비싸게
비싸게 in 30 Seconds
- An adverb meaning 'expensively' or 'at a high price'.
- Used to modify verbs like buying, selling, or appearing.
- Can metaphorically mean 'playing hard to get' (비싸게 굴다).
- Essential for bargaining and discussing value in Korean culture.
- Core Function
- It describes the manner in which an action involving cost or value is performed.
시장에서 물건을 비싸게 샀어요. (I bought the item expensively at the market.)
- Social Nuance
- Using this word can signal your awareness of market trends and social status.
그는 항상 옷을 비싸게 입어요. (He always dresses expensively.)
- Placement Rule
- Place '비싸게' immediately before the verb it modifies for the most natural flow.
중고차를 비싸게 팔았어요. (I sold the used car expensively/at a high price.)
너무 비싸게 사지 마세요. (Don't buy it too expensively.)
- The 'Appearance' Context
- Use '비싸게 보이다' to discuss the aesthetic value of an object regardless of its actual cost.
이 시계는 진짜 비싸게 보여요. (This watch looks really expensive.)
- Market Discourse
- In bargaining, '비싸게' is a tool to negotiate a lower price by highlighting the current high cost.
그 회사는 원자재를 비싸게 수입합니다. (That company imports raw materials expensively.)
- Media Usage
- TV shows often use '비싸게' to highlight class differences or the absurdity of high prices in modern society.
요즘은 커피 한 잔도 비싸게 느껴져요. (Even a cup of coffee feels expensive these days.)
- Mistake 1: Adjective vs. Adverb
- Incorrect: 비싼 샀어요 (Bought expensive). Correct: 비싸게 샀어요 (Bought expensively).
비싸게 저는 어제 가방을 샀어요. (Expensively I yesterday bag bought.)
- Mistake 2: Idiomatic Verbs
- Using '하다' instead of '굴다' in the idiom '비싸게 굴다' makes the speaker sound unnatural.
비싸게 안 샀어요 vs 비싸서 안 샀어요. (I didn't buy it expensively vs I didn't buy it because it was expensive.)
- 고가로 (Formal)
- Used in professional and written contexts. Example: 이 도자기는 고가로 낙찰되었습니다. (This porcelain was sold at a high price at auction.)
그는 값비싸게 대가를 치렀다. (He paid a high price/dearly for it.)
- Comparisons
- 비싸게 vs 싸게 (Expensively vs Cheaply)
고가로 vs 저가로 (At a high price vs At a low price)
관광지에서 비싸게 바가지를 썼어요. (I got ripped off and paid a high price at the tourist spot.)
How Formal Is It?
Fun Fact
While '비싸다' is native, the word for 'cheap,' '싸다,' actually used to mean 'to be worth it' or 'appropriate' in Middle Korean. Over time, '비싸다' (not cheap) became the word for expensive.
Pronunciation Guide
- Pronouncing 'ss' (ㅆ) as a soft 's' (ㅅ). It should be tense.
- Pronouncing 'ge' (게) as 'gay'. It should be a shorter 'e' sound.
- Aspirating the 'b' (ㅂ) too much; it should be unaspirated and voiced between vowels.
- Failing to distinguish the pitch of the 'ssa' syllable.
- Mumbling the final 'ge' syllable.
Difficulty Rating
Easy to recognize as it follows the standard -게 adverb pattern.
Requires distinguishing from the adjective form '비싼'.
The 'ss' (ㅆ) sound requires practice for correct tense pronunciation.
Clearly audible in most contexts due to the sharp 'ssa' sound.
What to Learn Next
Prerequisites
Learn Next
Advanced
Grammar to Know
Adverbial suffix -게
예쁘게 (beautifully), 크게 (largely), 비싸게 (expensively)
Adjective vs Adverb usage
비싼 가방 (Expensive bag) vs 비싸게 샀다 (Bought expensively)
Comparative -보다
어제보다 비싸게 샀어요. (Bought it more expensively than yesterday.)
Intensifiers with adverbs
너무 비싸게, 아주 비싸게, 훨씬 비싸게
Negative '안' with adverbs
비싸게 안 샀어요. (I didn't buy it expensively.)
