A2 Relative Clauses 5 min read 쉬움

Defining Clauses

Just use 'som' to connect your thoughts—it's the Swedish equivalent of 'who', 'which', or 'that'.

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use 'som' to link two sentences and describe a noun; it acts as the subject or object of the new clause.

  • Use 'som' to replace the subject or object: 'Mannen som bor här är snäll.'
  • Place the relative clause immediately after the noun it describes.
  • Remember that 'som' is invariant and does not change based on gender or number.
Noun + som + Verb/Subject

Overview

## Overview
In Swedish, a relative clause is a way to add more information about a noun without starting a new, separate sentence. We use the word som to bridge the gap. Think of it as a glue that sticks a description to a noun.
For example, instead of saying 'The man is tall. He lives here,' you say 'The man som lives here is tall.' This makes your Swedish sound much more natural and fluid. It is one of the most important tools for moving from simple, choppy sentences to complex, descriptive ones.
Whether you are talking about people, places, or things, som is your go-to word. It doesn't change form, so you don't have to worry about gender or pluralization—it's always just som!
## How to Form It
To form a relative clause, identify the noun you want to describe. Place the relative clause immediately after that noun. Start the clause with som.
  1. 1Take your main sentence: 'Jag ser en bil.' (I see a car.)
  2. 2Take your descriptive sentence: 'Bilen är röd.' (The car is red.)
  3. 3Combine them: 'Jag ser en bil som är röd.' (I see a car that is red.)
If som is the subject, it must be followed by a verb. If it is the object, it is followed by a subject. In informal speech, you can often drop som if it acts as an object, but for A2 learners, it is safer to keep it for clarity.
## When to Use It
You will use relative clauses constantly in daily life. When ordering food, you might say: 'Jag vill ha pizzan som har extra ost.' (I want the pizza that has extra cheese.) When texting friends, you might say: 'Här är bilden som jag tog igår.' (Here is the picture that I took yesterday.) In job interviews, you can describe your experience: 'Jag har jobbat på ett företag som säljer möbler.' (I have worked at a company that sells furniture.) It is essential for travel, shopping, and social interaction.
## Common Mistakes
The most common mistake is trying to translate English relative pronouns like 'who', 'which', or 'that' directly into different Swedish words. In Swedish, som covers them all! Another mistake is placing the clause too far from the noun.
Always keep the clause right after the noun it modifies. For example, don't say 'Mannen är snäll som bor här.' Say 'Mannen som bor här är snäll.'
## How It's Different From...
Learners often confuse som with hur (how) or vad (what). Remember that som is for nouns, while vad is for abstract concepts or questions. Also, compare it to English 'that' or 'which'.
While English has specific rules for people vs. things, Swedish is much simpler because som works for both.
## CEFR-Level Explanations
A1: When you want to describe a thing, use 'som'. It is like 'that' in English. If you have a dog and the dog is big, you say: 'Hunden som är stor.' It is very easy because you do not need to change the word 'som'.
A2: At this level, you can use 'som' to connect two sentences. It helps you talk about people and things more specifically. Remember that the relative clause must follow the noun immediately.
You can use it for both subjects and objects. For example: 'Katten som sover är min' (subject) or 'Boken som jag läser är bra' (object).
B1: Relative clauses are essential for building complex sentences. You can now use them to provide necessary information that defines the noun. Note that in spoken Swedish, the 'som' can sometimes be omitted when it functions as the object of the clause, though it is better to keep it in writing.
Be careful with word order in the relative clause; the verb usually comes after the subject if 'som' is the object.
B2: Defining relative clauses are distinct from non-defining ones. While defining clauses are essential for identification, non-defining clauses provide extra, non-essential information and are set off by commas. In Swedish, 'som' is the standard relative pronoun.
However, in formal or literary contexts, you might encounter 'vilken/vilket/vilka' when referring back to a whole clause or in prepositional phrases, though this is advanced usage.
C1: Mastery of relative clauses involves understanding the nuances of 'som' versus 'vilken'. While 'som' is the default, 'vilken' is used after prepositions (e.g., 'huset i vilket vi bor'). Furthermore, understanding the syntactic constraints of 'som'—such as its inability to function as a possessive (where 'vars' is required)—is key to advanced proficiency.
You should also be aware of how relative clauses interact with adverbial placement within the subordinate clause.
C2: At the C2 level, you should be comfortable with the stylistic variations of relative clauses. This includes the use of 'som' in idiomatic expressions and the historical development of relative pronouns in Scandinavian languages. You can manipulate clause structure for emphasis, such as using 'det är...
som...' cleft constructions to highlight specific information. Understanding the pragmatic function of relative clauses in different registers—from formal academic prose to highly colloquial speech—is the hallmark of near-native mastery.

Meanings

Defining relative clauses provide essential information about a noun, identifying exactly which person or thing is being discussed.

1

Subjective 'som'

When 'som' replaces the subject of the clause.

“Hunden som skäller är min.”

“Kvinnan som jobbar här är trevlig.”

2

Objective 'som'

When 'som' replaces the object of the clause.

