B2 Word Formation 1 min read 보통

Morphological Causatives (-va-)

학습 완료로 표시
연습하기

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Add '-va-' to a verb root to show that you are making or causing someone else to perform the action.

  • Add '-va-' to the verb root: 'parhna' (to read) becomes 'parhvauna' (to get someone to read).
  • The subject is the instigator, not the performer of the action.
  • Use this when you delegate tasks or influence others' actions.
Subject + (Agent) + Verb-va- + Object

Meanings

The -va- causative suffix indicates that the subject is causing another person to perform the action of the verb.

1

Direct Delegation

Ordering or requesting someone to do a task.

“ਉਸਨੇ ਕੱਪੜੇ ਧੁਆਏ। (He got the clothes washed.)”

“ਮੈਂ ਘਰ ਬਣਵਾਇਆ। (I got the house built.)”

Causative Formation Table

Root Causative Meaning
ਕਰ (kar) ਕਰਵਾ (karva) Cause to do
ਪੜ੍ਹ (parh) ਪੜ੍ਹਵਾ (parhva) Cause to read
ਲਿਖ (likh) ਲਿਖਵਾ (likhva) Cause to write
ਖਾ (kha) ਖਿਲਵਾ (khilva) Cause to eat
ਬਣ (ban) ਬਣਵਾ (banva) Cause to build
ਧੋ (dho) ਧੁਆ (dhua) Cause to wash

Reference Table

Reference table for Morphological Causatives (-va-)
Form Structure Example
Affirmative Subj + Obj + Verb-va- ਮੈਂ ਕੰਮ ਕਰਵਾਇਆ
Negative Subj + nahi + Obj + Verb-va- ਮੈਂ ਕੰਮ ਨਹੀਂ ਕਰਵਾਇਆ
Question Ki + Subj + Obj + Verb-va-? ਕੀ ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕੰਮ ਕਰਵਾਇਆ?
Agentive Subj + Agent + ton + Obj + Verb-va- ਮੈਂ ਰਾਮ ਤੋਂ ਕੰਮ ਕਰਵਾਇਆ

격식 수준 스펙트럼

격식체
ਮੈਂ ਕਾਰਜ ਸੰਪੰਨ ਕਰਵਾਇਆ।

ਮੈਂ ਕਾਰਜ ਸੰਪੰਨ ਕਰਵਾਇਆ। (Workplace)

중립
ਮੈਂ ਕੰਮ ਕਰਵਾਇਆ।

ਮੈਂ ਕੰਮ ਕਰਵਾਇਆ। (Workplace)

비격식체
ਮੈਂ ਕੰਮ ਕਰਵਾ ਲਿਆ।

ਮੈਂ ਕੰਮ ਕਰਵਾ ਲਿਆ। (Workplace)

속어
ਕੰਮ ਕਰਵਾ ਲਿਆ ਬਾਈ।

ਕੰਮ ਕਰਵਾ ਲਿਆ ਬਾਈ। (Workplace)

Causative Logic

Causative

Action

  • ਕਰਨਾ to do

Causative

  • ਕਰਵਾਉਣਾ to get done
무료 가입하고 전체 설명 읽기

수준별 예문

1

ਮੈਂ ਕੰਮ ਕਰਵਾਇਆ।

I got the work done.

1

ਉਸਨੇ ਚਿੱਠੀ ਲਿਖਵਾਈ।

He got the letter written.

1

ਮੈਂ ਦਰਜੀ ਤੋਂ ਕੱਪੜੇ ਸਿਉਂਵਾਏ।

I got the clothes stitched by the tailor.

1

ਮੈਨੇਜਰ ਨੇ ਸਾਰੇ ਕਰਮਚਾਰੀਆਂ ਤੋਂ ਕੰਮ ਕਰਵਾਇਆ।

The manager got all employees to work.

1

ਉਸਨੇ ਆਪਣੀ ਗੱਲ ਮਨਵਾਈ।

He got his point accepted/made them agree.

