrase 'of the Commonwealth'.

1

A commonwealth is a group of countries joined for a common purpose.

Un commonwealth est un groupe de pays unis dans un but commun.

Definition sentence structure.

2

The Commonwealth of Massachusetts has a long history.

Le Commonwealth du Massachusetts a une longue histoire.

Proper noun usage.

3

Member states of the Commonwealth cooperate on trade issues.

Les États membres du Commonwealth coopèrent sur les questions commerciales.

Subject 'Member states' is plural.

4

The term can also refer to a self-governing entity.

Le terme peut également désigner une entité autonome.

Modal verb 'can' expressing possibility.

5

The Commonwealth Games promote friendship through sport.

Les Jeux du Commonwealth favorisent l'amitié par le sport.

Present simple for a general truth.

6

He was proud to be a citizen of the Commonwealth.

Il était fier d'être citoyen du Commonwealth.

Adjective 'proud' followed by infinitive.

7

The organization focuses on democracy and human rights.

L'organisation se concentre sur la démocratie et les droits de l'homme.

Phrasal verb 'focuses on'.

8

The Commonwealth Secretariat is based in London.

Le Secrétariat du Commonwealth est basé à Londres.

Passive voice 'is based'.

1

The Commonwealth evolved from the British Empire into a voluntary association.

Le Commonwealth est passé de l'Empire britannique à une association volontaire.

Verb 'evolved' showing transition.

2

Puerto Rico's status as a commonwealth remains a topic of political debate.

Le statut de Porto Rico en tant que commonwealth reste un sujet de débat politique.

Gerund phrase as subject.

3

The governor of the Commonwealth of Virginia issued a new executive order.

Le gouverneur du Commonwealth de Virginie a publié un nouveau décret.

Formal political title.

4

The Commonwealth of Independent States was created after the fall of the USSR.

La Communauté des États indépendants a été créée après la chute de l'URSS.

Historical reference.

5

Philosophers use the word to describe a society focused on the public good.

Les philosophes utilisent le mot pour décrire une société axée sur le bien public.

Infinitive of purpose 'to describe'.

6

The Commonwealth Charter outlines the values shared by all member nations.

La Charte du Commonwealth énonce les valeurs partagées par toutes les nations membres.

Transitive verb 'outlines'.

7

Australia's federal system is officially titled the Commonwealth of Australia.

Le système fédéral australien est officiellement intitulé le Commonwealth d'Australie.

Adverb 'officially' modifying 'titled'.

8

The summit aimed to strengthen economic ties within the Commonwealth.

Le sommet visait à renforcer les liens économiques au sein du Commonwealth.

Past tense 'aimed'.

1

The Balfour Declaration of 1926 was a pivotal moment in the formation of the modern Commonwealth.

La déclaration Balfour de 1926 a été un moment charnière dans la formation du Commonwealth moderne.

Complex historical subject.

2

The Commonwealth's commitment to the rule of law is tested by political crises in member states.

L'engagement du Commonwealth en faveur de l'état de droit est mis à l'épreuve par les crises politiques dans les États membres.

Possessive 'Commonwealth's'.

3

In political theory, the commonwealth represents the collective will of the people.

En théorie politique, le commonwealth représente la volonté collective du peuple.

Prepositional phrase 'In political theory'.

4

The legal distinction between a 'state' and a 'commonwealth' in the US is purely nominal.

La distinction juridique entre un « État » et un « commonwealth » aux États-Unis est purement nominale.

Adverb 'purely' modifying 'nominal'.

5

The Commonwealth Games serve as a manifestation of the 'soft power' inherent in the organization.

Les Jeux du Commonwealth servent de manifestation du « soft power » inhérent à l'organisation.

Metaphorical use of 'soft power'.

6

Scholars often debate the relevance of the Commonwealth in a post-colonial world.

Les chercheurs débattent souvent de la pertinence du Commonwealth dans un monde postcolonial.

