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کتاب‌شناسی

B2 noun 9 min read

کتاب‌شناسی

Q: Is the word used in digital contexts?

Yes, 'کتابشناسی دیجیتال' (Digital Bibliography) refers to online databases of citations and electronic sources.

Q: How do you pluralize it?

The plural is 'کتابشناسیها' (Ketāb-shenāsi-hā). You simply add the standard Persian plural suffix '-hā'.

Q: What is 'Analytical Bibliography'?

In Persian, 'کتابشناسی تحلیلی' refers to the study of books as physical objects to determine their history and transmission.

ketab-shenasi

Practice it Examples Notes & Tips کتاب‌شناسی in 30 Seconds

Explanation کتاب‌شناسی in your Level:

At the A1 level, you don't need to use the word 'کتاب‌شناسی' (Ketāb-shenāsi) in your daily life. You might just know the word 'کتاب' (Ketāb), which means 'book'. Think of 'کتاب‌شناسی' as a very long word for a 'list of books'. If you see this word in a library, just know it means people are talking about books in a very serious way. You can remember it as 'Book' + 'Knowledge'. At this stage, just focus on recognizing the first part of the word, 'کتاب'. You won't be expected to say it or write it in basic conversations about your family or hobbies. It is a 'big' word for people who study a lot.

At the A2 level, you are starting to learn about different school subjects. You might know words like 'تاریخ' (History) or 'ریاضی' (Math). 'کتاب‌شناسی' (Ketāb-shenāsi) is a word used in universities. If you are reading a simple textbook in Persian, you might see a list of other books at the end. That list is called a 'کتاب‌شناسی'. You can understand it as a 'special list'. It's helpful to know that '-shenāsi' means 'study'. So, just as 'زیست‌شناسی' (Zist-shenāsi) is the study of life (Biology), 'کتاب‌شناسی' is the study of books. You might use it if you are telling someone about a book you liked: 'This book has a good list of books at the end' (این کتاب یک کتاب‌شناسی خوب دارد).

At the B1 level, you are becoming an intermediate learner. You can talk about more complex topics like education and research. You should know that 'کتاب‌شناسی' (Ketāb-shenāsi) is the formal word for a bibliography. When you write a short report or an essay in Persian, your teacher might ask for a 'فهرست منابع' (list of sources) or a 'کتاب‌شناسی'. Using 'کتاب‌شناسی' makes your work sound more professional. You should be able to recognize it in academic articles and understand that it refers to the section where the author lists their research materials. You might also hear it in a library when a librarian is helping you find multiple books on one topic.

At the B2 level, you are expected to use 'کتاب‌شناسی' (Ketāb-shenāsi) correctly in academic and professional contexts. You should understand the difference between a simple list and a systematic bibliography. You should be able to discuss the 'کتاب‌شناسی' of a specific subject, like 'کتاب‌شناسی ادبیات فارسی' (Bibliography of Persian Literature). At this level, you should also be familiar with related terms like 'منابع' (sources) and 'مراجع' (references). You should know how to use the word in sentences to describe the process of research, such as 'compiling a bibliography' (تدوین کتاب‌شناسی). You are now comfortable with the 'nim-fāseleh' (half-space) in the spelling and the formal tone the word carries.

At the C1 level, you have a deep understanding of Persian academic terminology. You recognize 'کتاب‌شناسی' (Ketāb-shenāsi) as both a product (the list) and a discipline (the science of books). You can distinguish between different types, such as 'کتاب‌شناسی توصیفی' (descriptive) and 'کتاب‌شناسی تحلیلی' (analytical). You might engage in debates about the quality of a bibliography in a scholarly review. You understand its importance in 'نسخه‌شناسی' (codicology) and the preservation of historical documents. Your usage of the word is precise, and you can use it to navigate complex research databases and national library catalogs in Iran. You also understand the historical evolution of the term from the classical 'Fihrist'.

At the C2 level, you possess a near-native mastery of the word 'کتاب‌شناسی' (Ketāb-shenāsi). You can use it to discuss the historiography of Iranian studies or the methodology of information science. You are aware of major works of bibliography in Persian history, such as those by 'Ibn al-Nadim' or 'Sheikh Agha Bozorg Tehrani'. You can use the term in high-level academic writing, peer reviews, and professional library science. You understand the nuances of how 'Ketāb-shenāsi' interacts with digital humanities and modern metadata standards. For you, the word is not just a vocabulary item but a key concept in the architecture of Persian intellectual heritage.

Practice it Examples Notes & Tips

کتاب‌شناسی in 30 Seconds

Ketāb-shenāsi means bibliography, referring to the formal list of sources at the end of a research paper or book.
It is a compound word: 'Ketāb' (book) + 'Shenāsi' (study/knowledge), used primarily in academic and library settings.
The word can also refer to the professional science of cataloging and describing books and manuscripts.
In modern Persian writing, it is essential for academic credibility and follows strict formatting rules (like APA/MLA).

