放火 30초 만에
- Houka means arson, the intentional act of setting fire to property, which is a major felony in Japan.
- It is a noun and a suru-verb, used formally in news, law, and fire prevention contexts.
- Distinguish it from 'kaji' (accidental fire) to avoid implying criminal intent where none exists.
- Historically and legally, Japan treats arson with extreme severity due to urban density and wooden architecture.
The Japanese term 放火 (houka) is a noun that translates directly to 'arson' in English. It is composed of two kanji: 放 (hou), meaning to release, set free, or emit, and 火 (ka), meaning fire. Together, they describe the deliberate and malicious act of setting fire to property, buildings, or natural areas. In the context of Japanese society, this word carries immense weight due to the historical vulnerability of Japanese architecture—traditionally made of wood and paper—to fire. Consequently, the legal and social ramifications of 放火 are significantly more severe than in many other jurisdictions.
- Legal Definition
- Under the Penal Code of Japan, arson is categorized into several types, including arson of inhabited structures, which can carry the death penalty.
- Social Perception
- It is viewed as a 'terroristic' act because of the potential for mass casualties in densely populated urban areas.
- Etymological Nuance
- The use of 'release' (放) suggests an intentional unleashing of a destructive force that was previously contained or non-existent.
"彼は放火の疑いで逮捕された。" (He was arrested on suspicion of arson.)
Understanding 放火 requires recognizing that it is never used for accidental fires (which are called shikka 失火). The word implies intent (malice aforethought). In Japanese news media, you will often see the term 放火殺人 (houka satsujin), referring to murder by arson, highlighting the lethal nature of the crime. The psychological profile associated with this word often involves the term 放火魔 (houkama), or a pyromaniac/serial arsonist.
「放火は重大な犯罪です。」
「空き家での放火が増えている。」
「放火の動機を調査中だ。」
「厳重な放火対策が必要だ。」
- Synonym Note
- While 'tsukibi' is an older term, 'houka' is the standard modern legal and conversational term.
- Grammar Tip
- It is a Suru-verb noun: 放火する (to commit arson).
Using 放火 correctly involves understanding its role as a formal noun and its transformation into a verb. In everyday conversation, you might not use it often unless discussing news or crime, but it is essential for reading newspapers or watching police dramas. The most common grammatical construction is [Place] + に + 放火する, meaning 'to set fire to [Place]'. Note the use of the particle に to indicate the target of the arson.
- Transitive Usage
- 放火する (houka suru) - To commit arson. Example: 犯人はビルに放火した。
- Noun Compounds
- 放火事件 (houka jiken) - Arson case. 放火犯 (houkahan) - Arsonist.
When describing the act in a passive sense, such as 'a fire was set,' you would use 放火される. For example, 'The warehouse was set on fire' becomes 倉庫が放火された. It is crucial to distinguish this from 火事になる (a fire breaks out), which is neutral regarding cause. If you say 放火, you are explicitly accusing someone of a crime. In legal contexts, the severity is modified by adjectives: 現住建造物等放火 (arson of an inhabited building) is the most serious charge.
「彼は復讐のために放火したと言っている。」
In professional writing, such as insurance claims or police reports, 放火 is often paired with 疑い (suspicion) or 断定 (conclusion). For instance, 'The fire was determined to be arson' is 火災は放火と断定された. This precision is vital in Japanese culture, where 'shikka' (accidental fire) is treated with more social sympathy, whereas 'houka' is met with extreme condemnation.
You will primarily encounter 放火 in three specific environments: the news media, legal/police contexts, and historical discussions. In the news, houka is a frequent headline word. Because Japan has a relatively low crime rate, major arson cases—like the tragic Kyoto Animation fire—stay in the public consciousness for years. In these reports, you will hear terms like 放火殺人事件 (arson-murder case) and 身柄確保 (taking into custody) associated with the word.
- TV News
- "昨夜、新宿のビルで放火事件が発生しました。" (An arson incident occurred in a Shinjuku building last night.)
- Police Dramas (Keiji Mono)
- Detectives often shout "これは放火だ！" (This is arson!) upon finding an accelerant like gasoline.