Present simple for habitual action.

7

The Commonwealth of Independent States provides a framework for regional security cooperation.

La Communauté des États indépendants fournit un cadre pour la coopération régionale en matière de sécurité.

Specific international entity.

8

The concept of a 'commonwealth of letters' transcends national and linguistic boundaries.

Le concept de « république des lettres » transcende les frontières nationales et linguistiques.

Abstract usage.

1

Hobbes' 'Leviathan' posits that the commonwealth is the only bulwark against the inherent chaos of human nature.

Le « Léviathan » de Hobbes postule que le commonwealth est le seul rempart contre le chaos inhérent à la nature humaine.

Philosophical reference.

2

The London Declaration of 1949 fundamentally reshaped the Commonwealth by allowing republics to retain membership.

La déclaration de Londres de 1949 a fondamentalement remodelé le Commonwealth en permettant aux républiques de rester membres.

Adverb 'fundamentally' modifying 'reshaped'.

3

The intricate constitutional arrangements of the Commonwealth realms present a unique study in monarchical symbolism.

Les arrangements constitutionnels complexes des royaumes du Commonwealth présentent une étude unique du symbolisme monarchique.

Complex noun phrase 'intricate constitutional arrangements'.

4

The Commonwealth’s efficacy as a diplomatic entity is often contingent upon the consensus of its diverse membership.

L'efficacité du Commonwealth en tant qu'entité diplomatique dépend souvent du consensus de ses divers membres.

Advanced vocabulary like 'efficacy' and 'contingent'.

5

The transition from 'Empire' to 'Commonwealth' necessitated a radical reimagining of British global identity.

Le passage de « l'Empire » au « Commonwealth » a nécessité un remodelage radical de l'identité mondiale britannique.

Gerund 'reimagining' as object.

6

The 'commonwealth of the mind' suggests an intellectual space where ideas are the shared property of all thinkers.

Le « commonwealth de l'esprit » suggère un espace intellectuel où les idées sont la propriété partagée de tous les penseurs.

Highly abstract metaphor.

7

Critiques of the Commonwealth often highlight the tension between its democratic ideals and the autocratic tendencies of some members.

Les critiques du Commonwealth soulignent souvent la tension entre ses idéaux démocratiques et les tendances autocratiques de certains membres.

Parallel structure 'democratic ideals' and 'autocratic tendencies'.

8

The Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 remains the bedrock of Australian federal law.

La loi de 1900 sur la Constitution du Commonwealth d'Australie reste le fondement du droit fédéral australien.

Specific legal title.

자주 쓰는 조합

Commonwealth of Nations
Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth realm
Commonwealth citizen
Head of the Commonwealth
Commonwealth of Virginia
Commonwealth status
Commonwealth office
Commonwealth law
Commonwealth summit

자주 쓰는 구문

For the good of the commonwealth

The English Commonwealth

Commonwealth of Independent States

Commonwealth of Australia

Commonwealth's Attorney

Commonwealth Day

Commonwealth of letters

A digital commonwealth

Commonwealth of interests

Member of the Commonwealth

자주 혼동되는 단어

commonwealth vs Empire

An empire is ruled by a central power; a commonwealth is a voluntary association.

commonwealth vs Wealth

Wealth refers to money; commonwealth refers to a political community.

commonwealth vs State

While often used interchangeably in the US, 'commonwealth' is a specific title for 4 states.

관용어 및 표현

"The common weal"

The welfare of the public.

Laws should be made for the common weal.

Formal/Archaic

"Body politic"

The people of a nation or state considered as a collective unit.

Corruption is a disease in the body politic.

Formal

"Public interest"

The welfare or well-being of the general public.

The journalist acted in the public interest.

Neutral

"State of the union"

The general condition of a group or nation.

The president gave a speech on the state of the union.

Formal

"Common ground"

Shared interests or beliefs.

They found common ground on environmental issues.