The term کتاب‌شناسی (pronounced Ketāb-shenāsi) is a sophisticated Persian noun that serves as the direct equivalent of the English word 'bibliography'. In its most fundamental sense, it refers to the systematic study, description, and classification of books. However, in modern academic and literary contexts, it most frequently denotes the curated list of references, books, articles, and documents used by an author to compile a specific work. Understanding this word requires looking at its morphological structure: Ketāb (book) and shenāsi (the study or recognition of). When you are engaged in research, writing a thesis, or exploring the history of a particular subject, this word becomes an essential part of your vocabulary.

Academic Utility: It is primarily used in university settings, research papers, and formal publications to indicate the sources of information. It validates the credibility of the research.
Professional Scope: Librarians and archivists use this term to describe the science of cataloging collections, often focusing on the physical characteristics of books as much as their content.
Historical Context: In the history of Persian literature, 'Ketāb-shenāsi' has evolved from simple lists (Fihrist) to complex analytical descriptions of manuscripts.

استاد از دانشجویان خواست تا یک کتاب‌شناسی جامع برای تحقیق خود تهیه کنند.
— The professor asked the students to prepare a comprehensive bibliography for their research.

In a broader cultural sense, کتاب‌شناسی isn't just a list; it is a roadmap of intellectual history. It shows the lineage of ideas. If you are reading a book about Rumi and you look at the Ketāb-shenāsi section, you are looking at the foundation upon which the author's arguments are built. It distinguishes a casual essay from a scholarly contribution. In Persian, the suffix '-shenāsi' is incredibly productive, appearing in words like ravān-shenāsi (psychology) and jāme'eh-shenāsi (sociology), which helps learners categorize this word as a field of study or a formal systematic approach.

این کتاب شامل یک کتاب‌شناسی توصیفی از آثار کلاسیک فارسی است.
— This book includes a descriptive bibliography of classic Persian works.

When discussing the word with native speakers, you might hear it used interchangeably with fehrest-e manābe' (list of sources). However, کتاب‌شناسی sounds more formal and technical. It implies a deeper level of categorization. For instance, a 'National Bibliography' (Ketāb-shenāsi-ye Melli) is a massive project undertaken by the National Library of Iran to record every book published in the country. This highlights the word's importance in national heritage and information science.

Register: Formal / Academic. You would rarely use this in a casual conversation about what you read over the weekend.
Synonymous Phrases: فهرست مراجع (List of references), کتاب‌نگاری (Bibliography - less common), منابع و مآخذ (Sources and origins).

بدون کتاب‌شناسی، ارزیابی صحت مطالب علمی دشوار است.
— Without a bibliography, evaluating the accuracy of scientific content is difficult.

Using کتاب‌شناسی correctly in a sentence involves understanding its role as a formal noun. It typically functions as the object of verbs like 'prepared' (tahiye kardan), 'compiled' (tadvin kardan), or 'consulted' (morāje'eh kardan). Because it is a compound noun, it follows standard Persian grammar rules for 'Ezāfe' when linked to adjectives or possessives. For example, 'my bibliography' becomes ketāb-shenāsi-ye man.

As a Subject: کتاب‌شناسی این پایان‌نامه بسیار ناقص است. (The bibliography of this thesis is very incomplete.)
As an Object: او سال‌ها وقت صرف کرد تا این کتاب‌شناسی را گردآوری کند. (He spent years gathering this bibliography.)
In Prepositional Phrases: در بخش کتاب‌شناسی، می‌توانید نام ناشران را پیدا کنید. (In the bibliography section, you can find the names of the publishers.)

آیا کتاب‌شناسی خود را بر اساس حروف الفبا تنظیم کرده‌اید؟
— Have you organized your bibliography alphabetically?

Advanced users should note that کتاب‌شناسی can also refer to the field of study itself. In this case, it is treated as an abstract noun. For example, 'He is a professor of bibliography' would be u ostād-e ketāb-shenāsi ast. This usage is common in Library and Information Science (LIS) departments in Iran. The word can be modified by adjectives to specify the type, such as towsifi (descriptive), tahlili (analytical), or gozideh (selective).

کتاب‌شناسی‌های تخصصی برای پژوهشگران تاریخ بسیار ارزشمند هستند.
— Specialized bibliographies are very valuable for history researchers.

When writing, ensure you don't confuse ketāb-shenāsi with ketāb-khāne (library). While they share the root 'book', one is a list or a field of study, and the other is a physical building. A common sentence pattern for B2 learners is: [Subject] + [Prepositional Phrase] + [Ketāb-shenāsi] + [Verb]. For example: Man dar entehā-ye maqāleh ketāb-shenāsi rā āvardam (I included the bibliography at the end of the article).

