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B1 adjective #1,800 가장 일반적인 15분 분량

cumplido

상위 1,800

When you are just starting to learn Spanish at the A1 level, you might not encounter the word 'cumplido' immediately in your very first lessons, which usually focus on basic greetings, numbers, and colors. However, as you begin to talk about tasks, homework, and simple daily activities, understanding how to express that something is 'finished' or 'completed' becomes incredibly important. At this foundational stage, the concept of 'cumplido' is most easily understood as an adjective meaning 'completed' or 'done'. Imagine you have a list of chores or homework assignments given to you by your teacher. When you finish an assignment, that task is 'cumplido'. It is a way of signaling that an obligation has been met. While beginners often use the word 'terminado' (finished) or 'hecho' (done), recognizing 'cumplido' will give you a significant advantage, especially when listening to native speakers or reading simple instructions. Furthermore, 'cumplido' is related to the verb 'cumplir', which means to fulfill or to carry out. In A1, you learn to say your age using 'cumplir años' (to have a birthday). Therefore, 'cumplido' can also be thought of in the context of having fulfilled a year of life, though as an adjective, it strictly describes the state of the task or the person. It is essential to remember that Spanish adjectives must agree in gender and number with the noun they modify. If you are talking about a project (un proyecto), you would say 'el proyecto está cumplido'. If you are talking about a task (una tarea), you must change the ending to match the feminine noun, resulting in 'la tarea está cumplida'. If there are multiple tasks (las tareas), it becomes 'las tareas están cumplidas'. This basic rule of agreement is a cornerstone of Spanish grammar and applies perfectly to 'cumplido'. Additionally, at the A1 level, you should focus on using 'cumplido' with the verb 'estar' rather than 'ser' when describing the state of a task. We use 'estar' because it describes a condition or state that is the result of an action—the task was not always completed; it became completed. So, 'El trabajo está cumplido' translates to 'The work is completed'. By practicing this word in simple sentences, you build a strong vocabulary foundation that will help you transition smoothly into more complex grammatical structures as you progress in your language learning journey.

As you advance to the A2 level, your ability to describe people, routines, and social interactions expands significantly. At this stage, the word 'cumplido' takes on new and exciting dimensions beyond simply meaning 'finished'. You are now ready to learn its use as a noun: 'un cumplido', which means 'a compliment'. In everyday social situations, giving and receiving compliments is a fundamental part of building relationships and practicing polite conversation. When a Spanish speaker tells you that your Spanish is very good, you can smile and say, 'Gracias por el cumplido' (Thank you for the compliment). This simple phrase instantly makes your Spanish sound more natural and polite. You will also start to use the verb 'hacer' (to make/do) in conjunction with this noun. To say 'He gave me a compliment', you say 'Él me hizo un cumplido'. Notice that we do not use the verb 'dar' (to give) here, which is a common mistake for English speakers. Furthermore, at the A2 level, you begin to describe people's personalities and work habits more deeply. Here, 'cumplido' acts as an adjective with the verb 'ser'. When you say 'Mi amigo es muy cumplido', you are not saying your friend is 'finished'; you are saying your friend is 'reliable', 'punctual', or 'dutiful'. This is a highly positive character trait. It means the person always does what they promise to do. Understanding this difference—using 'estar cumplido' for a finished task and 'ser cumplido' for a reliable person—is a major milestone in A2 grammar. It reinforces your grasp of the fundamental difference between 'ser' (essence/character) and 'estar' (state/condition). You will also encounter 'cumplido' more frequently as a past participle in the present perfect tense (Pretérito Perfecto Compuesto), which is introduced at this level. For example, 'Yo he cumplido con mis deberes' (I have fulfilled my duties). In this structure, 'cumplido' never changes its ending; it remains masculine singular regardless of who is speaking. By mastering these three distinct uses—the noun for compliment, the adjective for reliability, and the past participle for completed actions—you will significantly enrich your conversational skills and be well-prepared for the complexities of the B1 level.

