B1 Verb Forms 1 min read 中等

Direct Causative Verbs (যেমন: খাওয়ানো - khaoyano, শেখানো - shekhano)

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Causative verbs turn 'doing' into 'making someone do' by adding the suffix '-ano' (ানো) to the verb root.

  • Add '-ano' to the root: 'dekh' (see) becomes 'dekhano' (show).
  • The person doing the action takes the '-ke' (কে) marker.
  • Vowel shifts often occur: 'shun' (hear) becomes 'shonano' (tell/play music).
Subject (Causer) + Object-কে (Causee) + [Verb Root + ানো] + Tense Ending

Causative Verb Formation (Root to Stem)

Root Verb Meaning Causative Stem Causative Meaning Vowel Shift
কর (Kor)
Do
করানো (Korano)
To make do
None
দেখ (Dekh)
See
দেখানো (Dekhano)
To show
None
শুন (Shun)
Hear
শোনানো (Shonano)
To tell/play
u -> o
শিখ (Shikh)
Learn
শেখানো (Shekhano)
To teach
i -> e
বল (Bol)
Say
বলানো (Bolano)
To make say
None
বস (Bosh)
Sit
বসানো (Boshano)
To seat/set
None
চল (Chol)
Move
চালানো (Chalano)
To drive/run
o -> a
উঠ (Uth)
Rise
উঠানো (Uthano)
To lift
None
খাও (Khao)
Eat
খাওয়ানো (Khaoyano)
To feed
None

Common Contractions in Speech

Full Form (Sadhu) Standard (Cholit) Spoken/Short Meaning
করাইয়া (Koraiya)
করিয়ে (Koriye)
করায় (Koray)
Having made do
খাওয়াইয়া (Khaoyaiya)
খাওয়িয়ে (Khaoyiye)
খাওয়ায় (Khaoyay)
Having fed

Meanings

Causative verbs (Proyojok Kriya) indicate that the subject is not performing the action themselves, but is causing, directing, or helping someone else to perform it.

1

Direct Causation

Directly making or helping someone perform a physical action.

“আমি তাকে রাস্তাটি দেখালাম (I showed him the road)”

“সে আমাকে গানটি শোনাল (He made me hear/played the song for me)”

2

Instruction/Teaching

Causing someone to learn or understand a concept.

“শিক্ষক ছাত্রদের অঙ্ক শেখাচ্ছেন (The teacher is teaching the students math)”

3

Delegation/Professional Services

Getting a professional or third party to do a task for you.

“আমি আমার চুল কাটালাম (I got my hair cut)”

“বাবা বাড়িটি রঙ করালেন (Father had the house painted)”

Reference Table

Reference table for Direct Causative Verbs (যেমন: খাওয়ানো - khaoyano, শেখানো - shekhano)
Form Structure Example
Affirmative
Subj + Obj-ke + Causative Verb
আমি তাকে হাসাই (I make him laugh)
Negative
Subj + Obj-ke + Causative Verb + না
সে আমাকে জানায় না (He doesn't inform me)
Interrogative
Subj + Obj-ke + Causative Verb + কি?
তুমি কি তাকে খাওয়াবে? (Will you feed him?)
Past Tense
Root + আলম/আলে/আল
আমি তাকে দেখালাম (I showed him)
Future Tense
Root + আবো/আবে/আবে
আমি তোমাকে শেখাবো (I will teach you)
Imperative
Root + আও/আন
তাকে দেখাও (Show him)
With Agent
Subj + Agent + দিয়ে + Causative
আমি তাকে দিয়ে কাজ করাই (I get work done by him)

正式程度

正式
দয়া করে আমাকে পথটি দেখান। (Doya kore amake poth-ti dekhan.)

দয়া করে আমাকে পথটি দেখান। (Doya kore amake poth-ti dekhan.) (Asking for directions)

中性
আমাকে পথটা দেখান। (Amake poth-ta dekhan.)

আমাকে পথটা দেখান। (Amake poth-ta dekhan.) (Asking for directions)

非正式
আমাকে পথটা দেখা। (Amake poth-ta dekha.)

আমাকে পথটা দেখা। (Amake poth-ta dekha.) (Asking for directions)

俚语
রাস্তাটা দেখা তো! (Rasta-ta dekha to!)

রাস্তাটা দেখা তো! (Rasta-ta dekha to!) (Asking for directions)

The Causative Chain

Causative (ানো)

Physical

  • খাওয়ানো Feeding
  • বসানো Seating

Mental

  • শেখানো Teaching
  • বোঝানো Explaining

Sensory

  • দেখানো Showing
  • শোনানো Telling/Playing

Simple vs. Causative

Simple (Doing)
আমি দেখি I see
Causative (Causing)
আমি দেখাই I show

How to build a Causative Sentence

1

Who is the causer?