Examples by Level
우유를 비싸게 샀어요.
I bought milk expensively.
비싸게 modifies the verb 샀어요 (bought).
빵을 비싸게 사지 마세요.
Don't buy bread expensively.
비싸게 is used with the negative command -지 마세요.
이것은 비싸게 팔아요.
They sell this expensively.
비싸게 modifies the verb 팔아요 (sell).
커피를 너무 비싸게 샀어요.
I bought coffee too expensively.
너무 (too) is an intensifier for 비싸게.
그는 책을 비싸게 사요.
He buys books expensively.
Present tense usage of 비싸게.
비싸게 샀지만 좋아요.
I bought it expensively, but it's good.
Using -지만 (but) to connect two clauses.
어제 과일을 비싸게 샀어요.
Yesterday I bought fruit expensively.
Time adverb '어제' used with the past tense.
왜 비싸게 샀어요?
Why did you buy it expensively?
Interrogative sentence using '왜' (why).
이 옷은 비싸게 보여요.
This clothing looks expensive.
비싸게 modifies the verb 보이다 (to look/appear).
친구에게 비싸게 팔았어요.
I sold it expensively to a friend.
Indirect object '친구에게' used with the action.
그는 비싸게 굴어요.
He is playing hard to get.
Idiomatic expression '비싸게 굴다'.
신발을 비싸게 사고 싶지 않아요.
I don't want to buy shoes expensively.
-고 싶지 않다 (don't want to) combined with the adverb.
백화점은 물건을 비싸게 팔아요.
Department stores sell things expensively.
General statement about a location.
어제보다 비싸게 샀어요.
I bought it more expensively than yesterday.
Comparison using -보다 (than).
비싸게 보이지만 싸요.
It looks expensive, but it's cheap.
Contrasting appearance with reality.
그녀는 비싸게 입는 편이에요.
She tends to dress expensively.
-는 편이다 (tend to) used with the adverb.
시간을 비싸게 쓰고 있습니다.
I am using my time expensively (valuable).
Figurative use of '비싸게' to mean 'valuable'.
비싸게 대가를 치러야 했어요.
I had to pay a high price (consequence).
Idiom '대가를 치르다' (to pay the price) modified by 비싸게.
그는 자기 실력을 비싸게 팔고 싶어 해요.
He wants to sell his skills at a high price.
Metaphorical use for labor or skills.
물가가 올라서 비싸게 생활하고 있어요.
Prices rose, so I am living expensively.
Describing the manner of living (생활하다).
비싸게 샀던 가방이 망가졌어요.
The bag I bought expensively broke.
Past attributive form '샀던' combined with 비싸게.
그 배우는 비싸게 굴기로 유명해요.
That actor is famous for playing hard to get.
-기로 유명하다 (famous for) with the idiom.
우리는 원료를 비싸게 수입해야 합니다.
We have to import raw materials expensively.
Necessity form -해야 합니다.
그는 자신의 가치를 비싸게 매겼어요.
He set a high value on himself.
매기다 (to set/appraise) modified by 비싸게.
주식이 비싸게 거래되는 중입니다.
Stocks are currently being traded at a high price.
Passive progressive form '거래되는 중이다'.
비싸게 팔기 위해서는 홍보가 중요해요.
Promotion is important in order to sell expensively.
-기 위해서 (in order to) purpose clause.
그는 비싸게 굴어서 계약이 늦어졌어요.
The contract was delayed because he played hard to get.
Causal connection using -어서.
예술 작품은 비싸게 낙찰되기 마련입니다.
Artworks are bound to be auctioned off expensively.
-기 마련이다 (be bound to).
비싸게 주고 산 보람이 있네요.
It was worth the high price I paid.
Idiom '보람이 있다' (to be worthwhile).
정부는 에너지를 비싸게 사올 수밖에 없어요.
The government has no choice but to buy energy expensively.
-을 수밖에 없다 (have no choice but to).
그는 인생을 비싸게 배우고 있습니다.
He is learning life's lessons the hard way (expensively).