1

ਰਾਜੇ ਨੇ ਕਿਲ੍ਹਾ ਬਣਵਾਇਆ।

The king had the fort built.

혼동하기 쉬운

Morphological Causatives (-va-) 대 Transitive vs Causative

Learners mix up doing it vs getting it done.

자주 하는 실수

✗

ਮੈਂ ਕੰਮ ਕੀਤਾ

✓

ਮੈਂ ਕੰਮ ਕਰਵਾਇਆ

Used simple past instead of causative.
✗

ਮੈਂ ਉਸਨੂੰ ਕੰਮ ਕਰਵਾਇਆ

✓

ਮੈਂ ਉਸ ਤੋਂ ਕੰਮ ਕਰਵਾਇਆ

Wrong postposition.
✗

ਮੈਂ ਲਿਖਵਾਇਆ ਚਿੱਠੀ

✓

ਮੈਂ ਚਿੱਠੀ ਲਿਖਵਾਈ

Word order error.
✗

ਮੈਂ ਕਰਵਾਇਆ ਉਸਨੂੰ

✓

ਮੈਂ ਉਸ ਤੋਂ ਕਰਵਾਇਆ

Syntax error.

문장 패턴

ਮੈਂ ___ ਤੋਂ ___ ਕਰਵਾਇਆ।

Real World Usage

Barber shop very common

ਮੈਂ ਵਾਲ ਕਟਵਾਏ।

무료 가입하고 모든 예문 보기
💡

Focus on the Agent

Always remember to use 'ton' for the person doing the work.

Smart Tips

Use -va-.

ਮੈਂ ਵਾਲ ਕੱਟੇ → ਮੈਂ ਵਾਲ ਕਟਵਾਏ

발음

va-oo-na

VA sound

The 'va' should be clear and distinct.

Statement

ਮੈਂ ਕੰਮ ਕਰਵਾਇਆ ↘

Neutral statement.

암기하기

기억법

VA is for 'Vouching for Action'—you aren't doing it, you're vouching for someone else to do it.

시각적 연상

Imagine a boss pointing at a desk while sitting in a chair. The boss is the 'VA' suffix.

Rhyme

When you want the work to be done, add VA and you'll have fun.

Story

I wanted a house. I didn't build it. I hired a builder. I 'ban-va-ya' the house.

Word Web

ਕਰਵਾਉਣਾਲਿਖਵਾਉਣਾਪੜ੍ਹਵਾਉਣਾਬਣਵਾਉਣਾਧੁਆਉਣਾ

챌린지

Write 3 sentences about things you got done today using -va-.

문화 노트

Causatives are used frequently in service-oriented culture.

Derived from Sanskrit causative structures.

대화 시작하기

“

ਤੁਸੀਂ ਅੱਜ ਕੀ ਕਰਵਾਇਆ?

일기 주제

Write about a service you used today.
Sign up free to see all tips

Test Yourself

Fill in the blank.

ਮੈਂ ਕੱਪੜੇ ___ (wash).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ਧੁਆਏ
Causative form required.

Score: /1

연습 문제

1 exercises
Fill in the blank.

ਮੈਂ ਕੱਪੜੇ ___ (wash).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ਧੁਆਏ
Causative form required.

Score: /1

자주 묻는 질문 (1)

Most transitive verbs, yes.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

무료 가입하고 연습하기

In Other Languages

Spanish high

hacer + infinitive

Punjabi uses a suffix, Spanish uses a separate verb.

French high

faire + infinitive

Suffix vs helper verb.

German moderate

lassen

German is analytic, Punjabi is synthetic.

Japanese high

saseru

Japanese is agglutinative.

Arabic low

ja'ala

Verb vs suffix.

Chinese low

shǐ

Isolating vs synthetic.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

Connected Grammar

Passive Voice

Similar

Both affect agency.

Was this helpful?

댓글 (0)

로그인하여 댓글 달기
아직 댓글이 없습니다. 첫 번째로 생각을 공유하세요!