Historical documentaries also use 放火 when discussing the Great Fire of Meireki or the frequent fires of the Edo period. In those days, 'arsonists' were called hi-tsuke, but modern narrators will use the formal houka. Furthermore, fire prevention posters in Japan often feature the phrase 放火火災を防ごう (Let's prevent arson fires), reminding citizens to keep their surroundings clear of flammable materials that might tempt an arsonist.
「近所で放火があったなんて信じられない。」
The most frequent mistake for learners is confusing 放火 (arson) with 火事 (kaji - fire). While every houka results in a kaji, not every kaji is houka. Using houka to describe a fire caused by a short circuit or a forgotten stove is incorrect and potentially slanderous, as it implies a criminal act. Always use kaji or kasai (fire disaster) for general or accidental fires.
- Mistake 1: Accidental context
- Incorrect: "タバコの不始末で放火した。" (I committed arson by mishandling a cigarette.) Correct: "タバコの不始末で火事を出した。"
- Mistake 2: Homophone confusion
- 放課 (houka - after school) and 邦画 (houga - Japanese film) sound similar to beginners. Context is key.
Another mistake is the misuse of particles. Learners often try to use wo (を) with houka suru, but while [Building] wo houka suru is grammatically possible, the standard and more natural expression is [Building] ni houka suru. This is because the fire is being 'set into' or 'directed at' the target. Additionally, don't confuse 放火 with 点火 (tenka - ignition/lighting a match). Tenka is a neutral, often technical term, whereas houka is strictly criminal.
To truly master 放火, you must understand its synonyms and related terms. The most common related word is 火災 (kasai), which is the formal word for 'fire' as a disaster. While 放火 is the cause, kasai is the event. Another term is 失火 (shikka), which is the legal antonym—it refers to accidentally causing a fire. In court, the difference between houka and shikka is the difference between prison and a fine.
- 点火 (Tenka)
- To ignite or light. Used for rocket engines, stoves, or torches. Neutral.
- 延焼 (Enshou)
- The spreading of a fire to neighboring buildings. A common result of arson.
- 類焼 (Ruishou)
- Being caught in a fire started elsewhere. Arson victims suffer from ruishou.
There is also the term 付け火 (tsukibi), which is a more colloquial, slightly older way of saying arson. It literally means 'attached fire.' While 放火 sounds like a police report, tsukibi sounds like something a neighbor might say when gossiping about a suspicious fire. Finally, 自焼 (jishou) refers to setting fire to one's own property, which is still a crime in Japan if it endangers others, though it is technically different from arson of others' property.
How Formal Is It?
난이도
알아야 할 문법
Suru-verbs
Passive voice (areru/rareru)
Suspicion/Likelihood (no utagai/rashii)
Purpose (tame ni)
Cause and Effect (ni yotte)
수준별 예문
放火は犯罪です。
Arson is a crime.
Noun + は + Noun + です。
放火はだめです。
Arson is not allowed.
Simple prohibition.
あそこで放火がありました。
There was an arson (incident) over there.
Existential sentence with 'arimashita'.
放火はこわいです。
Arson is scary.
Adjective 'kowai' describing the noun.
これは放火ですか？
Is this arson?
Question form.
放火に気をつけてください。
Please be careful of arson.
Ni + ki wo tsukete (be careful of).
テレビで放火のニュースを見ました。
I saw news about arson on TV.
Object 'news' modified by 'houka no'.
放火は火事の原因です。
Arson is a cause of fire.
A is B structure.
犯人は古い家に放火した。
The criminal set fire to an old house.
Place + ni + houka suru.
放火犯が警察に捕まった。
The arsonist was caught by the police.
Passive-like structure with 'tsukamatte'.
ゴミ置き場で放火があったらしい。
I heard there was an arson at the trash collection point.
Noun + rashii (it seems/I heard).
放火を防ぐためにライトをつけます。
We turn on lights to prevent arson.
Verb (dictionary form) + tame ni (in order to).
彼は放火の疑いで調べられている。
He is being investigated on suspicion of arson.
Noun + no utagai de (on suspicion of).
放火はとても重い罪です。
Arson is a very heavy (serious) crime.