YES
Subject (Nominative)
NO
N/A
2

Who is the doer?

YES
Object + কে (Objective)
NO
N/A
3

Add suffix?

YES
Root + ানো
NO
Simple Verb

按水平分级的例句

1

মা শিশুকে খাওয়ায়।

Mother feeds the child.

2

আমাকে তোমার ছবি দেখাও।

Show me your picture.

3

সে আমাকে গান শোনায়।

He plays/sings a song for me.

4

শিক্ষক আমাদের শেখান।

The teacher teaches us.

1

আমি তাকে দিয়ে কাজ করাই না।

I don't make him do the work.

2

তুমি কি আমাকে বাংলা শেখাবে?

Will you teach me Bengali?

3

বাবা আমাকে সাইকেল চালানো শেখালেন।

Father taught me how to ride a cycle.

4

সে আমাকে তার নতুন বাড়ি দেখাল।

He showed me his new house.

1

আমি দর্জিকে দিয়ে জামাটি বানানোলাম।

I had the shirt made by the tailor.

2

তিনি আমাদের পুরো ঘটনাটি শোনালেন।

He told us the whole incident.

3

তুমি কি তাকে খবরটা জানিয়েছ?

Have you informed him of the news?

4

আমরা তাকে দিয়ে ঘরটি পরিষ্কার করালাম।

We had the room cleaned by him.

1

সরকার নতুন আইনটি কার্যকর করাল।

The government had the new law implemented.

2

পরিচালক অভিনেতাকে দিয়ে দৃশ্যটি বারবার করালেন।

The director made the actor do the scene repeatedly.

3

এই ওষুধটি আপনাকে দ্রুত সুস্থ করে তুলবে।

This medicine will make you recover quickly.

4

তিনি নিজের ছেলেকে দিয়ে ব্যবসাটি চালাচ্ছেন।

He is running the business through his son.

1

লেখক তার লেখনীর মাধ্যমে পাঠকদের ভাবিয়ে তোলেন।

The author makes the readers think through his writing.

2

পরিস্থিতি তাকে এই কঠিন সিদ্ধান্ত নিতে বাধ্য করাল।

The situation forced him to take this difficult decision.

3

তিনি তার বক্তৃতার মাধ্যমে জনতাকে উত্তেজিত করে তুললেন।

He made the crowd excited through his speech.

4

প্রযুক্তি আমাদের জীবনযাত্রাকে আমূল বদলে দিয়েছে।

Technology has radically changed our lifestyle.

1

প্রাচীন কাব্যরীতি আধুনিক কবিদের অনুপ্রাণিত করিয়ে ছাড়ে।

Ancient poetic styles inevitably inspire modern poets.

2

সামাজিক বিবর্তন মানুষের চিন্তাধারাকে প্রতিনিয়ত বিবর্তিত করায়।

Social evolution constantly causes human thinking to evolve.

3

ঐতিহাসিক প্রেক্ষাপটই এই বিপ্লবকে ত্বরান্বিত করিয়েছিল।

It was the historical context that accelerated this revolution.

4

ভাষার এই রূপান্তর আমাদের ব্যাকরণিক কাঠামোকে প্রভাবিত করায়।

This transformation of language causes our grammatical structure to be influenced.

容易混淆

Direct Causative Verbs (যেমন: খাওয়ানো - khaoyano, শেখানো - shekhano) 对比 Simple vs. Causative (Jana vs. Janano)

Learners often say 'I inform' when they mean 'I know'.

Direct Causative Verbs (যেমন: খাওয়ানো - khaoyano, শেখানো - shekhano) 对比 Toiri Kora vs. Causative

Using 'make' (toiri kora) for people.

Direct Causative Verbs (যেমন: খাওয়ানো - khaoyano, শেখানো - shekhano) 对比 Dekha vs. Dekhano

See vs. Show.

常见错误

Ami bacha bhat khai.

Ami bacha-ke bhat khaoyai.

Missing the causative suffix and the '-ke' marker makes it sound like you are eating the baby.

Tumi amake dekho.

Tumi amake dekhao.

'Dekho' means 'you see'. 'Dekhao' means 'you show'.

Ami take kajta toiri korlam.

Ami take diye kajta koralam.

Using 'toiri kora' (to build/make) instead of the causative suffix.

She amake shunalo.

She amake shonalo.

Forgetting the vowel shift from 'u' to 'o' in 'shun' -> 'shonano'.

Ami daktar-ke dekhlam.

Ami daktar-ke dekhalam.

Saying 'I saw the doctor' instead of 'I showed (myself/something) to the doctor'.