Philosophical use of the adverb.
비싸게 굴지 말고 빨리 대답해.
Don't play hard to get and answer quickly.
Informal imperative with -지 말고.
그는 비싸게 굴어 자신의 가치를 높였다.
He increased his value by playing hard to get.
Using the adverb to describe a strategic behavior.
비싸게 치른 자유의 대가는 컸다.
The price of freedom, paid dearly, was great.
Participial phrase '비싸게 치른' modifying '대가'.
명품은 비싸게 보일수록 더 잘 팔립니다.
The more expensive luxury goods look, the better they sell.
-을수록 (the more... the more...).
비싸게 굴던 그도 결국 무릎을 꿇었다.
Even he, who had been playing hard to get, eventually knelt.
Retrospective attributive '-던' with the adverb.
그의 말은 비싸게 들리지만 알맹이가 없다.
His words sound expensive (sophisticated), but they lack substance.
Metaphorical use for speech style.
우리는 평화를 비싸게 지켜내야만 했다.
We had to protect peace at a great cost.
Emphasizing the 'cost' of an abstract concept.
비싸게 매겨진 가격은 심리적 장벽이 된다.
An expensively set price becomes a psychological barrier.
Passive participial '매겨진' modified by the adverb.
그는 비싸게 굴어서 사람들의 호기심을 샀다.
He piqued people's curiosity by acting aloof.
Idiom '호기심을 사다' triggered by the adverbial phrase.
비싸게 굴어온 그의 처세술이 빛을 발했다.
His life strategy of acting aloof finally paid off.
Compound verb '-어 오다' indicating a long-term habit.
진리는 종종 비싸게 위장되어 나타난다.
Truth often appears disguised expensively (in a complex way).
Philosophical application of the adverb.
비싸게 굴지 않으면 무시당하는 사회다.
It is a society where you are ignored if you don't play hard to get.
Conditional -면 in a social commentary context.
그는 비싸게 산 교훈을 잊지 않으려 노력했다.
He tried not to forget the lesson he had bought at a high price.
Metaphorical 'buying' of lessons.
정의를 비싸게 팔아넘긴 자들의 말로는 비참했다.
The end for those who sold out justice at a high price was miserable.
Moral/Ethical context for the transaction.
비싸게 굴던 운명도 결국 그의 편이 되었다.
Fate, which had been playing hard to get, eventually sided with him.
Personification of fate using the adverb.
비싸게 수입된 사상은 현지화가 필요하다.
Ideologies imported at a high cost need localization.
Applying economic terms to intellectual concepts.
비싸게 굴어야만 대접받는 현실이 안타깝다.
It is sad that one is only treated well if they act aloof.
-어야만 (only if) emphasizing necessity.
Synonyms
Antonyms
Common Collocations
Common Phrases
— Why are you selling it so expensively? Used in bargaining.
시장 아주머니께 왜 이렇게 비싸게 파냐고 물어봤어요.
— I think I bought it too expensively. Expressing regret after a purchase.
인터넷보다 더 비싸게 산 것 같아요.
— I want to look expensive/high-class. Describing a desire for status.
중요한 자리라 비싸게 보이고 싶어서 정장을 입었어요.
— Don't play hard to get. Telling someone to be more cooperative or friendly.
제안을 수락할 거면 비싸게 굴지 마세요.
— I paid a high price for it. Emphasizing the cost of an item.
이 컴퓨터 진짜 비싸게 주고 샀어요.
— It will be sold at a high price. Predicting the value of something.
이 골동품은 나중에 비싸게 팔릴 거예요.
— To live a high-cost lifestyle. Describing someone's spending habits.
그는 수입에 비해 너무 비싸게 생활해요.
— To treat someone as valuable. Giving someone high-class treatment.
그 회사는 전문가를 비싸게 대우해 줍니다.
— To eat an expensive meal. Describing a costly dining experience.
어제는 특별한 날이라 비싸게 먹었어요.
— To consider something expensive. Having a high perception of cost.
사람들은 이 서비스를 비싸게 생각합니다.