Adjective 'omoi' used metaphorically for 'serious'.
知らない人がアパートに放火しようとした。
A stranger tried to set fire to the apartment.
Volitional form + to suru (try to).
放火事件の犯人はまだ見つかっていない。
The perpetrator of the arson case has not been found yet.
Negative te-iru form (state of not having happened).
空き家が放火の標的になりやすい。
Vacant houses are easy targets for arson.
Target + ni nari-yasui (easy to become).
警察は放火と失火の両面で捜査している。
The police are investigating both as arson and accidental fire.
Ryoumen (both sides/aspects).
放火の動機はまだ明らかになっていない。
The motive for the arson has not yet been made clear.
Akiraka ni naru (to become clear).
その火災は放火によるものだと断定された。
It was concluded that the fire was due to arson.
Noun + ni yoru mono (something due to).
放火の被害を受けた人たちを支援する。
We support the people who suffered from arson.
Noun + wo ukeru (to receive/suffer).
監視カメラが放火の瞬間を捉えていた。
The security camera captured the moment of the arson.
Shunkan wo toraeru (capture the moment).
放火魔は何度も同じ地域で火をつけた。
The serial arsonist set fires in the same area many times.
Houkama (serial arsonist/pyromaniac).
近隣住民は放火を恐れて夜警を始めた。
Neighbors started night patrols for fear of arson.
Noun + wo osorete (fearing...).
現住建造物放火罪は、非常に厳しく罰せられる。
The crime of arson of an inhabited structure is punished very severely.
Passive voice 'bas-serareru'.
放火によって多くの貴重な資料が焼失した。
Many precious documents were destroyed by fire due to arson.
Noun + ni yotte (by means of/due to).
被告は放火の事実を全面的に認めている。
The defendant fully admits to the facts of the arson.
Zenmenteki ni (completely/fully).
放火を未然に防ぐための地域ネットワークを構築する。
Build a community network to prevent arson before it happens.
Mizen ni fusegu (prevent before it happens).
その男は、以前にも放火の前科があった。
The man had a prior criminal record for arson.
Zenka (criminal record).
心理学的な観点から放火犯の行動を分析する。
Analyze the arsonist's behavior from a psychological perspective.
Kanten kara (from the perspective of).
放火の火の手は、またたく間にビル全体に広がった。
The arson flames spread through the entire building in the blink of an eye.
Matataku ma ni (in the blink of an eye).
ガソリンを用いた放火は、殺傷能力が極めて高い。
Arson using gasoline has an extremely high capacity to kill and injure.
Noun + wo mochiita (using...).
放火殺人事件の遺族は、極刑を求めている。
The bereaved families of the arson-murder case are seeking the death penalty.
Kyokkei (capital punishment/extreme penalty).
火災鑑定の結果、灯油が撒かれた形跡があり、放火と断定された。
As a result of the fire appraisal, traces of kerosene were found, and it was concluded to be arson.
Keiseki (traces/evidence).
放火の再発防止策として、街灯の増設が決定した。
As a measure to prevent the recurrence of arson, it was decided to increase the number of streetlights.
Saihatsu boushi saku (recurrence prevention measure).
金閣寺放火事件は、日本の文学界にも大きな影響を与えた。
The Kinkaku-ji arson incident had a major impact on the Japanese literary world.
Eikyou wo ataeru (to exert influence).
放火の実行犯だけでなく、教唆した者も厳罰に処される。
Not only the perpetrator of the arson but also the one who incited it will be severely punished.
Kyousa (incitement/instigation).
保険金目当ての放火は、詐欺罪も併せて追及される。
Arson for insurance money is also prosecuted alongside fraud charges.
Awasete tsuikyuu sareru (prosecuted together).
放火によって壊滅的な打撃を受けた商店街の再建を急ぐ。
Hurry the reconstruction of the shopping district that suffered a devastating blow from arson.
Kaimetsuteki na dageki (devastating blow).
放火の心理的背景には、社会への強い不満が潜んでいることが多い。
In the psychological background of arson, strong dissatisfaction with society often lurks.
Hisomu (to lurk/be hidden).
