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A2 verb 11 min read

फेल

Examples
Explanation फेल in your Level:
At the A1 beginner level, learners are introduced to 'फेल' strictly in its most basic and literal sense: failing an academic test or examination. Because it is an English loanword, it provides an immediate comfort zone for English speakers learning Hindi. The focus at this stage is not on complex grammar, but simply on recognizing the word and understanding its primary context. A1 learners learn to form very simple, short sentences using the past tense of the auxiliary verb 'होना' (to be). They learn the basic phrase 'मैं फेल हो गया' (I failed) or 'वह फेल हो गया' (He failed). The vocabulary surrounding it is kept to simple school-related terms like 'टेस्ट' (test), 'एग्जाम' (exam), and 'स्कूल' (school). The goal is to be able to state a basic fact about an academic outcome. At this level, learners are not expected to understand the transitive use ('फेल करना') or metaphorical uses. They simply need to know that if someone did not pass a test, the word to use is 'फेल'. It is a highly practical word for basic survival communication in an educational setting.
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At the A2 elementary level, the understanding of 'फेल' expands beyond just simple exams into everyday life situations. Learners begin to use the word with a wider variety of subjects, including driving tests, interviews, and simple mechanical failures. They also start to grasp the grammatical necessity of the postposition 'में' (in) to specify the context of the failure, forming sentences like 'वह इंटरव्यू में फेल हो गया' (He failed in the interview). Furthermore, A2 learners are introduced to the crucial distinction between the intransitive 'फेल होना' (to fail) and the transitive 'फेल करना' (to fail someone). They learn to construct sentences where a teacher or an authority figure is the subject causing the failure: 'टीचर ने मुझे फेल कर दिया' (The teacher failed me). This introduces them to the use of the ergative marker 'ने' in the past tense. They also begin to practice using 'फेल' in different tenses, such as the present continuous ('वह फेल हो रहा है') and the future tense ('तुम फेल हो जाओगे'), allowing them to give warnings or describe ongoing situations.
At the B1 intermediate level, learners start to use 'फेल' in more abstract and conversational contexts. They move away from purely academic or literal failures and begin to apply the word to plans, ideas, and strategies. They can express concepts like a failed business plan ('बिजनेस प्लान फेल हो गया') or a failed attempt at cooking a meal. At this stage, learners are expected to understand and use conditional sentences involving 'फेल', such as 'अगर तुम मेहनत नहीं करोगे, तो फेल हो जाओगे' (If you don't work hard, you will fail). They also start engaging with the emotional and cultural weight of the word in Indian society, understanding that it carries a stigma. B1 learners can participate in conversations discussing the reasons for failure and can offer consolation or advice to someone who has failed. They begin to recognize synonyms like 'असफल' but still predominantly use 'फेल' in spoken Hindi due to its natural, colloquial feel.
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At the B2 upper-intermediate level, the usage of 'फेल' becomes highly nuanced and idiomatic. Learners are comfortable using it to describe complex mechanical and systemic failures, such as 'इंजन फेल हो गया' (the engine failed) or 'सिस्टम फेल हो गया' (the system failed). They can engage in detailed discussions about the consequences of failure in professional environments. Moreover, B2 learners begin to understand the slang and idiomatic uses of 'फेल', where it is used comparatively to mean 'outshined' or 'rendered useless'. For example, they understand the phrase 'उसने तो सबको फेल कर दिया' (He failed everyone / He outshined everyone) or 'इसके सामने सब फेल हैं' (Everything fails in front of this / Everything is inferior to this). They can seamlessly switch between 'फेल होना' and 'फेल करना' without hesitation and can use the word in complex sentence structures involving passive voice or causative verbs. They are also fully aware of the social implications and can discuss failure in a culturally sensitive manner.
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At the C1 advanced level, learners possess a near-native command of the word 'फेल'. They understand its subtle connotations in various registers of Hindi, from street slang to journalistic reporting (though they know 'असफल' is preferred in formal writing). They can use 'फेल' to critique systemic issues, such as 'सरकार की नीतियां फेल हो गई हैं' (The government's policies have failed). They are adept at using it in sarcastic or humorous contexts, such as playfully calling a friend's joke a 'फेल'. At this level, the grammatical mechanics of the compound verb are entirely internalized, and the focus is on rhetorical impact. C1 learners can engage in deep philosophical or psychological discussions about the concept of failure, using 'फेल' alongside advanced native vocabulary to create rich, expressive discourse. They understand regional variations in pronunciation and usage, and can adapt their speech accordingly.
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At the C2 mastery level, the word 'फेल' is utilized with absolute precision and artistic flair. C2 speakers understand the historical linguistic journey of the word from English into the core of Hindi vocabulary. They can analyze how its usage has evolved and how it reflects modern Indian societal pressures. They can effortlessly weave 'फेल' into complex literary or academic discussions, contrasting its colloquial bluntness with the refined elegance of words like 'विफल' or 'असफल' for stylistic effect. They understand every idiom, proverb, and slang expression that incorporates the word. They can use it to express profound existential or moral failures, not just practical ones. At this ultimate level of proficiency, 'फेल' is just one tool in a massive arsenal of vocabulary, used deliberately and consciously to achieve the exact tone, register, and emotional impact desired in any given communicative situation, from writing a satirical essay to delivering a powerful speech.
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Examples
The Hindi word 'फेल' is a direct borrowing from the English language word 'fail'. However, its integration into the Hindi language is a fascinating study of linguistic assimilation and cultural adaptation. When people use the word 'फेल' in Hindi, they are primarily referring to the act of being unsuccessful, most commonly in the context of academic examinations. The Indian education system places a massive emphasis on academic success, making the word 'फेल' carry a significant emotional and societal weight. It is not just a word; it is an experience that resonates deeply within the cultural fabric.
Academic Context
In academic settings, this word is used to indicate that a student has not secured the minimum passing marks required to clear an examination or a specific subject.