At the B1 level, you are expected to navigate a wide variety of social, academic, and professional situations with a degree of fluency and cultural awareness. The word 'cumplido' is a quintessential B1 vocabulary item because it perfectly encapsulates the nuances of obligation, social etiquette, and task management. At this stage, you should be entirely comfortable using 'cumplido' in all its forms without hesitation. In professional contexts, you will use it to discuss deadlines and responsibilities. The phrase 'el plazo está cumplido' (the deadline has expired/is reached) is crucial for workplace communication, emails, and negotiations. You will also use it to praise colleagues or employees: 'Es una trabajadora muy cumplida' (She is a very reliable worker). This demonstrates your ability to use sophisticated vocabulary to evaluate performance and character. Socially, your use of 'un cumplido' (a compliment) becomes more nuanced. You might learn phrases like 'hacer un cumplido por compromiso' (to give a compliment out of obligation) versus a genuine one. You will also start to recognize the cultural weight of the word. In Hispanic cultures, being 'cumplido' is a matter of personal honor and respect for others. Failing to be 'cumplido' (ser incumplido) is considered a significant character flaw. Therefore, using this word correctly shows that you understand not just the language, but the cultural values underpinning it. Grammatically, B1 challenges you to integrate 'cumplido' into more complex sentence structures, such as relative clauses and conditional sentences. For example, 'Si el objetivo no está cumplido para mañana, tendremos problemas' (If the objective is not completed by tomorrow, we will have problems). You will also practice the agreement of the adjective in various contexts, ensuring that it seamlessly matches the gender and number of the nouns in long, descriptive paragraphs. The transition from A2 to B1 is marked by your ability to move away from basic translations (cumplido = finished) and embrace the full semantic range of the word (reliable, expired, fulfilled, compliment). By actively incorporating 'cumplido' into your speaking and writing, you demonstrate a clear progression towards intermediate fluency, proving that you can handle abstract concepts of duty and social grace in Spanish.

Reaching the B2 level means you are capable of expressing yourself clearly and in detail on a wide range of subjects, and you can understand the main ideas of complex text. At this level of proficiency, your use of 'cumplido' should be highly precise and idiomatic. You are no longer just learning the definitions; you are mastering the collocations and the subtle shades of meaning that differentiate 'cumplido' from its synonyms. In professional and academic writing, you will frequently use 'cumplido' to discuss the fulfillment of requirements, laws, and contracts. Phrases like 'dar por cumplido' (to consider fulfilled) or 'una vez cumplidos los requisitos' (once the requirements are fulfilled) become standard in your vocabulary. You will understand that 'cumplido' in a legal sense often implies that a condition has been satisfied, allowing a process to move forward. When discussing character, you will explore the nuances between being 'cumplido', 'responsable', and 'formal'. While all are positive, 'cumplido' carries a specific connotation of meeting external expectations and social obligations flawlessly. In social discourse, you will encounter idiomatic expressions such as 'por puro cumplido' (purely out of politeness). If someone invites you to dinner 'por cumplido', they are doing it because social norms dictate they should, not necessarily because they desperately want your company. Recognizing this nuance is a hallmark of B2 listening comprehension. You will also be able to debate and discuss the concept of 'el deber cumplido' (fulfilled duty), a phrase often used in literature, journalism, and political speeches to evoke a sense of honor and sacrifice. Grammatically, you will seamlessly use 'cumplido' in the passive voice (e.g., 'El acuerdo fue cumplido por ambas partes') and with advanced subjunctive structures (e.g., 'Dudo que el plazo esté cumplido'). Your writing will reflect a sophisticated understanding of how to use the word to create cohesion and emphasize completion. At B2, 'cumplido' is a tool you use to navigate the subtleties of Spanish-speaking professional environments and complex social dynamics, demonstrating a high level of linguistic maturity and cultural competence.

At the C1 level, your command of Spanish is expected to be fluent, spontaneous, and highly effective for social, academic, and professional purposes. Your interaction with the word 'cumplido' at this stage involves a deep appreciation for its stylistic applications, historical context, and subtle pragmatic functions. You are expected to understand and utilize the word in literary texts, formal debates, and complex negotiations where every word carries significant weight. In formal writing, you will encounter and use 'cumplido' as an absolute participle construction, a hallmark of advanced Spanish syntax. For instance, 'Cumplido el plazo, el tribunal emitió su fallo' (The deadline having expired, the court issued its ruling). This elegant structure replaces longer subordinate clauses and demonstrates a mastery of written Spanish flow. You will also explore the psychological and sociological implications of being 'cumplido' within Hispanic societies, discussing concepts like 'el qué dirán' (what people will say) and how the pressure to be 'cumplido' shapes social behavior. The noun form, 'cumplido', will be analyzed in the context of pragmatics—how compliments function differently in Spanish-speaking cultures compared to your native culture. You will understand when a 'cumplido' is a genuine expression of admiration and when it is a strategic linguistic tool used for politeness, networking, or even subtle manipulation. You will effortlessly distinguish between 'un cumplido', 'un halago', 'un piropo', and 'una lisonja' (sycophancy/flattery), knowing exactly which term to use to convey the precise level of sincerity and formality. Furthermore, you will be comfortable with highly idiomatic and less common phrases, such as 'visita de cumplido' (a brief, obligatory courtesy visit). Your ability to use 'cumplido' at the C1 level is characterized by precision, appropriateness to the register, and a profound understanding of the cultural subtext. You do not just use the word correctly; you use it elegantly to enhance the rhetorical impact of your speech and writing, proving that you have internalized the intricate mechanics of the Spanish language.