Verb Pairing: Often paired with 'negāshtan' (to write/compile - very formal) or 'tahiye kardan' (to prepare).
Pluralization: کتاب‌شناسی‌ها (Bibliographies). Used when referring to multiple lists or multiple branches of the study.

تدوین یک کتاب‌شناسی دقیق، اولین قدم در هر تحقیق علمی است.
— Compiling an accurate bibliography is the first step in any scientific research.

You will encounter کتاب‌شناسی in specific high-level environments. It is not a word of the bazaar or the dinner table, but rather a word of the 'Dāneshgāh' (University) and the 'Ketāb-khāne-ye Melli' (National Library). If you attend a book launch (namāyeshgāh-e ketāb) or a literary seminar in Tehran, speakers will frequently mention the bibliography of a new edition or the lack thereof in a translated work. It is a hallmark of intellectual discourse.

در این سمینار، اهمیت کتاب‌شناسی در حفظ میراث مکتوب بررسی شد.
— In this seminar, the importance of bibliography in preserving written heritage was examined.

Listen for it in academic podcasts or news reports concerning the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance (Ershād). They might announce the publication of a 'Subject Bibliography' (Ketāb-shenāsi-ye Mowzu'i) for a specific anniversary, like the 100th year of modern Iranian theater. In these contexts, it signifies a monumental effort to organize knowledge.

Another place you will see this word is on the 'Shenāsnāmeh' (copyright/data page) of Persian books. Under the cataloging information provided by the National Library (Fipā), there might be references to the work's classification within a larger bibliography. It is the language of the 'Ketābdār' (Librarian). When a librarian says they are working on a 'Ketāb-shenāsi', they are likely performing deep research into specific editions, printing dates, and authorship of rare manuscripts.

کتابدار مشغول تنظیم کتاب‌شناسی نسخه‌های خطی بود.
— The librarian was busy organizing the bibliography of manuscripts.

News & Media: In literary journals like 'Bokhārā' or 'Ketāb-e Māh', you will see entire sections dedicated to 'Ketāb-shenāsi' of specific authors.
Digital Libraries: Websites like 'Ganj' or 'Noormags' use this term in their search filters to help researchers narrow down citations.

بسیاری از سایت‌های علمی، کتاب‌شناسی مقالات را به صورت رایگان ارائه می‌دهند.
— Many scientific websites provide the bibliography of articles for free.

Learning کتاب‌شناسی can be tricky because of its similarity to other book-related terms. The most frequent error is confusing it with Ketāb-khāne (Library). While a library is a place where books are kept, a bibliography is a list of those books or the study of them. You cannot 'walk into' a Ketāb-shenāsi, but you can read one.

Mistake: Confusing with 'Ketāb-khāne': Incorrect: من به کتاب‌شناسی رفتم تا درس بخوانم. (I went to the bibliography to study.)
Correct: من به کتاب‌خانه رفتم. (I went to the library.)
Mistake: Confusing with 'Ketāb-forushi': Incorrect: این کتاب‌شناسی کتاب‌های ارزان می‌فروشد. (This bibliography sells cheap books.)
Correct: این کتاب‌فروشی... (This bookstore...)

اشتباه رایج: استفاده از کتاب‌شناسی به جای فهرست مطالب.
— Common mistake: Using 'bibliography' instead of 'table of contents' (Fehrest-e Matāleb).

Another mistake involves the suffix -shenāsi. Some students assume it always means 'the science of'. While true, in the context of a book, it usually just refers to the list at the end. If you tell a professor, 'I am reading the Ketāb-shenāsi,' they will think you are looking at the references. If you say, 'I am studying Ketāb-shenāsi,' they will think you are majoring in Library Science.

بسیاری از زبان‌آموزان کتاب‌شناسی را با فهرست منابع اشتباه می‌گیرند، در حالی که کتاب‌شناسی مفهوم گسترده‌تری دارد.
— Many learners confuse 'bibliography' with 'list of sources', while bibliography has a broader concept.

Lastly, be careful with the plural. In English, we say 'bibliographies'. In Persian, we use the suffix '-hā' (Ketāb-shenāsi-hā). Avoid using the Arabic broken plural forms for this specific compound word, as it is a modern Persian construction. Using it in a very casual setting (like asking a friend for a 'Ketāb-shenāsi' of their favorite novels) might sound overly stiff or pretentious; in that case, list-e ketāb-hā is better.

Semantic Nuance: Remember: 'Ketāb-shenāsi' is for the *identity* of the books (author, year, publisher), not just a list of titles.

In Persian, several words orbit the concept of a bibliography. Depending on the level of formality and the specific context, you might choose one over the other. کتاب‌شناسی remains the most academic and comprehensive.