वह गणित के परीक्षा में फेल हो गया। (He failed the mathematics exam.)

Beyond the classroom, the usage of 'फेल' expands into various everyday situations. People use it when a piece of machinery stops working, when a plan does not execute as intended, or even when a person fails to keep a promise. This versatility makes it a highly frequent word in spoken Hindi, often preferred over its pure Hindi counterparts like 'असफल' (asaphal) or 'नाकाम' (nakaam) because it is shorter, punchier, and universally understood across all demographics in India.
Mechanical Failure
When referring to machines, vehicles, or bodily organs ceasing to function properly, 'फेल' is the most common descriptor used by native speakers.

अचानक मेरी गाड़ी के ब्रेक फेल हो गए। (Suddenly, my car's brakes failed.)

The psychological impact of the word cannot be understated. In many Indian households, the fear of becoming 'फेल' drives students to study for long hours. It is a word associated with disappointment, loss of face, and the necessity to repeat a year of schooling. Consequently, it is heavily used during exam seasons, result declarations, and parent-teacher meetings.

अगर तुम पढ़ाई नहीं करोगे, तो फेल हो जाओगे। (If you do not study, you will fail.)

Plans and Strategies
In business or casual planning contexts, if a strategy does not yield the desired outcome, it is declared as having failed.

हमारा सारा प्लान फेल हो गया। (Our entire plan failed.)

Furthermore, in colloquial or slang Hindi, people might use 'फेल' to describe someone who is exceptionally good at something, surprisingly. For example, 'उसने तो सबको फेल कर दिया' (He failed everyone), meaning he outshined or outperformed everyone else, rendering their efforts comparatively unsuccessful. This idiomatic flip showcases the dynamic nature of the word.

टीचर ने उसे जानबूझकर फेल कर दिया। (The teacher intentionally failed him.)

Understanding when and how people use 'फेल' gives learners a profound insight into everyday Indian life, emphasizing that language learning is not just about vocabulary, but about grasping the cultural pulse that dictates how a simple borrowed English word can dominate the emotional and practical expressions of millions of Hindi speakers.
Using 'फेल' correctly in Hindi sentences requires an understanding of compound verbs. Because 'फेल' is an English loanword, it cannot function as an independent verb in Hindi. You cannot simply conjugate it like native Hindi verbs (e.g., you cannot say 'वह फेला' to mean 'he failed'). Instead, 'फेल' acts as a noun or adjective base that must be paired with a native Hindi auxiliary verb, most commonly 'होना' (to be/become) or 'करना' (to do). This structure is known as a conjunct verb.
Intransitive Usage (फेल होना)
When the subject of the sentence is the one who experiences the failure, use 'फेल होना'. This translates to 'to fail' or 'to be unsuccessful'.

मैं परीक्षा में फेल हो गया। (I failed the exam.)