At the C2 level, you possess a near-native mastery of the Spanish language, understanding its finest nuances, historical evolution, and regional variations. Your relationship with the word 'cumplido' is analytical and comprehensive. You recognize its Latin roots ('complere') and how its evolution mirrors the development of societal norms regarding duty, honor, and social interaction in the Spanish-speaking world. You are capable of dissecting classic literature where 'cumplido' is used in archaic or highly poetic ways, such as referring to a knight as 'un caballero muy cumplido' (a highly accomplished and honorable knight), understanding that in this historical context, it implies a fullness of virtue and skill, not just punctuality. You can effortlessly navigate the most complex legal and administrative jargon where 'cumplido' dictates the precise temporal boundaries of contracts and statutes. In terms of sociolinguistics, you can discuss how the concept of 'el cumplido' varies across different Spanish-speaking regions—how a compliment is delivered and received in Andalusia versus Bogotá or Buenos Aires, and the subtle linguistic markers that accompany these interactions. You understand the irony and sarcasm that can be embedded in the word, such as calling someone 'demasiado cumplido' (too dutiful) to imply they are rigid or lack spontaneity. Your grammatical use of the word is flawless, employing it in the most intricate syntactic structures, including complex passive constructions, absolute clauses, and highly stylized rhetorical devices. You can write essays, deliver speeches, and engage in profound philosophical debates about the nature of duty ('el deber cumplido') and social hypocrisy ('hacer algo por mero cumplido') with the eloquence and precision of an educated native speaker. At this ultimate level of proficiency, 'cumplido' is not just a vocabulary word; it is a conceptual lens through which you can analyze and articulate the complexities of human behavior, societal expectations, and the rich cultural tapestry of the Hispanosphere.

연습하기 예시 노트와 팁

cumplido 30초 만에

As an adjective with 'ser', it means a person is reliable, polite, and dutiful.
As an adjective with 'estar', it means a task is completed or a deadline is expired.
As a masculine noun ('un cumplido'), it translates directly to 'a compliment'.
It is the past participle of the verb 'cumplir' (to fulfill/complete).

The Spanish word cumplido is a highly versatile term that primarily functions as an adjective, a noun, and the past participle of the verb cumplir. At its core, it conveys the idea of something being fulfilled, completed, or carried out exactly as required or expected. When used as an adjective to describe a person, it takes on the meaning of being reliable, dutiful, polite, or courteous—someone who fulfills their social or professional obligations with precision and grace. Understanding the multifaceted nature of this word is essential for learners at the B1 level, as it bridges the gap between simple task completion and nuanced social interactions.

Adjective Usage: When describing a person (ser cumplido), it means they are reliable, polite, and always do what is expected of them in a social or professional context.

Juan es un trabajador muy cumplido, siempre entrega sus informes a tiempo.

Beyond describing people, when applied to objects, tasks, or time periods, cumplido indicates that a deadline has been met or a cycle has finished. For example, 'el plazo está cumplido' means the deadline has expired or the time is up. This dual nature—applying to both human character and temporal or task-based completion—makes it a cornerstone of both workplace vocabulary and everyday conversation. Furthermore, as a noun, un cumplido translates directly to 'a compliment' in English. This is a crucial distinction because while the adjective describes someone who fulfills duties, the noun refers to a flattering remark made to someone else.

Noun Usage: As a masculine noun (el cumplido), it means a compliment, praise, or a flattering remark given to someone to express admiration or politeness.

Gracias por el cumplido, me esforcé mucho en este proyecto.

The etymology of the word traces back to the Latin 'complere', meaning to fill up or complete. This historical root perfectly aligns with its modern Spanish usage. When a task is 'cumplida', it has been filled up to its required measure. When a person is 'cumplido', they have filled their societal or professional mold perfectly. This concept of fullness and completion is deeply embedded in Hispanic cultures, where fulfilling one's word (cumplir con su palabra) is a matter of honor and respect. Therefore, calling someone 'cumplido' is a high form of praise, acknowledging their integrity and reliability.

Past Participle: Used with the auxiliary verb 'haber' to form perfect tenses, indicating that the action of fulfilling or completing has taken place.

He cumplido con todas mis obligaciones de hoy.

El deber está cumplido, ahora podemos descansar.

In summary, mastering the word 'cumplido' involves recognizing its context. If it follows the verb 'ser', it describes a person's reliable character. If it follows 'estar', it describes the completed state of a task or the expiration of a deadline. If it is preceded by an article like 'un' or 'el', it is a noun meaning a compliment. This tri-fold utility makes it an indispensable word for anyone aiming to achieve fluency and cultural competence in Spanish. By understanding these distinctions, learners can navigate both formal professional environments and casual social settings with greater confidence and accuracy.

Misión cumplida, el equipo logró el objetivo.

Using the word cumplido correctly requires a solid understanding of Spanish syntax, specifically the distinction between the verbs ser and estar, as well as the rules of gender and number agreement. Because this word can function as an adjective, a noun, and a past participle, its placement and accompanying words change drastically depending on the intended meaning. Let us first examine its use as an adjective describing a person's character. In this case, you must use the verb ser. Saying 'Él es cumplido' means 'He is reliable' or 'He is polite'. It denotes a permanent or inherent characteristic of the individual. If you are describing a woman, it becomes 'Ella es cumplida', and for a group, 'Ellos son cumplidos'.