فهرست منابع (Fehrest-e Manābe'): This is the most common alternative. It literally means 'List of Sources'. It is used at the end of almost every student essay and academic paper.
کتاب‌نگاری (Ketāb-negāri): A rarer, more 'Persianized' term (Purist Persian). It focuses on the 'writing' or 'recording' of books. Some scholars prefer this to avoid Arabic-influenced structures.
مراجع (Marāje'): Meaning 'References'. This is short, punchy, and used frequently in scientific journals.

تفاوت اصلی بین کتاب‌شناسی و فهرست منابع در میزان جزئیات توصیفی است.
— The main difference between 'bibliography' and 'list of sources' is the level of descriptive detail.

When comparing Ketāb-shenāsi to Fehrest-e Ketāb-hā (List of books), the former implies a scholarly methodology. A list of books can be anything—a shopping list, a library's inventory, or a personal collection. A bibliography, however, implies that the books are related by a theme, an author, or a research topic, and are documented according to standard conventions.

استفاده از واژه کتاب‌شناسی به نوشته شما اعتبار علمی بیشتری می‌بخشد.
— Using the word 'bibliography' gives your writing more scientific credibility.

In the world of rare books, you might also hear Noskheh-shenāsi (Codicology). While Ketāb-shenāsi deals with the book as a source of information, Noskheh-shenāsi deals with the physical manuscript—the paper, the ink, the binding, and the handwriting. Knowing these distinctions marks you as an advanced student of the Persian language and its literary culture.

Contextual Choice: Use 'Ketāb-shenāsi' for the field/science. Use 'Fehrest-e Manābe'' for the actual list at the end of your homework.

How Formal Is It?

Formal

Neutral

Informal

Child friendly

Slang

Fun Fact

While the word sounds very traditional, its specific use as an equivalent for the Western 'bibliography' gained prominence in the 20th century during the modernization of Iranian universities.

Pronunciation Guide

UK /ke.tɒːb.ʃe.nɒː.siː/

US /ke.tɑːb.ʃe.nɑː.siː/

The primary stress is on the final syllable '-si'.

Rhymes With

شناسایی (Shenāsāyi) روان‌شناسی (Ravānshenāsi) جامعه‌شناسی (Jāme'ehshenāsi) زیبایی (Zibāyi) دانایی (Dānāyi) تنهایی (Tanhāyi) کارآیی (Kārāyi) توانایی (Tavānāyi)

Common Errors

Pronouncing 'Ketāb' as 'Keetab' (too long on the first vowel).
Merging the 'b' and 'sh' too quickly without a slight pause.
Forgetting the 'e' sound in 'shenāsi' and saying 'shnāsi'.
Putting stress on 'Ketāb' instead of the end of the word.
Mispronouncing the final 'i' as a short 'e'.

Difficulty Rating

Reading 4/5

Easy to recognize because of the familiar 'Ketāb' and '-shenāsi' parts.

Writing 6/5

Requires remembering the nim-fāseleh and the correct spelling of 'shenāsi'.

Speaking 5/5

A bit long to pronounce, but rhythmic.

Listening 4/5

Distinctive sound, usually clear in academic speech.

What to Learn Next

Prerequisites

کتاب شناختن فهرست منبع نویسنده

Learn Next

نسخه‌شناسی مرجع پایان‌نامه مقاله علمی استناد

Advanced

فهرست‌نویسی تحلیلی ایزو ۶۹۰ مدیریت منابع متاداده آرشیو

Grammar to Know

Compound Noun Formation

کتاب + شناسی = کتاب‌شناسی

Use of Nim-fāseleh

کتاب‌شناسی (Correct) vs کتابشناسی (Less formal)

Ezāfe Construction

کتاب‌شناسیِ جامع (Comprehensive bibliography)

Pluralization with -hā

کتاب‌شناسی‌ها

Indefinite 'i'

کتاب‌شناسی‌ای (A bibliography)

Examples by Level

این یک کتاب است.

This is a book.

Basic 'this is' structure.

او کتاب می‌خواند.

He/She reads a book.

Present simple verb.

کتاب‌شناسی چیست؟

What is a bibliography?

Question word 'چیست'.

من کتاب را دوست دارم.

I like the book.

Direct object with 'rā'.

کتاب بزرگ است.

The book is big.

Simple adjective.

او در کتاب‌خانه است.

He is in the library.

Preposition 'dar'.

نام این کتاب چیست؟

What is the name of this book?

Possessive Ezāfe.

کتاب من کجاست؟

Where is my book?

Possessive 'man'.

در پایان کتاب یک لیست وجود دارد.

At the end of the book, there is a list.

Locative phrase.

این لیست کتاب‌شناسی نام دارد.

This list is called a bibliography.

Passive-like 'nām dārad'.

من باید یک کتاب‌شناسی بنویسم.

I must write a bibliography.

Modal 'bāyad'.

کتاب‌شناسی به ما کمک می‌کند.