句型

আমি ___ কে ___ করাই।

দয়া করে আমাকে ___ টি দেখান।

সে আমাকে ___ শোনাল।

শিক্ষক ছাত্রদের ___ শেখাচ্ছেন।

Real World Usage

Ordering Food very common

বাচ্চাকে ঝাল ছাড়া খাওয়ান। (Feed the child without spice.)

Job Interview common

আমি আমার দলকে দিয়ে লক্ষ্য পূরণ করিয়েছি। (I had the goals met by my team.)

Texting Friends constant

ছবিটা দেখা তো! (Show me the picture!)

Travel/Tourism common

গাইড আমাদের পুরো শহরটা দেখালেন। (The guide showed us the whole city.)

Doctor's Visit occasional

জিভটা দেখান। (Show your tongue.)

Tech Support common

স্ক্রিনটা শেয়ার করে দেখান। (Share your screen and show.)

🎯

The 'Ke' Rule

Always remember that the person who is being 'caused' to do something needs the '-ke' suffix. It's the most common error for B1 learners.
⚠️

Avoid 'Toiri Kora'

Never use 'toiri kora' to mean 'make someone do'. It sounds like you are physically building a human being.
💡

Vowel Shift Shortcut

If the root has a 'u' or 'i', it almost always shifts to 'o' or 'e' in the causative. Practice 'shun' -> 'shonano' and 'shikh' -> 'shekhano' together.
💬

Polite Requests

Using the causative 'dekhaben' (will you show) is much more polite than the imperative 'dekhun' (look) when asking for help.

Smart Tips

Don't say 'I cut my hair' unless you did it yourself. Use 'chul katalam' (causative).

Ami chul katlam. (I cut my own hair.) Ami chul katalam. (I had my hair cut by a barber.)

Check if there is a simpler version of the verb. If so, this is a causative!

Shekhano (Teach) Shikha (Learn)

The person before 'diye' doesn't need the '-ke' marker, but the person being directly acted upon does.

Ami Rahim-ke diye kajta koralam. Ami Rahim-ke diye bacha-ke khaoyalam. (I had Rahim feed the baby.)

Use the causative 'janano' (inform) instead of 'bola' (say).

Amake bolo. (Tell me.) Amake janaben. (Please inform me.)

发音

kha-wa-no

The 'O' sound

The suffix '-ano' is pronounced with a rounded 'o' sound at the end, like 'go'.

SHO-na-no

Vowel Shift Stress

In words like 'shonano', the first syllable 'sho' is stressed more than in 'shuna'.

Command/Imperative

আমাকে দেখাও! (Show me!)

Falling intonation at the end for a direct command.

记住它

记忆技巧

ANO = Action Now Onwards (by someone else!). When you add -ANO, you pass the action to another person.

视觉联想

Imagine a puppet master (the Subject) pulling strings on a puppet (the Object-ke). The strings are labeled '-ano'.

Rhyme

See is Dekha, Show is Dekhano, Learn is Shekha, Teach is Shekhano!

Story

A king (Subject) doesn't want to cook. He makes the chef (Chef-ke) cook (Ranna korano). He doesn't want to walk; he makes the horse run (Chalano). Everything the king does involves '-ano' because he never works himself!

Word Web

খাওয়ানোশেখানোদেখানোশোনানোকরানোজানানোপাঠানো

挑战

Look around your room. For every object, think of a causative action. (e.g., 'I show the book', 'I feed the cat', 'I make the fan run'). Write 5 sentences.

文化笔记

The '-ano' suffix is standard and used very frequently in polite requests.

In informal settings, the '-ano' might be shortened or the 'n' sound might be softer.

Causatives are often used to show respect, implying you are 'causing' an elder to do something rather than ordering them.

Derived from the Sanskrit 'Nic' (ণিচ্) pratyaya, which was used to form causative verbs.

对话开场白

আপনি কি আমাকে আপনার শহরের একটি ভালো জায়গা দেখাতে পারেন?

আপনার প্রিয় রান্নাটি আমাকে শেখাবেন?

আপনি কি কখনো কাউকে দিয়ে আপনার কাজ করিয়েছেন?

ছোটবেলায় আপনাকে কে পড়তে বসাতেন?

日记主题

Write about a time you taught someone a new skill.
Describe how you get your house cleaned or your car repaired.
If you were a teacher, how would you show your students the beauty of Bengali literature?
Discuss the ethics of making others do your work.

常见错误

Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确

Test Yourself

Fill in the blank with the correct causative form of 'khawa' (to eat).