With the verb SER: Use 'ser + cumplido/a' to describe a person who is inherently reliable, dutiful, polite, or punctual. It highlights a character trait.

Mi asistente es muy cumplida, nunca llega tarde.

Conversely, when you want to describe the state of a task, a promise, or a deadline, you must use the verb estar. This is because the completion of a task is a result of an action, a state that has been achieved rather than an inherent characteristic. For instance, 'El trabajo está cumplido' means 'The work is completed'. If you are talking about a promise, you would say 'La promesa está cumplida'. In legal or administrative contexts, you will often hear 'El plazo está cumplido', meaning the deadline has passed or the time limit has been reached. This distinction between ser and estar is vital for avoiding confusion and sounding like a native speaker.

With the verb ESTAR: Use 'estar + cumplido/a' to indicate that a specific task, duty, or time period has been finished, completed, or has expired.

El contrato está cumplido y ya no tiene validez.

Now, let us look at its usage as a noun. When you want to say 'a compliment', you use the masculine noun 'un cumplido'. The most common verbs associated with this noun are 'hacer' (to make/give) and 'aceptar' (to accept). In Spanish, you do not 'give' a compliment using the verb 'dar' as frequently as you 'make' a compliment using 'hacer'. Therefore, 'hacer un cumplido' is the standard collocation. For example, 'Él me hizo un cumplido sobre mi vestido' (He gave me a compliment on my dress). You can also use it with verbs like 'agradecer' (to thank for): 'Agradezco el cumplido'.

As a Noun (Compliment): Always masculine (el cumplido). Commonly paired with the verb 'hacer' to express the action of giving a compliment to someone.

Siempre es agradable recibir un cumplido sincero.

Le hice un cumplido por su excelente presentación.

Finally, as a past participle, it is used with the auxiliary verb 'haber' to form perfect tenses. For example, 'Yo he cumplido con mi parte' (I have fulfilled my part). In this structure, 'cumplido' is invariable; it does not change for gender or number because it is part of the compound verb structure, not acting as an adjective. Understanding these three distinct grammatical pathways—adjective with ser/estar, noun, and invariable past participle—will give you complete mastery over this essential Spanish word.

Nosotros hemos cumplido con todos los requisitos de la ley.

The word cumplido is ubiquitous across various spheres of life in Spanish-speaking countries, making it a highly practical term to master. You will frequently encounter it in professional environments, social gatherings, legal contexts, and everyday casual conversations. In the workplace, reliability is a highly valued trait. Employers and colleagues often use 'cumplido' to praise someone's work ethic. If a manager says, 'Necesitamos a alguien muy cumplido para este puesto', they are looking for a candidate who is punctual, responsible, and guaranteed to meet deadlines. In performance reviews or letters of recommendation, describing an employee as 'trabajador y cumplido' is one of the highest professional compliments one can give.

Professional Environments: Used to describe employees, contractors, or colleagues who are reliable, meet their deadlines, and fulfill their professional obligations without fail.

El proveedor es muy cumplido con las fechas de entrega.

In social settings, the noun form of the word shines. When attending parties, dinners, or networking events, people frequently exchange pleasantries. If someone praises your cooking, your outfit, or your home, you would acknowledge this by referring to their words as 'un cumplido'. It is a staple of polite society. You might hear someone modestly deflect praise by saying, 'Es solo un cumplido, pero gracias' (It's just a compliment, but thank you). Additionally, in romantic or flirtatious contexts, while 'piropo' is common for street-level or highly romantic flattery, 'cumplido' remains the standard, respectful term for expressing admiration for someone's personality, achievements, or elegant appearance.

Social and Polite Contexts: Used as a noun to refer to compliments given regarding someone's appearance, hospitality, skills, or achievements during social interactions.

Tómalo como un cumplido, realmente les gustó tu idea.

Legal and administrative contexts also heavily rely on this word, particularly in its past participle or adjective form denoting completion. Contracts, rental agreements, and official documents frequently use the phrase 'plazo cumplido' to indicate that a specific time frame has elapsed. For example, if a lease agreement has ended, the landlord might state that 'el contrato está cumplido'. Similarly, in news reports or political discourse, you will hear about 'promesas cumplidas' (fulfilled promises) or 'objetivos cumplidos' (achieved objectives). Politicians often campaign on the basis of having a record of 'promesas cumplidas', using the word to project an image of effectiveness and trustworthiness.

Legal and Administrative: Used to describe expired deadlines, fulfilled contracts, or completed mandatory requirements in official documentation.

Una vez cumplido el plazo, se aplicarán multas por retraso.

El gobierno presentó su informe de metas cumplidas.