The bibliography helps us.

Compound verb 'komak kardan'.

او کتاب‌شناسی را دید.

He saw the bibliography.

Past tense.

این کتاب‌شناسی خیلی طولانی است.

This bibliography is very long.

Adverb 'kheyli'.

آیا شما کتاب‌شناسی دارید؟

Do you have a bibliography?

Formal 'shomā'.

کتاب‌شناسی در صفحه آخر است.

The bibliography is on the last page.

Prepositional phrase.

برای تحقیق خود از کتاب‌شناسی استفاده کنید.

Use the bibliography for your research.

Imperative 'estefādeh konid'.

او کتاب‌شناسی دقیقی تهیه کرد.

He prepared an accurate bibliography.

Adjective 'daqi' with Ezāfe.

کتاب‌شناسی شامل نام نویسندگان است.

The bibliography includes the names of the authors.

Verb 'shāmel budan'.

من کتاب‌شناسی را در کتابخانه پیدا کردم.

I found the bibliography in the library.

Past transitive.

بدون کتاب‌شناسی، مقاله کامل نیست.

Without a bibliography, the article is not complete.

Preposition 'bedun-e'.

آیا کتاب‌شناسی را چک کردید؟

Did you check the bibliography?

Formal past question.

این کتاب‌شناسی اطلاعات زیادی دارد.

This bibliography has a lot of information.

Quantifier 'ziyādi'.

او به کتاب‌شناسی علاقه دارد.

He is interested in bibliography.

'Alaqe dāshtan be'.

استاد بر اهمیت کتاب‌شناسی تأکید کرد.

The professor emphasized the importance of the bibliography.

Verb 'ta'kid kardan'.

کتاب‌شناسی باید بر اساس حروف الفبا باشد.

The bibliography must be alphabetical.

Subjunctive 'bāshad'.

او در حال تدوین یک کتاب‌شناسی جامع است.

He is compiling a comprehensive bibliography.

Continuous present.

کتاب‌شناسی‌های تخصصی بسیار مفید هستند.

Specialized bibliographies are very useful.

Plural noun with adjective.

این کتاب‌شناسی شامل منابع فارسی و انگلیسی است.

This bibliography includes Persian and English sources.

Coordinating conjunction 'va'.

او کتاب‌شناسی را به انتهای پایان‌نامه اضافه کرد.

He added the bibliography to the end of the thesis.

Compound verb 'ezāfeh kardan'.

کتاب‌شناسی نشان‌دهنده عمق تحقیق است.

The bibliography indicates the depth of the research.

Present participle 'neshān-dahandeh'.

آیا کتاب‌شناسی را ویرایش کرده‌اید؟

Have you edited the bibliography?

Present perfect.

کتاب‌شناسی توصیفی جزئیات بیشتری ارائه می‌دهد.

Descriptive bibliography provides more details.

Technical terminology.

او یکی از برجسته‌ترین استادان کتاب‌شناسی است.

He is one of the most prominent professors of bibliography.

Superlative adjective.

کتاب‌شناسی ملی ایران هر سال منتشر می‌شود.

The National Bibliography of Iran is published every year.

Passive voice 'montasher shodan'.

او به نقد کتاب‌شناسی‌های قدیمی پرداخت.

He proceeded to critique old bibliographies.

Auxiliary verb 'pardākhtan'.

کتاب‌شناسی و نسخه‌شناسی دو حوزه مرتبط هستند.

Bibliography and codicology are two related fields.

Dual subject.

این اثر فاقد کتاب‌شناسی معتبر است.

This work lacks a valid bibliography.

Adjective 'fāqed' (lacking).

روش‌های نوین در کتاب‌شناسی دیجیتال بررسی شدند.

Modern methods in digital bibliography were examined.

Plural passive.

کتاب‌شناسی تحلیلی به ساختار فیزیکی کتاب می‌پردازد.

Analytical bibliography deals with the physical structure of the book.

Subject-verb agreement.

تدوین کتاب‌شناسی‌های موضوعی مستلزم دقت فراوان است.

Compiling subject bibliographies requires great precision.

Complex gerund phrase.

او در پژوهش خود به کتاب‌شناسی‌های قرن چهارم رجوع کرد.

In his research, he referred to bibliographies of the 4th century.

Historical reference.

کتاب‌شناسی به مثابه ابزاری برای بازیابی اطلاعات است.

Bibliography is like a tool for information retrieval.

Formal 'be masābeh' (as/like).

تحول کتاب‌شناسی در عصر دیجیتال شگرف بوده است.

The evolution of bibliography in the digital age has been remarkable.

Abstract noun phrase.

او عمر خود را وقف کتاب‌شناسی آثار فلسفی کرد.

He dedicated his life to the bibliography of philosophical works.

Compound verb 'vaqf kardan'.