In this structure, the subject (मैं - I) is followed by the object or context of failure (परीक्षा में - in the exam), and then the conjunct verb (फेल हो गया - failed). Notice that the auxiliary verb 'होना' changes according to the tense, gender, and number of the subject. If the subject is feminine, it becomes 'फेल हो गई'. If it is plural, it becomes 'फेल हो गए'.
Transitive Usage (फेल करना)
When the subject of the sentence is causing someone or something else to fail, use 'फेल करना'. This translates to 'to fail someone' or 'to cause to fail'.

अध्यापक ने राहुल को फेल कर दिया। (The teacher failed Rahul.)

Here, the subject (अध्यापक - teacher) is acting upon the object (राहुल - Rahul). The postposition 'ने' is used with the subject because the verb 'करना' is transitive and the sentence is in the perfective past tense. The object takes the postposition 'को'. This distinction is crucial for English speakers because in English, the verb 'fail' is used for both ('I failed the test' vs 'The teacher failed me'). In Hindi, you must explicitly choose between 'होना' and 'करना'.

यह मशीन बार-बार फेल हो रही है। (This machine is failing repeatedly.)

Using with Postpositions
To specify what you failed IN, use the postposition 'में' (in). For example, 'इंटरव्यू में फेल होना' (to fail in the interview).

वह ड्राइविंग टेस्ट में फेल हो गई। (She failed the driving test.)

Let us look at different tenses. Present Continuous: 'वह फेल हो रहा है' (He is failing). Future: 'वह फेल हो जाएगा' (He will fail). Past Habitual: 'वह हमेशा फेल होता था' (He used to always fail). Notice that the word 'फेल' remains completely unchanged. It does not take any suffixes or prefixes. The entire grammatical heavy lifting is done by the auxiliary verb.

अगर तुम मेहनत नहीं करोगे, तो पक्का फेल होगे। (If you don't work hard, you will definitely fail.)

Mastering this conjunct verb structure with 'फेल' will not only allow you to express failure accurately but will also unlock the pattern for hundreds of other English loanwords used in Hindi, such as 'पास होना' (to pass), 'ट्राई करना' (to try), and 'चेक करना' (to check).
You will hear the word 'फेल' in a vast array of contexts in India, spanning from the highly formal environments of educational institutions to the casual chatter of street mechanics. Because it has been entirely absorbed into the everyday vernacular, its presence is ubiquitous. The most prominent environment where this word echoes is, unsurprisingly, schools and colleges. During the months of March, April, and May, when annual examinations conclude and results are declared across the country, 'फेल' becomes one of the most frequently spoken words.
Educational Institutions
Students, teachers, and parents use it to discuss academic performance, fears of failing, and the consequences of poor grades.

इस साल क्लास में तीन बच्चे फेल हुए हैं। (This year, three children failed in the class.)

You will hear students anxiously asking each other, 'क्या तू पास हुआ या फेल?' (Did you pass or fail?). Parents might use it as a cautionary tale or a threat to motivate their children: 'पढ़ ले, वरना फेल हो जाएगा' (Study, otherwise you will fail). Moving away from academics, you will frequently hear 'फेल' in garages, mechanic shops, and while discussing transportation. Indian mechanics use it to describe a complete breakdown of a mechanical component.
Automotive and Mechanical
Used to indicate that a part of a vehicle or machine has stopped working entirely, such as brakes, engine, or battery.

ट्रक के ब्रेक फेल हो गए और एक्सीडेंट हो गया। (The truck's brakes failed and an accident happened.)

You might hear a mechanic say, 'इंजन फेल हो गया है, नया डालना पड़ेगा' (The engine has failed, a new one will need to be put in). In the corporate world and business environments, 'फेल' is heavily used in 'Hinglish' (a blend of Hindi and English) to describe unsuccessful projects, rejected proposals, or collapsed startups.

मार्केटिंग का नया प्लान पूरी तरह फेल रहा। (The new marketing plan was a complete failure.)

Medical Contexts
In hospitals and medical discussions, it is used to describe organ failure, such as heart failure or kidney failure.

मरीज की दोनों किडनियां फेल हो चुकी हैं। (Both kidneys of the patient have failed.)

Finally, you will hear it in colloquial conversations and slang. Friends might playfully mock each other's attempts at cooking, flirting, or playing a sport by declaring their attempt a 'फेल'. 'तेरा जोक फेल था' (Your joke was a fail).

चाय बनाने में भी तू फेल है। (You are a failure even at making tea.)