Informal

"Public good"

Something that benefits all members of a community.

Clean air is a public good.

Neutral

"Social contract"

An implicit agreement among members of a society to cooperate.

The social contract is the basis of the commonwealth.

Academic

"United we stand"

Strength comes from working together.

The commonwealth's motto was 'United we stand'.

Neutral

"Power to the people"

The idea that ordinary citizens should have control.

The commonwealth was built on the idea of power to the people.

Informal

"One for all"

Everyone supports each member of the group.

The commonwealth operates on the principle of one for all.

Informal

혼동하기 쉬운

commonwealth vs Federation

Both involve groups of states.

Federation describes the structure; commonwealth describes the purpose or title.

The Federation of Nigeria is a member of the Commonwealth.

commonwealth vs Republic

Historically they meant the same thing.

Republic is the modern term for non-monarchies; commonwealth is often a traditional title.

Many republics are in the Commonwealth.

commonwealth vs Union

Both mean a joining together.

Union often implies closer integration (like the EU).

The Soviet Union was different from the Commonwealth of Independent States.

commonwealth vs League

Both are associations.

A league is often for a specific, narrow purpose (like sports or defense).

The League of Nations preceded the UN.

commonwealth vs Alliance

Both involve cooperation.

An alliance is usually a military or strategic agreement.

The NATO alliance is not a commonwealth.

문장 패턴

A1

The [Name] is a commonwealth.

Australia is a commonwealth.

A2

They are in the [Name].

They are in the Commonwealth.

B1

A commonwealth is a group of [Nouns].

A commonwealth is a group of nations.

B2

The [Noun] of the commonwealth is [Adjective].

The future of the commonwealth is bright.

C1

The [Noun] evolved into a [Noun].

The empire evolved into a commonwealth.

C2

The [Abstract Noun] of the commonwealth [Verb].

The philosophical foundations of the commonwealth endure.

B1

He is a [Noun] of the commonwealth.

He is a citizen of the commonwealth.

B2

The [Noun] was for the [Noun] of the commonwealth.

The tax was for the benefit of the commonwealth.

어휘 가족

명사

형용사

관련

사용법

frequency

Medium-High in political and news domains.

자주 하는 실수
  • The commonwealth of the rich man. → The wealth of the rich man.

    Commonwealth refers to a political community, not individual riches.

  • He lives in the commonwealth of France. → He lives in the Republic of France.

    France does not use 'commonwealth' in its official title.

  • The British Commonwealth is an empire. → The Commonwealth is a voluntary association.

    The word 'empire' implies control, which the Commonwealth does not have.

  • I am going to the commonwealth games. → I am going to the Commonwealth Games.

    This is a proper noun and must be capitalized.

  • The commonwealths of nations meet today. → The Commonwealth of Nations meets today.

    It is one organization, so it should be singular.

팁

Capitalization

Capitalize 'Commonwealth' when it refers to the specific international organization or is part of a state's name.

Not an Empire

Never use 'commonwealth' to describe a forced colonial relationship; it implies voluntary cooperation.

Common Weal

Remember the root 'weal' to understand that the word is about the 'public good'.

US States

In Virginia or Pennsylvania, use 'The Commonwealth' to refer to the state government in formal writing.

The Games

If you hear 'The Games' in a British or Australian context, check if they mean the Commonwealth Games.

Cromwell

When reading about the 1650s in England, 'The Commonwealth' refers to the republican government.

Australia

The 'Commonwealth Government' in Australia refers to the federal (national) government.

Precision

Use 'commonwealth' to add a sense of tradition and shared purpose to your descriptions of communities.

News Keywords

Keywords like 'summit,' 'summit,' 'member states,' and 'CHOGM' often accompany the word 'Commonwealth'.

Formal Tone

Using 'commonwealth' instead of 'group' or 'state' immediately makes your speech sound more formal and educated.