মা শিশুকে ভাত ___।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: খাওয়ায়
The mother is feeding (causing to eat) the child, so 'khaoyay' is correct.
Which sentence correctly means 'I will teach you Bengali'? 多项选择

Choose the correct option:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: আমি তোমাকে বাংলা শেখাবো।
'Shekhabo' is the future causative of 'shikha' (to learn).
Correct the error: 'Ami Rahim kajta koralam.' Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Ami Rahim kajta koralam.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ami Rahim-ke kajta koralam.
The causee (Rahim) must take the '-ke' marker.
Reorder the words: 'আমাকে / ছবিটা / দেখাও / তোমার' Sentence Reorder

Arrange the words in the correct order:

All words placed

Click words above to build the sentence

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: তোমার ছবিটা আমাকে দেখাও।
Subject/Possessive + Object + Indirect Object + Verb is the standard order.
Match the simple verb with its causative counterpart. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1-Shekhano, 2-Dekhano, 3-Korano
These are the standard causative pairs.
Complete the dialogue: 'A: Ami rasta chini na. B: Thako, ami ___.' Dialogue Completion

A: I don't know the way. B: Wait, I will ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: দেখাবো
B is offering to 'show' (dekhano) the way in the future.
What is the past tense causative of 'shun' (hear) for 'Ami'? Conjugation Drill

Past tense of 'shun' (causative) for 'Ami':

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: শোনালাম
Root 'shun' -> causative stem 'shona' + past ending 'lam'.
Build a sentence meaning 'He makes me laugh.' Sentence Building

He (She) + Me (Amake) + Laugh (Hashano)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: সে আমাকে হাসায়।
'Hashay' is the present tense causative of 'hasha' (to laugh).

Score: /8

练习题

8 exercises
Fill in the blank with the correct causative form of 'khawa' (to eat).

মা শিশুকে ভাত ___।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: খাওয়ায়
The mother is feeding (causing to eat) the child, so 'khaoyay' is correct.
Which sentence correctly means 'I will teach you Bengali'? 多项选择

Choose the correct option:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: আমি তোমাকে বাংলা শেখাবো।
'Shekhabo' is the future causative of 'shikha' (to learn).
Correct the error: 'Ami Rahim kajta koralam.' Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Ami Rahim kajta koralam.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ami Rahim-ke kajta koralam.
The causee (Rahim) must take the '-ke' marker.
Reorder the words: 'আমাকে / ছবিটা / দেখাও / তোমার' Sentence Reorder

Reorder: আমাকে / ছবিটা / দেখাও / তোমার

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: তোমার ছবিটা আমাকে দেখাও।
Subject/Possessive + Object + Indirect Object + Verb is the standard order.
Match the simple verb with its causative counterpart. Match Pairs

Match: 1. Shikh (Learn), 2. Dekh (See), 3. Kor (Do)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1-Shekhano, 2-Dekhano, 3-Korano
These are the standard causative pairs.
Complete the dialogue: 'A: Ami rasta chini na. B: Thako, ami ___.' Dialogue Completion

A: I don't know the way. B: Wait, I will ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: দেখাবো
B is offering to 'show' (dekhano) the way in the future.
What is the past tense causative of 'shun' (hear) for 'Ami'? Conjugation Drill

Past tense of 'shun' (causative) for 'Ami':

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: শোনালাম
Root 'shun' -> causative stem 'shona' + past ending 'lam'.
Build a sentence meaning 'He makes me laugh.' Sentence Building

He (She) + Me (Amake) + Laugh (Hashano)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: সে আমাকে হাসায়।
'Hashay' is the present tense causative of 'hasha' (to laugh).

Score: /8

常见问题 (8)

Almost every action verb can. However, some stative verbs or verbs that are already causative in nature might not take the suffix.

Primarily yes, but it can be used metaphorically, like 'ghush khaoyano' (to feed a bribe/to bribe).

'Shekhano' is to teach a skill or concept. 'Porano' is specifically to teach someone to read or to tutor them in studies.

No. Use 'diye' only when you want to emphasize the agent who is performing the task (e.g., 'I had it done BY him').

This is a historical vowel shift called 'Guna'. High vowels (i, u) often lower (e, o) when a suffix starting with 'a' is added.

Yes, but it's complex. Usually, the causative form itself covers the meaning of 'having something done'.

Not at all! In fact, 'boshan' (please be seated/cause to sit) is very polite.

Use 'kadano' (কাঁদানো), which is the causative of 'kada' (to cry). 'Tumi amake kadachho' (You are making me cry).

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

English low

Make / Have / Let / Show / Teach

English uses helper verbs; Bengali uses suffixes.

Japanese high

Saseru (させる)

Japanese has distinct forms for 'make' vs 'let' (causative-passive), which Bengali handles through context.

Spanish moderate

Hacer + infinitive

Spanish requires two verbs; Bengali merges them into one.

German moderate

Lassen

German uses a modal-like auxiliary verb.

Arabic high

Form II (Fa''ala) / Form IV ('Af'ala)

Arabic uses internal templates; Bengali uses a suffix.

Chinese low

使 (shǐ) / 让 (ràng)

Chinese is strictly isolating/analytic; Bengali is agglutinative for causatives.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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