This widespread usage proves that 'फेल' is not just restricted to textbooks; it is a living, breathing part of the daily auditory landscape in Hindi-speaking regions, adapting seamlessly to whatever context requires the expression of an unsuccessful outcome.
When English speakers learn the Hindi word 'फेल', they often make a few predictable grammatical and contextual errors. Because 'फेल' looks and sounds exactly like the English verb 'fail', the natural instinct is to treat it as a standalone verb in Hindi. This is the most significant hurdle for learners. In Hindi, borrowed English words rarely function as standalone verbs; they must be paired with an auxiliary verb to form a compound verb.
Mistake 1: Treating 'फेल' as a standalone verb
Learners often try to conjugate 'फेल' directly, adding Hindi suffixes to it, which sounds completely unnatural to native speakers.

Incorrect: वह फेला। (He failed.)
Correct: वह फेल हो गया। (He failed.)

You must always use 'होना' (to be) or 'करना' (to do) alongside 'फेल'. Another widespread mistake involves confusing the intransitive 'फेल होना' with the transitive 'फेल करना'. In English, you can say 'I failed the test' and 'The teacher failed me'. In the first sentence, 'fail' means to be unsuccessful. In the second, it means to cause someone to be unsuccessful. Hindi strictly separates these two meanings.
Mistake 2: Confusing 'होना' and 'करना'
Using 'करना' when you mean 'होना' changes the meaning entirely, making it sound like you intentionally sabotaged something.

Incorrect: मैंने परीक्षा फेल की। (I failed the exam - implies you intentionally failed it or failed the exam paper itself.)
Correct: मैं परीक्षा में फेल हो गया। (I failed in the exam.)

A third common mistake is neglecting the postposition 'में' (in) when specifying what was failed. In English, we fail 'a test'. In Hindi, we fail 'in a test'.

Incorrect: वह टेस्ट फेल हो गया।
Correct: वह टेस्ट में फेल हो गया।

Mistake 3: Pronunciation
English speakers often pronounce the 'f' sound with a hard labiodental fricative. While acceptable, many native Hindi speakers pronounce 'फ़' (f) closer to an aspirated 'p' (ph) sound, especially in rural areas.

Pronouncing it as 'phel' instead of 'fail' is common and understood, but standard Hindi uses the 'f' sound.

Incorrect: सीता फेल हो गया।
Correct: सीता फेल हो गई।

Avoiding these common pitfalls will drastically improve the natural flow of your Hindi. Remember the formula: Subject + 'में' (optional context) + 'फेल' + 'होना/करना' (conjugated correctly).
While 'फेल' is incredibly common, Hindi possesses a rich vocabulary of native words to express failure, unsuccessfulness, and defeat. These alternatives are often used in more formal, literary, or journalistic contexts where English loanwords might seem out of place. Understanding these synonyms allows learners to elevate their Hindi from casual street level to a more sophisticated and articulate register. The most direct and formal translation of 'unsuccessful' is 'असफल' (asaphal).
असफल (Asaphal)
This is a pure Hindi (Sanskrit-derived) word meaning unsuccessful. It is the formal antonym of 'सफल' (saphal - successful). You will read this in newspapers, formal letters, and literature.

यह प्रयोग पूरी तरह से असफल रहा। (This experiment was completely unsuccessful.)

Another highly common alternative, heavily influenced by Urdu, is 'नाकाम' (nakaam). This word carries a slightly more poetic or emotional weight and is frequently found in Bollywood songs, poetry, and dramatic dialogues.
नाकाम (Nakaam)
Means unsuccessful, failed, or thwarted. Often paired with 'कोशिश' (koshish - attempt) to mean a 'failed attempt'.

पुलिस ने चोरों की योजना को नाकाम कर दिया। (The police thwarted/failed the thieves' plan.)

If you want to talk about failure in the sense of defeat or losing a competition, the word 'हारना' (haarna - to lose) is appropriate. While 'फेल' implies not reaching a standard, 'हारना' implies being beaten by an opponent or a situation.

वह चुनाव में हार गया। (He lost/failed in the election.)

विफल (Viphal)
Very similar to 'असफल', this is a highly formal word meaning fruitless, vain, or failed. It is often used in political or highly technical contexts.

शांति वार्ता विफल हो गई। (The peace talks failed.)

In casual slang, you might also hear words like 'फ्लॉप' (flop), another English loanword, used mostly for movies, events, or ideas that did not succeed. 'पार्टी फ्लॉप हो गई' (The party was a flop).

उसकी नई फिल्म बॉक्स ऑफिस पर फ्लॉप हो गई। (His new movie flopped at the box office.)