“Bilen som jag köpte är röd.”

“Maten som vi åt var god.”

Relative Clause Structure

Noun Relative Pronoun Verb/Subject Rest of Clause
Mannen som bor här
Bilen som jag kör
Kvinnan som skriver boken
Huset som vi köpte
Barnet som leker ute
Vännerna som kommer idag

Reference Table

Reference table for Defining Clauses
Form Structure Example
Affirmative Noun + som + Verb Hunden som skäller.
Object Noun + som + Subject + Verb Boken som jag läser.
Negative Noun + som + inte + Verb Mannen som inte sover.
Question Är det X som Y? Är det du som ringer?
Plural Noun + som + Verb Vännerna som kommer.
Past Tense Noun + som + Verb (past) Bilen som jag köpte.

격식 수준 스펙트럼

격식체
Den person som är här.

Den person som är här. (Describing someone's presence.)

중립
Personen som är här.

Personen som är här. (Describing someone's presence.)

비격식체
Han som är här.

Han som är här. (Describing someone's presence.)

속어
Han som hänger här.

Han som hänger här. (Describing someone's presence.)

The 'Som' Bridge

som

Function

  • Connects Links two ideas
  • Describes Modifies a noun

Usage

  • Subject Who/That
  • Object Whom/That

Examples by Level

1

Hunden som är stor.

The dog that is big.

2

Pojken som springer.

The boy who is running.

3

Bilen som är röd.

The car that is red.

4

Huset som är gammalt.

The house that is old.

1

Mannen som bor här är snäll.

The man who lives here is kind.

2

Boken som jag läser är bra.

The book that I am reading is good.

3

Kvinnan som jobbar där är min vän.

The woman who works there is my friend.

4

Matchen som vi såg var spännande.

The match that we watched was exciting.

1

Det är personen som jag pratade med igår.

That is the person I spoke with yesterday.

2

Företaget som jag jobbar för är stort.

The company I work for is big.

3

Staden som jag föddes i är vacker.

The city I was born in is beautiful.

4

De vänner som jag träffade var glada.

The friends I met were happy.

1

Detta är den enda lösningen som fungerar.

This is the only solution that works.

2

De anställda som inte kom i tid fick gå.

The employees who did not arrive on time were let go.

3

Det är en situation som kräver tålamod.

It is a situation that requires patience.

4

Alla som vill får följa med.

Everyone who wants to may come along.

1

Det var den händelsen som förändrade allt.

It was that event that changed everything.

2

Den teori som han presenterade är kontroversiell.

The theory he presented is controversial.

3

Det är en fråga som vi måste adressera.

It is a question we must address.

4

De faktorer som påverkar resultatet är många.

The factors that influence the result are many.

1

Det är just den typen av person som jag beundrar.

It is precisely that type of person I admire.

2

Det var i den staden som allt började.

It was in that city where it all began.

3

De principer som vi bygger på är orubbliga.

The principles upon which we build are unwavering.

4

Det är en utveckling som vi inte kan ignorera.

It is a development we cannot ignore.

Easily Confused

Defining Clauses Som vs. Vad

Learners use 'vad' for everything.

Defining Clauses Som vs. Att

Learners use 'att' as a relative pronoun.

Defining Clauses Som vs. Vilken

Learners use 'vilken' too early.

자주 하는 실수

Mannen är snäll som bor här.

Mannen som bor här är snäll.

The clause must be next to the noun.

Boken vem jag läser.

Boken som jag läser.

'Vem' is only for people, 'som' is for everything.

Huset att jag köpte.

Huset som jag köpte.

'Att' is not a relative pronoun.

Bilen som den är röd.

Bilen som är röd.

Don't repeat the subject.

Kvinnan som hon jobbar här.

Kvinnan som jobbar här.

Do not repeat the subject pronoun.

Det är boken vilken jag vill ha.

Det är boken som jag vill ha.

Use 'som' for defining clauses.

Hunden som skäller, är min.

Hunden som skäller är min.

No comma before a defining relative clause.

Huset i som vi bor.

Huset som vi bor i.

Prepositions go at the end in Swedish.

Mannen vars jag känner.

Mannen som jag känner.

'Vars' is for possession.

Det är allt som jag vet.

Det är allt vad jag vet.

After 'allt', use 'vad'.

Det är en sak som jag inte vet om.

Det är en sak som jag inte vet.

Redundant preposition.

Han är den som jag litar på.

Han är den jag litar på.

Optional 'som' can be omitted.

Det är boken som jag läste den.

Det är boken som jag läste.

Resumptive pronoun error.

Den person som jag talade med honom.

Den person som jag talade med.

Resumptive pronoun error.

Sentence Patterns

Det är ___ som ___.

Jag ser en ___ som ___.

Här är ___ som ___.

De ___ som ___ är ___.

Real World Usage

Social Media very common

Här är bilden som jag tog igår!

Texting constant

Kommer du med tåget som går kl 8?

Job Interview common

Jag har erfarenhet som är relevant.

Ordering Food common

Jag vill ha pizzan som har extra ost.

Travel common

Var är bussen som går till centrum?