کتاب‌شناسی‌های جامع، زیربنای مطالعات تاریخی هستند.

Comprehensive bibliographies are the foundation of historical studies.

Metaphorical usage.

نقص در کتاب‌شناسی می‌تواند به اعتبار علمی آسیب بزند.

A flaw in the bibliography can damage scientific credibility.

Potentiality with 'mitavānad'.

او رویکردی انتقادی نسبت به کتاب‌شناسی‌های موجود دارد.

He has a critical approach toward existing bibliographies.

Prepositional phrase 'nesbat be'.

Common Collocations

کتاب‌شناسی توصیفی

کتاب‌شناسی ملی

تدوین کتاب‌شناسی

کتاب‌شناسی موضوعی

کتاب‌شناسی گزیده

کتاب‌شناسی تحلیلی

به روز کردن کتاب‌شناسی

کتاب‌شناسی جامع

بخش کتاب‌شناسی

کتاب‌شناسی انتقادی

Common Phrases

طبق کتاب‌شناسی

— According to the bibliography.

طبق کتاب‌شناسی، این کتاب در سال ۱۹۹۰ چاپ شده است.

در زمره کتاب‌شناسی

— In the category of bibliography.

این اثر در زمره کتاب‌شناسی‌های معتبر است.

کتاب‌شناسی آثار

— The bibliography of works (by a specific person).

کتاب‌شناسی آثار صادق هدایت بسیار وسیع است.

بر اساس کتاب‌شناسی

— Based on the bibliography.

بر اساس کتاب‌شناسی موجود، منابع کافی نداریم.

تهیه کتاب‌شناسی

— Preparing a bibliography.

تهیه کتاب‌شناسی اولین مرحله تحقیق است.

نقص در کتاب‌شناسی

— A flaw/gap in the bibliography.

نقص در کتاب‌شناسی باعث رد مقاله شد.

کتاب‌شناسی خودنوشت

— An author's own bibliography of their works.

او یک کتاب‌شناسی خودنوشت منتشر کرد.

کتاب‌شناسی توصیفی-تحلیلی

— A descriptive-analytical bibliography.

این پایان‌نامه یک کتاب‌شناسی توصیفی-تحلیلی دارد.

بررسی کتاب‌شناسی

— Reviewing the bibliography.

بررسی کتاب‌شناسی نشان داد که منابع قدیمی هستند.

اهمیت کتاب‌شناسی

— The importance of bibliography.

او درباره اهمیت کتاب‌شناسی سخنرانی کرد.

Often Confused With

کتاب‌شناسی vs کتاب‌خانه

A library (place) vs. a bibliography (list/science).

کتاب‌شناسی vs فهرست مطالب

Table of contents (beginning of book) vs. bibliography (end of book).

کتاب‌شناسی vs کتاب‌فروشی

A bookstore vs. a bibliography.

Idioms & Expressions

"کتاب‌شناسی‌اش ضعیف است"

— Used metaphorically to say someone hasn't done their homework or research properly.

حرف‌هایش پایه علمی ندارد، کتاب‌شناسی‌اش ضعیف است.

Academic Slang

"از کتاب‌شناسی افتادن"

— To be forgotten or omitted from historical records/lists (rare).

این نویسنده متاسفانه از کتاب‌شناسی‌های رسمی افتاده است.

Literary

"کتاب‌شناسی زنده"

— A person who knows every book on a subject by heart.

او یک کتاب‌شناسی زنده در مورد تاریخ مشروطه است.

Informal/Honoring

"سر در کتاب‌شناسی داشتن"

— To be deeply involved in research and cataloging.

او همیشه سر در کتاب‌شناسی و نسخه‌های خطی دارد.

Neutral

"کتاب‌شناسی را شخم زدن"

— To search through a bibliography very thoroughly.

او تمام کتاب‌شناسی‌های موجود را برای یافتن این مطلب شخم زد.

Informal

"کتاب‌شناسی‌اش به روز نیست"

— Their knowledge or sources are outdated.

نظریاتش جالب است اما کتاب‌شناسی‌اش به روز نیست.

Academic

"پای لنگ کتاب‌شناسی"

— A major weakness in the source list of a work.

تنها پای لنگ این کتاب، کتاب‌شناسی ناقص آن است.

Literary

"کتاب‌شناسی‌وار"

— In a manner like a bibliography (very detailed and dry).

او کتاب‌شناسی‌وار تمام وقایع را لیست کرد.

Neutral

"در آینه کتاب‌شناسی"

— Looking at a subject through the lens of its published works.

تاریخ ایران در آینه کتاب‌شناسی‌های غربی.

Poetic/Academic

"کتاب‌شناسی‌ساز"

— Something that generates a lot of references or books.

این کشف جدید، یک واقعه کتاب‌شناسی‌ساز خواهد بود.

Academic

Easily Confused

کتاب‌شناسی vs کتاب‌نگاری

Similar meaning.