암기하기

기억법

Think of 'Common' + 'Wealth'. It's not about 'Rich People', it's about the 'Wealth' (well-being) of 'Common' people.

시각적 연상

Imagine a large circle of people from different countries holding hands around a golden globe that represents their shared well-being.

Word Web

Republic Union Cooperation Public Good Nations States History Democracy

챌린지

Write a paragraph describing an imaginary commonwealth of students in your school. What would be your common goals?

어원

The word originated in the 15th century from the Middle English 'commoun' (common) and 'welthe' (wealth/well-being). It was a literal translation of the Latin 'res publica'.

원래 의미: The original meaning was 'the public welfare' or 'the general good'. It did not refer to money but to the state of being 'well'.

Germanic/Latin hybrid (Common from Latin 'communis', Wealth from Old English 'wela').

문화적 맥락

Be careful when discussing the Commonwealth in a post-colonial context; some see it as a positive association, while others see it as a reminder of colonial history.

In the UK, it evokes the transition from Empire. In the US, it's a quirky legal title for 4 states. In Australia, it's the federal government.

The Commonwealth Games (International sports event) Thomas Hobbes' 'Leviathan' (Political philosophy) The Commonwealth of Virginia (US State)

실생활에서 연습하기

실제 사용 상황

International Politics

  • Member state
  • Summit meeting
  • Diplomatic relations
  • Joint declaration

US State Law

  • Commonwealth's Attorney
  • State constitution
  • Governor's office
  • General Assembly

Sports

  • Gold medal
  • Opening ceremony
  • Host city
  • Athletic competition

History

  • Post-colonial era
  • English Civil War
  • Restoration
  • Independence movement

Philosophy

  • Public good
  • Common weal
  • Social order
  • Collective benefit

대화 시작하기

"Have you ever watched the Commonwealth Games on television?"

"Did you know that Virginia is officially called a commonwealth?"

"What do you think are the benefits of countries joining the Commonwealth of Nations?"

"How does a commonwealth differ from an empire in your opinion?"

"If you could start a 'commonwealth of students,' what rules would you have?"

일기 주제

Reflect on the idea of the 'common good.' How can a society ensure it acts as a true commonwealth?

Research one member of the Commonwealth of Nations and describe its history within the organization.

Imagine you are living in England in 1650. Write a letter describing life in the new Commonwealth.

Compare the political status of Puerto Rico with that of a US state. Is 'commonwealth' a good title for it?

Discuss how the Commonwealth Games help build relationships between diverse nations.

자주 묻는 질문

10 질문

The four US states that officially call themselves commonwealths are Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. This title is purely symbolic and does not change their legal status compared to other states.

Yes, the United Kingdom is one of the founding members of the Commonwealth of Nations. However, it is just one of 56 equal members.

No. While the King is the symbolic 'Head of the Commonwealth,' he has no political power over the member nations. Most members are actually republics.

The 'wealth' in commonwealth comes from the old English word 'weal,' which means well-being or health. It refers to the 'common well-being' of the people.

It is a regional organization formed by several former Soviet Republics after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.

Yes, they are very similar, but only athletes from Commonwealth member nations can compete. They are held every four years.

No, Puerto Rico is a 'Commonwealth of the United States.' It is a self-governing territory with a unique legal relationship with the US federal government.

Yes, membership is voluntary. For example, Zimbabwe left in 2003, and Maldives left in 2016 (though it later rejoined in 2020).

The main goals are to promote democracy, human rights, good governance, the rule of law, individual liberty, egalitarianism, free trade, multilateralism, and world peace.

The plural is 'commonwealths.' You simply add an 's' to the end of the word.

셀프 테스트 180 질문

writing

Explain the difference between the British Empire and the Commonwealth of Nations in three sentences.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

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writing

Write a short paragraph about why a state might choose to call itself a 'commonwealth'.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

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writing

Describe the goals of the Commonwealth Games.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

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writing

Use the word 'commonwealth' in a sentence about a group of friends.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

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writing

Summarize the historical period known as the English Commonwealth.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

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writing

What does 'common wealth' mean in a philosophical context?