Often Confused With
This is an adjective modifying a noun. '비싼 가방' (Expensive bag) vs '비싸게 샀다' (Bought expensively).
This means 'because it is expensive.' It gives a reason, while '비싸게' describes the manner.
This means 'if it is expensive.' It sets a condition.
Idioms & Expressions
— To play hard to get; to act aloof or precious about one's time or attention.
데이트 신청을 했더니 그녀가 비싸게 구네.
Casual— To pay a high price for a mistake; to suffer severe consequences.
그 실수는 대가를 비싸게 치러야 할 거야.
Neutral— To live up to a high reputation or brand name (often by being expensive).
이 호텔은 정말 이름값을 비싸게 하네요.
Neutral— To be highly valued or sought after in a metaphorical sense.
그의 아이디어는 시장에서 비싸게 팔렸다.
Neutral— To demand a high salary or fee for one's professional services.
그 선수는 몸값을 아주 비싸게 불렀어요.
Business— To hang out in expensive places or engage in high-cost hobbies.
그들은 주말마다 골프를 치며 비싸게 놀아요.
Slang-ish— To end up costing a lot; to be effectively expensive.
수리비가 생각보다 비싸게 먹혔어요.
Casual— To look high-end or luxurious regardless of actual cost.
이 저렴한 옷도 코디만 잘하면 비싸게 보여요.
Neutral— To set or estimate a price high.
예산을 너무 비싸게 잡은 것 아니에요?
Business— To act aloof or superior (similar to 비싸게 굴다 but more emphasis on being 'standoffish').
유명해지더니 좀 비싸게 튀네.
SlangEasily Confused
Both come from the same root '비싸다'.
비싼 is an adjective (modifies nouns), 비싸게 is an adverb (modifies verbs).
비싼 차를 비싸게 샀어요. (I bought an expensive car expensively.)
Both mean 'at a high price'.
고가로 is formal/Sino-Korean, 비싸게 is native/common.
경매에서 고가로 팔렸다. (Sold at a high price at auction.)
Opposite meaning but same grammatical structure.
비싸게 is expensive, 싸게 is cheap.
싸게 사서 비싸게 팔아요. (Buy low, sell high.)
The base verb form.
비싸다 is the predicate (to be expensive), 비싸게 is the modifier.
이것은 비싸다. (This is expensive.)
Very similar meaning.
값비싸게 is more emphatic and slightly more literary.
값비싸게 꾸민 방. (A room decorated expensively.)
Sentence Patterns
[Noun]을/를 비싸게 샀어요.
사과를 비싸게 샀어요.
[Noun]이/가 비싸게 보여요.
이 차가 비싸게 보여요.
[Person]이/가 비싸게 굴어요.
그 사람이 비싸게 굴어요.
[Noun]을/를 비싸게 팔기 위해서 [Action].
집을 비싸게 팔기 위해서 수리했어요.
비싸게 치른 [Noun]의 대가.
비싸게 치른 성공의 대가.
비싸게 매겨진 [Noun]의 가치.
비싸게 매겨진 예술의 가치.
너무 비싸게 [Verb]지 마세요.
너무 비싸게 사지 마세요.
왜 이렇게 비싸게 [Verb]요?
왜 이렇게 비싸게 팔아요?
Word Family
Nouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Related
How to Use It
Extremely common in daily life and media.
-
비싼 샀어요.
→
비싸게 샀어요.
You must use the adverb form (-게) to modify the verb '사다.'
-
그는 비싸게 사람이에요.
→
그는 비싼 사람이에요.
To describe a person (noun), use the adjective form '비싼.'
-
비싸게 해요.
→
비싸게 굴어요.
When meaning 'playing hard to get,' the verb '굴다' is idiomatic, not '하다.'
-
비싸게 때문에 안 샀어요.
→
비싸서 안 샀어요.
'비싸게' is an adverb of manner; to give a reason, use '-아서/어서' (비싸서).
-
매우 고가로 샀어요.
→
매우 비싸게 샀어요.
'고가로' is usually for formal transactions or passive states, not usually for personal 'buying' in casual speech.
Tips
Adverbial Suffix
Always remember that the suffix -게 turns adjectives into adverbs. This rule applies to most Korean adjectives.