By knowing these alternatives, you can tailor your vocabulary to the exact situation, whether you are chatting with a friend about a failed exam ('फेल'), writing a formal report about an unsuccessful project ('असफल'), or describing a dramatic thwarted robbery ('नाकाम').
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Examples by Level

1

मैं टेस्ट में फेल हो गया।

I failed the test.

Uses past tense 'हो गया' with the male subject 'मैं'.

2

वह फेल है।

He is failed.

Simple present state using 'है'.

3

क्या तुम फेल हो गए?

Did you fail?

Yes/No question in the past tense.

4

मेरा भाई फेल हो गया।

My brother failed.

Subject is 'मेरा भाई' (my brother).

5

मैं फेल नहीं होना चाहता।

I do not want to fail.

Infinitive 'होना' used with 'चाहता' (want).

6

वह गणित में फेल हो गई।

She failed in math.

Feminine past tense 'हो गई'.

7

राम फेल हो गया।

Ram failed.

Simple past tense with a proper noun.

8

मुझे डर है कि मैं फेल हो जाऊंगा।

I am afraid that I will fail.

Future tense 'हो जाऊंगा'.

1

टीचर ने मुझे फेल कर दिया।

The teacher failed me.

Transitive use 'फेल करना' with 'ने'.

2

वह ड्राइविंग टेस्ट में फेल हो गया।

He failed the driving test.

Using 'में' for the specific test.

3

अगर तुम नहीं पढ़ोगे, तो फेल हो जाओगे।

If you don't study, you will fail.

Conditional sentence structure.

4

मशीन फेल हो गई है।

The machine has failed.

Present perfect tense 'हो गई है'.

5

उसने मुझे जानबूझकर फेल किया।

He intentionally failed me.

Using adverb 'जानबूझकर' (intentionally).

6

इंटरव्यू में फेल होने के बाद वह उदास था।

He was sad after failing the interview.

Using 'के बाद' (after) with the infinitive.

7

क्या गाड़ी के ब्रेक फेल हो गए?

Did the car's brakes fail?

Plural subject 'ब्रेक' requires 'हो गए'.

8

मैं कभी फेल नहीं हुआ हूँ।

I have never failed.

Present perfect negative 'नहीं हुआ हूँ'.

1

हमारा सारा प्लान फेल हो गया।

Our entire plan failed.

Abstract subject 'प्लान' (plan).

2

बारिश की वजह से कार्यक्रम फेल हो गया।

The program failed because of the rain.

Using 'की वजह से' (because of).

3

यह दवा पूरी तरह से फेल है।

This medicine is a complete failure.

Using 'पूरी तरह से' (completely).

4

मुझे लगता है कि यह आईडिया फेल हो जाएगा।

I think this idea will fail.

Expressing opinion with 'मुझे लगता है कि'.

5

वह लगातार तीन बार फेल हो चुका है।

He has already failed three times consecutively.

Using 'चुका है' to emphasize completion.

6

कोशिश करने वालों की कभी हार नहीं होती, वे बस कभी-कभी फेल होते हैं।

Those who try never truly lose, they just sometimes fail.

Philosophical statement using habitual present 'होते हैं'.

7

इंजन फेल होने के कारण विमान को उतारना पड़ा।

The plane had to be landed due to engine failure.

Using 'के कारण' (due to) and compulsion 'पड़ा'.

8

उसका दिल फेल हो गया था।

His heart had failed.

Medical context, past perfect tense 'हो गया था'.

1

सरकार की आर्थिक नीतियां पूरी तरह फेल हो चुकी हैं।

The government's economic policies have completely failed.

Plural feminine subject 'नीतियां'.

2

उसने अपनी परफॉरमेंस से सबको फेल कर दिया।

He outshined everyone with his performance.

Idiomatic use meaning 'to outshine' or 'make others look bad'.

3

जब सिस्टम फेल होता है, तो आम आदमी को नुकसान होता है।

When the system fails, the common man suffers.

General truth using 'जब... तो' structure.

4

इस प्रोजेक्ट के फेल होने की जिम्मेदारी किसकी है?

Whose responsibility is the failure of this project?

Using 'के फेल होने की' (of the failing of).

5

यह तर्क मेरे सामने फेल है।

This argument fails in front of me (is invalid).

Using 'के सामने' (in front of) metaphorically.

6

बिना अच्छी तैयारी के किसी भी परीक्षा में फेल होना तय है।

Without good preparation, failing any exam is certain.