Finally, in everyday family life, parents use it to praise children who have finished their chores or homework. 'Deber cumplido' (duty fulfilled) is a common expression of satisfaction after a long day of work or after completing a difficult household task. Whether you are navigating a corporate office in Madrid, attending a dinner party in Mexico City, or signing a lease in Buenos Aires, the word 'cumplido' will undoubtedly make an appearance, serving as a linguistic bridge between obligation, completion, and social grace.

Me voy a dormir con la satisfacción del deber cumplido.

When learning the word cumplido, students frequently encounter a few specific stumbling blocks. The most prevalent mistake is the confusion caused by false friends and direct translation from English. Many English speakers assume that the Spanish verb 'complementar' means 'to compliment'. However, 'complementar' means 'to complement' (to add to something in a way that enhances or improves it, like wine complementing cheese). To express the act of giving a compliment, learners must use the noun form 'un cumplido' paired with the verb 'hacer'. Saying 'Él me complementó' sounds bizarre in Spanish, as it implies he physically completed you as an object. The correct phrasing is 'Él me hizo un cumplido'.

False Friend: Complementar: Do not use the verb 'complementar' to mean 'giving a compliment'. Use 'hacer un cumplido' instead to avoid confusing native speakers.

Incorrecto: Ella me complementó por mi trabajo. Correcto: Ella me hizo un cumplido por mi trabajo.

Another frequent error involves the failure to make the adjective agree in gender and number with the noun it modifies. Because 'cumplido' often functions as a past participle in compound tenses (where it ends in '-o' and never changes, e.g., 'Ellas han cumplido'), learners sometimes forget that when it acts as an adjective, it must change. If you are describing a group of reliable female workers, you must say 'Ellas son unas trabajadoras muy cumplidas'. Forgetting this agreement is a classic B1-level mistake that immediately marks the speaker as a learner. Always double-check what noun the word is describing and adjust the ending to '-a', '-os', or '-as' accordingly.

Gender and Number Agreement: When used as an adjective, it must match the noun. Only when used with 'haber' as a past participle does it remain strictly 'cumplido'.

Las tareas están cumplidas (Adjective agreement). Ellas han cumplido las tareas (Invariable participle).

A third common mistake is mixing up 'ser' and 'estar' when using 'cumplido' as an adjective. As discussed in the usage section, 'ser cumplido' means a person is reliable by nature, while 'estar cumplido' means a task or deadline is finished. A learner might try to say 'The deadline is reliable' by saying 'El plazo es cumplido', which makes no sense. Or they might try to say 'He is finished' by saying 'Él está cumplido', which sounds unnatural or implies his time on earth is up! It is crucial to map 'ser' to character traits and 'estar' to the status of tasks or timeframes.

Ser vs. Estar Confusion: Using the wrong 'to be' verb changes the meaning from a personality trait (ser) to a completed state or expired time (estar).

No digas 'El proyecto es cumplido'. Di 'El proyecto está cumplido'.

No digas 'Él está cumplido' para decir que es responsable. Di 'Él es cumplido'.

Lastly, learners sometimes overuse 'cumplido' when 'terminado' (finished) or 'hecho' (done) would be more natural. While 'la tarea está cumplida' is grammatically correct, native speakers often prefer 'la tarea está terminada' for simple everyday chores. 'Cumplido' carries a slightly heavier weight of obligation, duty, or formal requirement. Reserve 'cumplido' for professional duties, promises, deadlines, and formal goals, rather than just finishing a sandwich or a casual game.

Para una promesa: La promesa está cumplida. (Mejor que 'terminada').

To truly enrich your Spanish vocabulary, it is important to understand the network of words that share similar meanings with cumplido. Depending on whether you are using it as an adjective for a person, an adjective for a task, or a noun, the synonyms vary significantly. When describing a person who is 'cumplido' (reliable, dutiful), the most common synonyms are responsable (responsible), formal (reliable/serious), and puntual (punctual). While 'responsable' is a direct translation of responsible, 'formal' in Spanish carries a strong connotation of someone who keeps their word and acts properly in business or social settings. Calling someone 'una persona formal' is very close in meaning to 'una persona cumplida'.

Synonyms for Character: Responsable, formal, puntual, educado, cortés. These words describe someone who can be trusted to do what is expected of them.

Es un empleado muy formal y responsable con sus horarios.

When using 'cumplido' to describe a task that has been completed or a goal that has been reached, the synonyms shift towards words like terminado (finished), realizado (carried out/realized), hecho (done), and acabado (finished). 'Terminado' is the most generic and widely used for everyday tasks. 'Realizado' sounds more professional and is often used for projects, studies, or significant actions. 'Hecho' is the simplest, akin to 'done' in English. Choosing between 'cumplido' and these synonyms often comes down to the level of obligation involved. You 'terminas' a book, but you 'cumples' a mission or a duty.

Synonyms for Tasks: Terminado, realizado, hecho, acabado, finalizado. Use these when referring to the completion of physical tasks or projects.