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

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writing

Write a formal sentence using 'The Commonwealth of Australia'.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

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writing

Explain the role of the Head of the Commonwealth.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

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writing

How does the Commonwealth of Independent States differ from the Commonwealth of Nations?

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

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writing

Write a sentence using 'commonwealth' as a common noun.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

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writing

Describe a 'commonwealth of interests' between two companies.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

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writing

Why is the word 'wealth' in 'commonwealth' confusing for some people?

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

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writing

List the four US states that are commonwealths.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

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writing

Write a sentence about the Commonwealth Games opening ceremony.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

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writing

Discuss the importance of voluntary association in a commonwealth.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

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writing

Use 'commonwealth' in a sentence about environmental protection.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

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writing

What is the Commonwealth Charter?

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

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writing

Write a dialogue between two people discussing the Commonwealth Games.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

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writing

Explain the status of Puerto Rico using the word 'commonwealth'.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

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writing

How does the idea of a commonwealth relate to democracy?

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

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speaking

Pronounce the word 'commonwealth' clearly.

Read this aloud:

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speaking

Explain the meaning of 'commonwealth' to a friend.

Read this aloud:

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speaking

Discuss your favorite sport in the Commonwealth Games.

Read this aloud:

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speaking

Debate the relevance of the Commonwealth of Nations today.

Read this aloud:

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speaking

Give a short speech as the 'Head of the Commonwealth'.

Read this aloud:

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speaking

Describe the history of the English Commonwealth.

Read this aloud:

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speaking

How would you improve the 'commonwealth' of your school?

Read this aloud:

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speaking

Discuss the political status of Puerto Rico.

Read this aloud:

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speaking

What does 'common weal' mean to you personally?

Read this aloud:

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speaking

Talk about a Commonwealth country you would like to visit.

Read this aloud:

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speaking

Explain the difference between a state and a commonwealth in the US.

Read this aloud:

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speaking

Summarize the goals of the Commonwealth Charter.

Read this aloud:

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speaking

How do the Commonwealth Games promote friendship?

Read this aloud:

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speaking

Discuss the role of the King in the Commonwealth.

Read this aloud:

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speaking

What are the challenges facing the Commonwealth today?

Read this aloud:

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speaking

Explain the etymology of 'commonwealth'.

Read this aloud:

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speaking

Describe the 'commonwealth of letters'.

Read this aloud:

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speaking

Talk about the Commonwealth of Australia's formation.

Read this aloud:

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speaking

What is the significance of Commonwealth Day?

Read this aloud:

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speaking

Is a commonwealth better than an empire? Why?

Read this aloud:

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listening

Listen to a news clip about the Commonwealth Games and identify the host city.

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정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Listen to a speech by the Head of the Commonwealth and summarize the main theme.

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정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Identify the word 'commonwealth' in a sentence about US states.

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정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Listen to a history lecture about Oliver Cromwell and note the dates of the Commonwealth.

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정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Listen to a discussion about Puerto Rico and identify its political title.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Listen for the pronunciation of 'wealth' in the word 'commonwealth'.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Listen to a report on CHOGM and identify one topic discussed.

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정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Identify the speaker's attitude toward the Commonwealth in a podcast.

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정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Listen to a description of the Australian constitution and note the official name.

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정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Listen to a poem about the 'common weal' and identify the metaphors used.

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listening

Listen for the difference between 'commonwealth' and 'republic' in a lecture.

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listening

Listen to a sports commentary and count how many times 'Commonwealth' is mentioned.

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정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Listen to a legal case opening: 'The Commonwealth versus...' and identify the state.

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정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Listen to a definition of 'commonwealth' and repeat it.

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정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Listen to a travel guide about Virginia and note the use of the word 'commonwealth'.

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/ 180 correct

Perfect score!

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