刑法における放火罪の構成要件を精査する必要がある。
It is necessary to scrutinize the constituent elements of the crime of arson in the Penal Code.
Kousei youken (constituent elements/requirements).
放火という短絡的な犯行が、取り返しのつかない惨劇を招いた。
The simplistic act of arson led to an irreversible tragedy.
Tanrakuteki (simplistic/short-circuited thinking).
江戸時代の「火付け」は、都市の存立を脅かす大罪として峻烈に処断された。
In the Edo period, 'arson' was severely punished as a capital crime that threatened the existence of the city.
Shunretsu ni shodan sareru (severely judged/punished).
放火犯の供述には、自己顕示欲と破壊衝動が複雑に絡み合っていた。
In the arsonist's statement, the desire for self-display and the impulse to destroy were complexly intertwined.
Karami-au (to be intertwined).
当該火災が放火によるものか否か、科学的知見に基づいた慎重な判断が求められる。
Whether the fire in question was due to arson or not requires a careful judgment based on scientific knowledge.
Ka inaka (whether or not).
放火の脅威に晒されている文化財の保護は、国家的な急務である。
Protecting cultural properties exposed to the threat of arson is a national emergency.
Sarasarete iru (being exposed to).
放火という卑劣な手段によって、長年の努力が一瞬にして灰に帰した。
By the despicable means of arson, years of effort were reduced to ashes in an instant.
Hai ni kisu (to be reduced to ashes).
放火事件の報道における実名公表の是非については、議論が分かれるところだ。
The pros and cons of disclosing real names in arson case reports is a matter of divided debate.
Zehi (pros and cons/right or wrong).
동의어
반의어
자주 쓰는 조합
자주 쓰는 구문
자주 혼동되는 단어
Kaji is any fire; houka is intentional arson.
Houka (after school) has different kanji and meaning.
Tenka is neutral ignition; houka is criminal.
관용어 및 표현
혼동하기 쉬운
문장 패턴
[Place]に放火する
放火の疑いで[Person]を逮捕する
放火事件が発生する
放火犯を追う
放火と断定される
放火の動機を調べる
放火の被害に遭う
放火を防ぐ対策
사용법
Avoid using in casual settings for small accidental fires.
Highly formal and criminal.
- Using 'houka' for a kitchen fire.
- Confusing 'houka' with 'hou課' (after school).
- Using the particle 'wo' instead of 'ni' for the target building.
- Thinking 'houka' only applies to houses.
- Pronouncing it with a rising pitch on 'ka'.
팁
Focus on Intent
Always remember that 'houka' implies someone wanted to start the fire. If it was an accident, use 'kaji'.
Fire Kanji
The kanji 火 (fire) is your biggest clue. Whenever you see it in a crime context, think 'houka'.
Particle 'Ni'
When you say what was set on fire, use 'ni'. For example: 'Biru ni houka suru'.
Social Weight
In Japan, calling something 'houka' is a very serious accusation. Be careful with the word.
News Keywords
If you hear 'houka' on the news, listen for 'taiho' (arrest) or 'utagai' (suspicion).
Release the Fire
Think of 'hou' as 'releasing' and 'ka' as 'fire'. Releasing fire = Arson.
Prevention Signs
Look for 'houka chuui' signs in Japan; they are a great way to see the word in the wild.
Severe Penalty
Arson is one of the few crimes in Japan that can lead to the death penalty if people die.
Formal vs Informal
Use 'houka' for formal writing and 'tsukibi' for more descriptive, narrative styles.
Pitch Accent
The word is flat (houka). Don't emphasize the 'hou' or the 'ka' too much.
암기하기
기억법
Don't 'RELEASE' the 'FIRE' or you'll be arrested for HOUKA!
어원
A Sino-Japanese compound describing the 'releasing' of fire onto a target.
문화적 맥락
High-profile cases like the Kyoto Animation fire have led to stricter controls on gasoline sales.
Edo period 'Hi-tsuke' were often executed publicly.
Many Japanese neighborhoods have 'fire watch' patrols where volunteers walk around with wooden clappers (hyoshigi).