Academic Writing common

Den teori som presenteras är viktig.

💡

Keep it simple

Don't overthink it. 'Som' is the answer to almost every relative clause question.
⚠️

Watch the order

Always keep the relative clause right next to the noun it describes.
🎯

Subject vs Object

If 'som' is the object, you can sometimes drop it in speech, but keep it in writing.
💬

Natural flow

Swedes use relative clauses to sound more precise and less robotic.

Smart Tips

Always place the 'som' clause immediately after the noun.

Mannen är snäll som bor här. Mannen som bor här är snäll.

Move the preposition to the end of the relative clause.

Huset i som vi bor. Huset som vi bor i.

Use 'vad' instead of 'som' after 'allt'.

Det är allt som jag vet. Det är allt vad jag vet.

Feel free to drop 'som' if it's the object.

Boken som jag läser är bra. Boken jag läser är bra.

발음

/sɔm/

Som

Pronounced like 'som' in English 'some' but with a shorter 'o'.

Rising-falling

Mannen som bor här ↗ är snäll ↘

Standard declarative intonation.

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Think of 'som' as a 'Super-glue' that sticks two sentences together.

Visual Association

Imagine a bridge labeled 'SOM' connecting two islands (sentences).

Rhyme

When you want to describe a thing, use 'som' and let the sentence sing.

Story

Once there was a boy who loved to read. He found a book. The book was old. He said: 'Jag läser boken som är gammal.' Now he is happy.

Word Web

somnounclausedescribeconnectrelative

챌린지

Write 5 sentences describing items in your room using 'som'.

문화 노트

Swedes value directness; using 'som' correctly helps you get to the point quickly.

They might use 'vilken' slightly more often in formal speech.

Young people often omit 'som' entirely in casual speech.

The word 'som' comes from Old Norse 'sem', which functioned similarly.

Conversation Starters

Vilken är den bästa filmen som du har sett?

Finns det någon person som du beundrar?

Vad är det som gör dig glad?

Har du någon bok som du rekommenderar?

Journal Prompts

Describe your favorite place using relative clauses.
Write about a person who has influenced you.
Describe a meal that you recently cooked.
Reflect on a decision that you made recently.

Test Yourself

Fill in the blank with 'som'.

Hunden ___ skäller är min.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: som
Use 'som' to link the noun to the clause.
Choose the correct sentence. 객관식

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Bilen som jag köpte är röd.
'Som' is the correct relative pronoun.
Find the error. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Mannen är snäll som bor här.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Mannen som bor här är snäll.
The clause must follow the noun.
Reorder the words. Sentence Reorder

Arrange the words in the correct order:

All words placed

Click words above to build the sentence

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Mannen som bor här är snäll.
Correct word order.
Translate to Swedish. 번역

The book that I read.

Answer starts with: Bok...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Boken som jag läser.
'Som' is the correct pronoun.
Combine the sentences. Sentence Building

Jag ser en bil. Bilen är röd.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jag ser en bil som är röd.
Use 'som' to combine.
Select the best fit. 객관식

Det är personen ___ jag pratade med.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: som
Relative pronoun needed.
Fill in the blank.

Alla ___ vill får följa med.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: som
Relative pronoun for 'everyone'.

Score: /8

연습 문제

8 exercises
Fill in the blank with 'som'.

Hunden ___ skäller är min.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: som
Use 'som' to link the noun to the clause.
Choose the correct sentence. 객관식

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Bilen som jag köpte är röd.
'Som' is the correct relative pronoun.
Find the error. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Mannen är snäll som bor här.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Mannen som bor här är snäll.
The clause must follow the noun.
Reorder the words. Sentence Reorder

bor / som / mannen / här / snäll / är

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Mannen som bor här är snäll.
Correct word order.
Translate to Swedish. 번역

The book that I read.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Boken som jag läser.
'Som' is the correct pronoun.
Combine the sentences. Sentence Building

Jag ser en bil. Bilen är röd.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jag ser en bil som är röd.
Use 'som' to combine.
Select the best fit. 객관식

Det är personen ___ jag pratade med.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: som
Relative pronoun needed.
Fill in the blank.

Alla ___ vill får följa med.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: som
Relative pronoun for 'everyone'.

Score: /8

자주 묻는 질문 (8)

Yes, but 'som' is much more common and natural in defining clauses.

Yes, it never changes for gender or number.

Only when it acts as the object of the clause in informal speech.

Relative clauses must be placed immediately after the noun they modify.

Yes, it is universal.

The preposition goes at the end of the clause, e.g., 'som jag pratade med'.

No, 'som' is for relative clauses, not interrogatives.

Use 'vars' instead of 'som'.

In Other Languages

Spanish high

que

Spanish has gendered articles, while Swedish 'som' is invariant.

French moderate

qui/que

Swedish uses 'som' for both subject and object.

German low

der/die/das

Swedish 'som' is completely invariant.

Japanese low

no

Swedish uses a post-noun clause structure.

Arabic low

alladhi

Swedish 'som' is universal.

Chinese low

de

Swedish uses a clause structure after the noun.

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