Using 'तय है' (is certain).

7

उसकी चालाकी यहाँ फेल हो गई।

His cunningness failed here.

Abstract noun 'चालाकी' as the subject.

8

हमें फेल होने के डर से बाहर निकलना होगा।

We have to get out of the fear of failing.

Using 'के डर से' (from the fear of).

1

यह एक संस्थागत फेलियर है, सिर्फ एक व्यक्ति की गलती नहीं।

This is an institutional failure, not just one person's mistake.

Using 'फेलियर' (failure) as a noun directly borrowed from English.

2

उसकी सुंदरता के आगे स्वर्ग की अप्सराएं भी फेल हैं।

Even the nymphs of heaven fail (pale in comparison) before her beauty.

Highly poetic and idiomatic comparative use.

3

लगातार फेल होने के बावजूद, उसने अपना मनोबल नहीं टूटने दिया।

Despite failing continuously, he did not let his morale break.

Using 'के बावजूद' (despite).

4

जब कूटनीति फेल हो जाती है, तब युद्ध शुरू होता है।

When diplomacy fails, war begins.

Complex abstract concepts.

5

यह मॉडल भारतीय परिप्रेक्ष्य में पूरी तरह से फेल साबित हुआ है।

This model has proven to be a complete fail in the Indian context.

Using 'साबित हुआ है' (has proven to be).

6

मैं उसे फेल करने की साज़िश रच रहा था, लेकिन खुद ही फँस गया।

I was plotting to fail him, but got trapped myself.

Using 'की साज़िश' (conspiracy of).

7

तकनीक के इस युग में, पुरानी रणनीतियां अक्सर फेल हो जाती हैं।

In this age of technology, old strategies often fail.

Societal observation.

8

उसका यह दांव भी अंततः फेल ही रहा।

This gamble of his also ultimately remained a failure.

Using 'अंततः' (ultimately) and emphatic 'ही'.

1

यह महज एक तकनीकी खराबी नहीं, बल्कि पूरी व्यवस्था का फेल हो जाना है।

This is not merely a technical glitch, but the failing of the entire system.

Using infinitive 'हो जाना' as a verbal noun.

2

नैतिकता के मापदंडों पर यह समाज बुरी तरह फेल हो चुका है।

On the parameters of morality, this society has failed miserably.

Abstract philosophical commentary.

3

उसकी वाक्पटुता के सामने बड़े-बड़े वक्ता फेल हो जाते हैं।

In front of his eloquence, even great orators fail (are rendered speechless).

Advanced idiomatic usage expressing superiority.

4

फेल होने की विडंबना यह है कि यह आपको सफलता का असली मोल सिखाती है।

The irony of failing is that it teaches you the true value of success.

Literary reflection on failure.

5

जब तर्क फेल हो जाते हैं, तब भावनाएं हावी होने लगती हैं।

When logic fails, emotions begin to dominate.

Psychological observation.

6

उसने अपने आलोचकों को अपनी शानदार वापसी से फेल कर दिया।

He failed (silenced) his critics with his spectacular comeback.

Metaphorical use of 'फेल करन

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Related Content

More education words

मदरसा

A1

A madarsa is a type of educational institution, specifically one that focuses on Islamic religious instruction alongside general subjects. In South Asia, it refers to a school where students learn Arabic, the Quran, and other academic topics.

अनपढ़

A2

Illiterate; unable to read or write.

उत्तर

A1

The word 'उत्तर' primarily refers to an answer or response to a question or problem in an educational context. It also signifies the cardinal direction 'North' and is used to describe something that comes after or is subsequent to another thing.

शागिर्द

A1

A student, disciple, or apprentice, especially one who learns a traditional art, craft, or skill under the guidance of a master or teacher. It often implies a long-term, personal mentorship relationship rather than just formal classroom learning.

अध्यापिका

A1

Female teacher, instructress.

अध्ययन करना

A2

To study; to devote time and attention to acquiring knowledge.

किताब

A1

A 'kitaab' refers to a written or printed work consisting of pages bound together within a cover. It is the primary medium for literature, education, and record-keeping in Hindi-speaking regions.

पुस्तक

A1

A written or printed work consisting of pages glued or sewn together along one side and bound in covers. It is a formal term in Hindi used extensively in academic, literary, and official contexts to refer to any kind of bound publication.

बोर्ड

A2

Board (e.g., blackboard, notice board).

चौक

A2

Chalk (noun)

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