실생활에서 연습하기
실제 사용 상황
대화 시작하기
"最近、近所で放火事件があったのを知っていますか？"
"日本の法律では、放火はとても重い罪ですよね。"
"放火を防ぐために、家の周りに燃えやすいものを置かないほうがいいですよ。"
"あのニュースの火事は、放火だったらしいですよ。"
"昔の日本では、放火は死刑だったそうですね。"
일기 주제
ニュースで放火の事件を見た時の感想を書いてください。
なぜ放火は他の犯罪よりも厳しく罰せられるべきだと思いますか？
あなたの国では、放火（arson）はどのような罪ですか？
放火を防ぐためのアイデアを日本語でリストアップしてください。
歴史的な建物が放火で失われることについてどう思いますか？
자주 묻는 질문
10 질문Yes, if the forest fire was started intentionally, it is called 'houka'. If it was natural or accidental, it is not.
If you are burning trash illegally and it's dangerous, it might be called 'houka', but usually that is 'fukou-touki' or illegal burning.
A 'houkama' is a serial arsonist or someone with a psychological compulsion to set fires (pyromaniac).
It is common in news and media, but rare in daily friendly conversation.
The most common word is 'kaji', but the legal term is 'shikka'.
Because of the history of wooden buildings and the high risk of fire spreading in crowded cities.
Yes, as 'houka suru'.
Houka is the modern legal term; tsukibi is more colloquial or old-fashioned.
No, it can be a car, a forest, or even a pile of laundry.
The concept is simple, but the word itself is usually taught at the intermediate level (B1/B2).
셀프 테스트 180 질문
/ 180 correct
Perfect score!
Summary
Houka (放火) is the specific, formal, and legal term for arson. It implies criminal intent and is never used for accidents. In Japan, it is one of the most socially and legally condemned crimes.
- Houka means arson, the intentional act of setting fire to property, which is a major felony in Japan.
- It is a noun and a suru-verb, used formally in news, law, and fire prevention contexts.
- Distinguish it from 'kaji' (accidental fire) to avoid implying criminal intent where none exists.
- Historically and legally, Japan treats arson with extreme severity due to urban density and wooden architecture.
Focus on Intent
Always remember that 'houka' implies someone wanted to start the fire. If it was an accident, use 'kaji'.
Fire Kanji
The kanji 火 (fire) is your biggest clue. Whenever you see it in a crime context, think 'houka'.
Particle 'Ni'
When you say what was set on fire, use 'ni'. For example: 'Biru ni houka suru'.
Social Weight
In Japan, calling something 'houka' is a very serious accusation. Be careful with the word.
예시
放火の疑いです。
관련 콘텐츠
Law 관련 단어
告訴
A1피해자가 수사 기관에 범죄 사실을 신고하고 범인의 처벌을 구하는 공식적인 고소. 친고죄에서는 기소의 조건이 됩니다.
協定
A1둘 이상의 당사자 사이에서 맺어진 공식적인 합의나 약속을 의미합니다.
恩赦
A1정부가 형벌을 면제하거나 권리를 회복시켜 주는 일.
上訴
A1하급 법원의 판결에 불복하여 상급 법원에 심판을 청구하는 일. 항소, 상고, 항고를 통틀어 이르는 말.
可決
A1의회나 위원회 등에서 제출된 안건을 찬성하여 결정함. '가결'은 안건이 통과되었음을 의미합니다.
逮捕
A1경찰 등 수사 기관이 죄를 지었다고 의심되는 사람의 신체의 자유를 구속하는 법적 절차.
暴行
A1타인의 신체에 대해 불법적인 물리력을 행사하는 것. 폭행. 법률이나 뉴스에서 자주 사용됨.
保釈
A1보석은 기소된 피고인이 보증금을 내고 재판이 끝날 때까지 일시적으로 풀려나는 제도입니다. 일본어로는 '保釈'이라고 합니다.
背任
A1배임. 임무에 위배되는 행위로 이익을 취하고 손해를 가하는 것.
賄賂
A1뇌물은 자신에게 유리하게 처리해 달라는 부탁과 함께 공직자 등에게 주는 부정한 돈이나 물건을 말합니다.