El proyecto fue realizado con éxito por el equipo.

When looking at the noun form of 'cumplido' (a compliment), the linguistic landscape offers several colorful alternatives. The most famous is piropo. However, 'piropo' is specifically a flirtatious compliment, usually given in the street or in a romantic context, often focusing on physical beauty. 'Cumplido' is much safer for professional or polite environments. Another excellent synonym is halago (flattery or praise). 'Halago' implies a deep sense of praise that makes the recipient feel proud or honored. You might also hear elogio (eulogy/praise), which is highly formal and used in written texts, speeches, or official commendations.

Synonyms for Compliment: Halago, piropo, elogio, alabanza. These nouns represent different shades of praise, from casual flirtation to formal commendation.

Sus palabras fueron un gran halago para mi carrera.

En España, es común escuchar un piropo en la calle.

Understanding these nuances allows you to express yourself with the precision of a native speaker. Instead of relying solely on 'cumplido', you can sprinkle your conversation with 'formal', 'realizado', and 'halago' depending on the exact context. This not only demonstrates a rich vocabulary but also shows a deep cultural awareness of how praise, duty, and completion are conceptualized in the Spanish-speaking world. Keep these synonyms in your mental toolkit, and practice substituting them in sentences to feel the subtle shifts in tone and formality.

El director pronunció un emotivo elogio durante la ceremonia.

How Formal Is It?

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El trabajo está cumplido.

The work is completed.

Uses 'estar' to show the state of completion.

La tarea está cumplida.

The homework is done.

Notice the feminine ending '-a' to match 'tarea'.

Mi deber está cumplido.

My duty is fulfilled.

'Deber' is masculine, so 'cumplido' ends in '-o'.

Los ejercicios están cumplidos.

The exercises are completed.

Plural masculine agreement: 'cumplidos'.

Las reglas están cumplidas.

The rules are followed/fulfilled.

Plural feminine agreement: 'cumplidas'.

Todo está cumplido.

Everything is completed.

'Todo' acts as a masculine singular subject.

El proyecto no está cumplido.

The project is not completed.

Negative sentence structure with 'estar'.

¿Está cumplido el plan?

Is the plan completed?

Question structure inverting subject and verb.

Gracias por el cumplido.

Thank you for the compliment.

Used as a masculine noun: 'el cumplido'.

Él es un hombre muy cumplido.

He is a very reliable man.

Uses 'ser' to describe a permanent character trait.

Ella me hizo un cumplido bonito.

She gave me a nice compliment.

Collocation: 'hacer un cumplido'.

Mis padres son muy cumplidos.

My parents are very reliable.

Plural agreement with 'ser'.

He cumplido con mi promesa.

I have fulfilled my promise.

Used as a past participle with 'haber'.

Acepto tu cumplido con gusto.

I accept your compliment with pleasure.

Verb 'aceptar' used with the noun.

El mes está cumplido.

The month is up/completed.

Used for time periods expiring.

No me gustan los cumplidos falsos.

I don't like fake compliments.

Plural noun usage with an adjective.

Necesitamos a un empleado que sea cumplido y puntual.

We need an employee who is reliable and punctual.

Subjunctive 'sea' used for an unknown person.

El plazo para entregar el informe está cumplido.

The deadline to submit the report has expired.

Common business phrase: 'plazo cumplido'.

Lo dijo por puro cumplido, no lo decía en serio.

He said it purely out of politeness, he didn't mean it.

Idiomatic phrase: 'por cumplido'.

Misión cumplida, podemos irnos a casa.

Mission accomplished, we can go home.

Set phrase, notice feminine agreement with 'misión'.

Siempre es muy cumplida con sus obligaciones familiares.

She is always very dutiful with her family obligations.

'Cumplida con' shows what she is reliable about.

Recibió muchos cumplidos por su nuevo corte de pelo.

He received many compliments for his new haircut.

Noun used with 'recibir'.

Una vez cumplido el contrato, buscaremos otro apartamento.

Once the contract is fulfilled, we will look for another apartment.

Absolute construction indicating time/condition.

Es difícil ser tan cumplido cuando tienes tantas tareas.

It is difficult to be so reliable when you have so many tasks.

Infinitive 'ser' used after an impersonal expression.

El gobierno anunció que el objetivo de reducción de deuda está cumplido.

The government announced that the debt reduction target is met.

Formal usage in news/politics.

No te fíes de él, solo te invitó por cumplido.

Don't trust him, he only invited you out of politeness.

'Por cumplido' indicating insincerity or social obligation.

Se retiró con la satisfacción del deber cumplido tras 30 años de servicio.

He retired with the satisfaction of a fulfilled duty after 30 years of service.

Literary/formal phrase: 'el deber cumplido'.

Dudo que el plazo esté cumplido, revisemos el documento.

I doubt the deadline has expired, let's check the document.

Subjunctive 'esté' triggered by 'dudar'.

Fue una visita de cumplido, apenas se quedaron diez minutos.