Ketāb-negāri is a purist Persian term; Ketāb-shenāsi is the standard academic term.

او به کتاب‌نگاری علاقه دارد.

کتاب‌شناسی vs نسخه‌شناسی

Both end in -shenāsi.

Noskheh-shenāsi is about the physical manuscript; Ketāb-shenāsi is about the list/identity of books.

نسخه‌شناسی کار سختی است.

کتاب‌شناسی vs منبع‌شناسی

Very close in meaning.

Manba'-shenāsi can include non-book sources like interviews or websites more broadly.

منبع‌شناسی این پروژه ضعیف است.

کتاب‌شناسی vs کتاب‌شناس

Person vs. Field.

Ketāb-shenās is the person (bibliographer); Ketāb-shenāsi is the field/list.

او یک کتاب‌شناس معروف است.

کتاب‌شناسی vs فهرست

General term.

Fehrest is any list; Ketāb-shenāsi is specifically for books/sources.

فهرست غذا را بیاور.

Sentence Patterns

این [Noun] کتاب‌شناسی است.

این یک کتاب‌شناسی است.

من [Noun] را در کتاب‌شناسی دیدم.

من نام او را در کتاب‌شناسی دیدم.

[Subject] باید یک کتاب‌شناسی [Adjective] تهیه کند.

دانشجو باید یک کتاب‌شناسی دقیق تهیه کند.

کتاب‌شناسی شامل [Noun] است.

کتاب‌شناسی شامل مقالات علمی است.

با ارجاع به کتاب‌شناسی، می‌توان دریافت که...

با ارجاع به کتاب‌شناسی، می‌توان دریافت که منابع معتبر هستند.

نقص در کتاب‌شناسی نشان‌دهنده...

نقص در کتاب‌شناسی نشان‌دهنده ضعف تحقیق است.

کتاب‌شناسی به مثابه ستون فقراتِ...

کتاب‌شناسی به مثابه ستون فقراتِ هر پژوهش تاریخی است.

در پرتوِ کتاب‌شناسی‌های موجود،...

در پرتوِ کتاب‌شناسی‌های موجود، این فرضیه رد می‌شود.

Word Family

Nouns

Verbs

Adjectives

How to Use It

frequency

High in academic/literary contexts; low in daily speech.

Common Mistakes

کتابشناسی → کتاب‌شناسی
Missing the half-space (nim-fāseleh) between the two parts of the compound noun.
من به کتاب‌شناسی رفتم. → من به کتاب‌خانه رفتم.
Using 'bibliography' (a list/science) instead of 'library' (a place).
کتاب‌شناسیِ این کتاب اولش است. → کتاب‌شناسیِ این کتاب آخرش است.
Confusing the location of the bibliography with the table of contents or introduction.
او یک کتاب‌شناسی بزرگ می‌فروشد. → او یک کتاب‌فروشی بزرگ دارد.
Confusing 'bibliography' with 'bookstore'.
کتاب‌شناسی‌ها را بنویسیم. → کتاب‌شناسی را بنویسیم.
Using plural when only one list is intended at the end of a paper.

Tips

Ezāfe and Bibliography

When connecting 'Ketāb-shenāsi' to an adjective, always use the Ezāfe: 'Ketāb-shenāsi-ye kamel' (Complete bibliography).

Suffix -shenāsi

Learn the suffix '-shenāsi' (study of). It will help you understand dozens of other Persian words like Biology, Sociology, and Psychology.

Formal Writing

When writing a formal paper, use 'کتاب‌شناسی' as your heading to impress your Persian-speaking professors.

National Library

If you visit Tehran, the National Library is the best place to see 'Ketāb-shenāsi' in action as a professional field.

Root Association

Associate 'Ketāb' with 'Library' and 'Shenāsi' with 'Science'. It's the 'Science of the Library List'.

Rhythm

Practice the rhythm: Ke-tāb-she-nā-si. It has five syllables. Tapping your finger for each can help with the long vowels.

Keyboard

Make sure your keyboard software supports the 'nim-fāseleh' so you can type the word correctly.

Finding Sources

Always check the 'Ketāb-shenāsi' of a good book to find more reading material on that topic.

Don't confuse with Table of Contents

Remember: Contents = Fehrest-e Matāleb (Start); Bibliography = Ketāb-shenāsi (End).

Ketāb-shenāsi vs. Manābe'

While often used the same way, 'Ketāb-shenāsi' is the more formal, academic title for the section.

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Imagine a 'Book' (Ketāb) wearing 'Glasses' to 'Recognize' (Shenās) its friends in a long line. The line is the bibliography.

Visual Association

Picture a massive old library where a detective is looking at a long scroll that lists every single book in the building. That scroll is the Ketāb-shenāsi.