It was a courtesy visit, they barely stayed ten minutes.

Idiom: 'visita de cumplido'.

A pesar de las dificultades, demostró ser un profesional muy cumplido.

Despite the difficulties, he proved to be a very reliable professional.

Used to emphasize strong character traits.

Daré por cumplido este requisito si presentas el certificado original.

I will consider this requirement fulfilled if you present the original certificate.

Phrase: 'dar por cumplido' (to consider fulfilled).

Sus cumplidos me parecieron un tanto exagerados y fuera de lugar.

His compliments seemed a bit exaggerated and out of place to me.

Advanced vocabulary pairing: 'exagerados y fuera de lugar'.

Cumplido el trámite burocrático, procedieron a la firma de la escritura.

The bureaucratic procedure having been completed, they proceeded to sign the deed.

Absolute participle construction at the beginning of the sentence.

La sociedad decimonónica valoraba enormemente a la mujer cumplida y recatada.

Nineteenth-century society highly valued the dutiful and modest woman.

Historical/sociological context usage.

Su discurso estuvo plagado de cumplidos vacíos que no convencieron a la junta.

His speech was riddled with empty compliments that failed to convince the board.

Critical analysis of speech: 'cumplidos vacíos'.

Exigimos que se declare cumplido el acuerdo en virtud de la cláusula quinta.

We demand that the agreement be declared fulfilled by virtue of the fifth clause.

Highly formal legal jargon.

No es más que un cumplido de salón, carente de verdadera enjundia.

It is nothing more than a drawing-room compliment, lacking true substance.

Literary critique of social interaction.

Se jactaba de ser el más cumplido de los anfitriones, atento al más mínimo detalle.

He boasted of being the most dutiful of hosts, attentive to the slightest detail.

Superlative usage with character description.

Habiéndose dado por cumplido el plazo de alegaciones, el juez dictó sentencia.

The period for allegations having been considered expired, the judge passed sentence.

Complex passive absolute construction.

El arte de hacer un buen cumplido reside en la sutileza y la oportunidad.

The art of giving a good compliment lies in subtlety and timing.

Philosophical/pragmatic reflection on the noun.

El caballero, siendo hombre muy cumplido en armas y letras, deslumbró a la corte.

The knight, being a man highly accomplished in arms and letters, dazzled the court.

Archaic/literary meaning: 'accomplished/perfected'.

La caducidad de la instancia se produce inexorablemente una vez cumplido el término fatal.

The lapse of the proceedings occurs inexorably once the fatal deadline has expired.

Extreme legal precision and terminology.

Esa lisonja no fue un mero cumplido, sino una calculada maniobra de adulación política.

That flattery was not a mere compliment, but a calculated maneuver of political sycophancy.

Distinguishing nuances between synonyms (lisonja vs. cumplido).

Vivía atormentado por el fantasma del deber no cumplido, una mácula en su honor.

He lived tormented by the ghost of unfulfilled duty, a stain on his honor.

Poetic and dramatic expression of duty.

Despachó el asunto con un par de frases de cumplido y cambió de tercio rápidamente.

He dispatched the matter with a couple of polite phrases and quickly changed the subject.

Idiomatic use of 'frases de cumplido' (lip service).

Su puntualidad británica lo hacía el más cumplido de los mortales en aquella caótica ciudad.

His British punctuality made him the most reliable of mortals in that chaotic city.

Humorous/hyperbolic literary description.

El contrato se reputará cumplido a entera satisfacción de la parte contratante.

The contract shall be deemed fulfilled to the entire satisfaction of the contracting party.

Highly formal contractual language ('reputará').

Analizar la pragmática del cumplido en el español peninsular revela profundas estructuras de cortesía.

Analyzing the pragmatics of the compliment in Peninsular Spanish reveals deep structures of politeness.

Academic/linguistic analysis context.

자주 쓰는 조합

hacer un cumplido

plazo cumplido

deber cumplido

misión cumplida

ser muy cumplido

por puro cumplido

visita de cumplido

dar por cumplido

objetivo cumplido

promesa cumplida

자주 쓰는 구문

Misión cumplida.

Gracias por el cumplido.

El plazo está cumplido.

Es un hombre muy cumplido.

Lo hizo por puro cumplido.

El deber está cumplido.

Aceptar un cumplido.

Una visita de cumplido.

Promesa hecha, promesa cumplida.

Dar algo por cumplido.

자주 혼동되는 단어

cumplido vs complemento

cumplido vs terminado

cumplido vs piropo

관용어 및 표현

혼동하기 쉬운

cumplido vs

문장 패턴

사용법

noun usage

Always masculine: 'el cumplido'. Plural: 'los cumplidos'. Collocates with 'hacer', 'recibir', 'aceptar', 'agradecer'.

ser vs estar

Crucial distinction: 'Ser cumplido' = reliable person. 'Estar cumplido' = finished task or expired deadline.

false friends

Do not confuse with the English verb 'to compliment' (use hacer un cumplido) or 'complement' (complemento).