Word Web

کتاب (Book) شناس (Know) ی (Science/Suffix) فهرست (List) منابع (Sources) تحقیق (Research) دانشگاه (University) نویسنده (Author)

Challenge

Try to find the 'Ketāb-shenāsi' section in the next Persian book or article you look at. Note how many sources are listed.

Word Origin

The word is a modern Persian compound formed from 'Ketāb' (Arabic origin) and '-shenāsi' (Persian origin).

Original meaning: 'Ketāb' comes from the Arabic root K-T-B meaning 'to write'. '-shenāsi' comes from the Middle Persian 'shnās' (to know).

Indo-European (Persian part) and Afro-Asiatic (Arabic part).

Cultural Context

No specific sensitivities; it is a purely academic and professional term.

It is exactly like the English 'Bibliography', but carry a slightly more 'scientific' weight in general conversation.

کتاب‌شناسی ملی ایران (National Bibliography of Iran) الذریعه الی تصانیف الشیعه (A famous 20th-century bibliography by Agha Bozorg Tehrani) فهرست ابن ندیم (The famous 10th-century 'Fihrist')

Practice in Real Life

Real-World Contexts

University Thesis

تدوین کتاب‌شناسی
منابع و مآخذ
رعایت اصول کتاب‌شناسی
ویرایش کتاب‌شناسی

Library Science

کتاب‌شناسی ملی
رده‌بندی کتاب
پایگاه داده‌های کتاب‌شناسی
خدمات کتاب‌شناسی

Book Reviewing

نقد کتاب‌شناسی
جامعیت منابع
فقدان کتاب‌شناسی
ارجاعات دقیق

History Research

کتاب‌شناسی نسخ خطی
منابع دست اول
بررسی کتاب‌شناختی
تاریخچه چاپ

Publishing

صفحه کتاب‌شناسی
استاندارد کتاب‌شناسی
نمایه و کتاب‌شناسی
چاپ کتاب‌شناسی

Conversation Starters

"آیا کتاب‌شناسی این تحقیق را کامل کرده‌اید؟ (Have you completed the bibliography for this research?)"

"بهترین کتاب‌شناسی برای تاریخ ایران کدام است؟ (What is the best bibliography for Iranian history?)"

"چرا کتاب‌شناسی در مقالات علمی اهمیت دارد؟ (Why is bibliography important in scientific articles?)"

"چگونه می‌توان یک کتاب‌شناسی استاندارد تهیه کرد؟ (How can one prepare a standard bibliography?)"

"آیا از نرم‌افزارهای کتاب‌شناسی استفاده می‌کنید؟ (Do you use bibliography software?)"

Journal Prompts

درباره اهمیت کتاب‌شناسی در کارهای پژوهشی خود بنویسید. (Write about the importance of bibliography in your research work.)

یک کتاب‌شناسی کوتاه از پنج کتاب محبوب خود تهیه کنید. (Prepare a short bibliography of your five favorite books.)

تفاوت کتاب‌شناسی و فهرست منابع را توضیح دهید. (Explain the difference between bibliography and list of sources.)

اگر یک کتاب‌شناس بودید، دوست داشتید در چه موضوعی تحقیق کنید؟ (If you were a bibliographer, what subject would you like to research?)

تجربه خود را در پیدا کردن منابع از طریق کتاب‌شناسی یک کتاب دیگر توصیف کنید. (Describe your experience finding sources through another book's bibliography.)

Frequently Asked Questions

10 questions

In Persian books and academic papers, the 'Ketāb-shenāsi' or 'Fehrest-e Manābe'' is almost always found at the very end of the document, after the conclusion but before the index.

Essentially, yes. In a practical sense, 'Ketāb-shenāsi' is used as the title for the references section. However, strictly speaking, it can also refer to the entire science of studying books.

Yes, in modern standard Persian (Persian Academy style), you should use a 'nim-fāseleh' between 'کتاب' and 'شناسی'. It looks like this: کتاب‌شناسی.

In casual speech, yes (list-e ketāb-hā). But in a university or professional setting, using 'کتاب‌شناسی' is much more appropriate and expected.

It is a comprehensive list of all books published in a country. In Iran, the 'Ketāb-shenāsi-ye Melli' is managed by the National Library.

Yes, 'کتاب‌شناسی دیجیتال' (Digital Bibliography) refers to online databases of citations and electronic sources.

The plural is 'کتاب‌شناسی‌ها' (Ketāb-shenāsi-hā). You simply add the standard Persian plural suffix '-hā'.

It is a hybrid. 'Ketāb' is Arabic, but 'shenāsi' is Persian. This type of compound is very common in modern Persian scientific terminology.

In Persian, 'کتاب‌شناسی تحلیلی' refers to the study of books as physical objects to determine their history and transmission.

Because it is a specialized academic term that you wouldn't typically use until you are reading or writing more complex, formal materials.