자주 하는 실수

Using 'dar un cumplido' instead of 'hacer un cumplido'.
Using 'complementar' to mean 'to compliment'.
Saying 'El proyecto es cumplido' instead of 'está cumplido'.
Saying 'Él está cumplido' to mean he is reliable (should be 'es cumplido').
Forgetting to change the ending to '-a' for feminine nouns (e.g., la tarea cumplido).

팁

Ser vs. Estar

Always pause and think before using 'cumplido' as an adjective. If describing a personality trait (reliable), use SER. If describing a task's status (finished), use ESTAR.

Hacer, not Dar

When you want to give someone a compliment, remember to use the verb HACER. 'Te voy a hacer un cumplido' is correct. Avoid using DAR.

The Weight of the Word

Calling someone 'cumplido' in a professional setting is a very high honor in Hispanic cultures. It implies deep trust and respect for their work ethic.

Gender Matching

Don't forget that 'cumplido' changes to 'cumplida', 'cumplidos', or 'cumplidas' when modifying nouns. 'Las promesas están cumplidas'.

Por Cumplido

Learn the phrase 'por puro cumplido'. It's a great way to express that something was done merely for show or social obligation, adding native-like flair to your speech.

Complementar Warning

Never use 'complementar' to mean giving praise. 'Complementar' means to add to something to make it perfect (like matching shoes to a dress).

Perfect Tenses

When you hear 'ha cumplido' or 'hemos cumplido', recognize that it's the past participle. In this case, it will never change its '-o' ending.

Formal Emails

Use 'plazo cumplido' in your business emails to sound highly professional when discussing deadlines that have passed.

Formal vs Cumplido

In Spain, you will often hear 'es una persona formal' used exactly like 'es una persona cumplida'. Both mean reliable and serious about obligations.

Misión Cumplida

Memorize 'Misión cumplida' as a standalone phrase. It's a fun, everyday way to declare that you've successfully finished a difficult chore.

암기하기

기억법

A COMPLETED mission makes you a RELIABLE person who deserves a COMPLIMENT.

어원

Latin

문화적 맥락

In Spain, 'cumplidos' are common, but overly flowery language might be seen as insincere. 'Ser formal' is often used interchangeably with 'ser cumplido' in business.

In Mexico, social politeness is paramount, so doing things 'por cumplido' (out of courtesy) is very common to avoid saying a direct 'no'.

In Argentina, a romantic compliment is almost always a 'piropo', while 'cumplido' is reserved for professional or polite praise.

실생활에서 연습하기

실제 사용 상황

대화 시작하기

"¿Cuál es el mejor cumplido que has recibido en tu vida?"

"¿Te consideras una persona cumplida con tus horarios?"

"¿Qué pasa en tu trabajo cuando un plazo está cumplido y no se entrega el proyecto?"

"¿Crees que la gente hoy en día hace cosas por verdadero interés o solo por cumplido?"

"¿Cómo reaccionas cuando alguien te hace un cumplido inesperado?"

일기 주제

Escribe sobre una vez que sentiste la satisfacción del deber cumplido.

Describe a la persona más cumplida que conoces. ¿Por qué la admiras?

¿Te cuesta aceptar los cumplidos? Explica por qué.

Redacta una carta formal explicando que un plazo está cumplido.

Reflexiona sobre la diferencia entre un cumplido sincero y uno hecho por compromiso.

자주 묻는 질문

10 질문

It means both, depending on the context. As a noun ('un cumplido'), it means a compliment. As an adjective with 'estar' ('está cumplido'), it means finished or expired.

While understood, it is not the most natural phrasing. Native speakers overwhelmingly prefer 'hacer un cumplido' (to make a compliment).

A 'cumplido' is a general, polite compliment suitable for professional or social settings. A 'piropo' is usually flirtatious, focuses on physical appearance, and is often said in casual or street settings.

Because 'cumplido' is acting as an adjective modifying the noun 'misión'. Since 'misión' is feminine, the adjective must agree and become 'cumplida'.

You use the verb 'ser'. You would say 'Él es una persona muy cumplida' (matching 'persona') or simply 'Él es muy cumplido'.

It is an idiomatic expression meaning 'out of politeness' or 'out of obligation'. If someone invites you 'por cumplido', they are doing it because social rules dictate it, not out of genuine desire.

No, 'cumplido' is the past participle of the verb 'cumplir'. It functions as an adjective, a noun, or part of a perfect tense (e.g., he cumplido).

It would sound very strange and overly formal. For everyday actions like eating or reading, use 'terminado' or 'acabado'. 'Cumplido' is for duties, deadlines, and promises.

The direct opposite is 'incumplido'. An 'incumplido' is someone who is unreliable, late, or fails to keep their promises.

The most professional and common way to say this in Spanish is 'El plazo está cumplido'.