The Root Word
The root is '비싸다.' If you forget the adverb, start with the adjective and add -게.
Bargaining
In traditional markets, saying '비싸게 파시네요' (You're selling it expensively) is a classic way to start a price negotiation.
Social Value
Use '비싸게 굴다' to describe someone who is acting like they are too important for a situation.
Relative Cost
Use '보다' with '비싸게' to compare prices: 'A보다 B를 비싸게 샀어요.'
Formal Contexts
In a company meeting, use '고가로' or '비싼 가격으로' instead of '비싸게' to sound more professional.
Pronunciation
Make sure to double the 's' sound in 'ssa' to ensure you are understood correctly.
Placement
Keep '비싸게' close to the verb it modifies to avoid ambiguity in your sentences.
Catching Nuance
Listen for '비싸게' in K-Dramas to understand how it's used to describe wealthy characters' lifestyles.
Regret
Saying '비싸게 샀어요' often implies a bit of regret or that you think you didn't get a good deal.
Memorize It
Mnemonic
Think of a 'Bee' (비) that is 'Sassy' (싸) because it wears 'Gold' (게). It acts 'expensively' and 'plays hard to get'.
Visual Association
Imagine a luxury price tag with the letters B-S-G (Bi-Ssa-Ge) written in gold ink.
Word Web
Challenge
Try to use '비싸게' in three different ways today: once for buying something, once for how something looks, and once for someone's behavior.
Word Origin
Derived from the native Korean adjective '비싸다'. The root '비' is historically linked to the concept of 'price' or 'cost' (related to the Hanja '費' for expense, though the word itself is considered native). The suffix '-게' is the standard adverbializer in Korean.
Original meaning: To be of high price or value.
KoreanicCultural Context
Be careful when telling someone they are '비싸게 굴다' as it can be seen as teasing or slightly rude depending on your closeness.
English speakers might just say 'It's expensive,' but Koreans use the adverbial 'expensively' to focus on the transaction or the behavior specifically.
Practice in Real Life
Real-World Contexts
Shopping at a market
- 비싸게 팔지 마세요.
- 너무 비싸게 샀어요.
- 다른 데보다 비싸게 파네요.
- 비싸게 산 보람이 있어요.
Dating and Socializing
- 비싸게 굴지 마.
- 그는 좀 비싸게 튀는 스타일이야.
- 비싸게 보이고 싶어.
- 비싸게 대우해 줘.
Business and Economics
- 비싸게 거래되다.
- 비싸게 매각하다.
- 비싸게 수입하다.
- 가격을 비싸게 책정하다.
Regretting a mistake
- 비싸게 대가를 치르다.
- 비싸게 배웠다.
- 비싸게 먹혔다.
- 비싸게 주고 샀다.
Describing Appearance
- 비싸게 보이다.
- 비싸게 입다.
- 비싸게 꾸미다.
- 비싸게 느껴지다.
Conversation Starters
"이 가방 어디서 샀어요? 진짜 비싸게 보여요!"
"요즘 물가가 너무 올라서 모든 걸 비싸게 사는 기분이에요."
"그 친구는 왜 그렇게 비싸게 구는 걸까요?"
"혹시 이 물건을 비싸게 팔 수 있는 방법을 아세요?"
"비싸게 산 물건 중에 가장 마음에 드는 게 뭐예요?"
Journal Prompts
오늘 비싸게 산 물건이 있나요? 왜 샀는지 적어보세요.
누군가 당신에게 비싸게 군 적이 있나요? 그때 기분이 어땠나요?
미래에 비싸게 팔고 싶은 재능이나 능력이 있다면 무엇인가요?
비싸게 대가를 치르고 배운 인생의 교훈에 대해 써보세요.
돈을 비싸게 쓰는 것과 가치 있게 쓰는 것의 차이는 무엇일까요?
Frequently Asked Questions
10 questionsYes, but only with specific verbs like '굴다' (to behave). '비싸게 굴다' means playing hard to get. You cannot say '그는 비싸게다' (incorrect).
'비싼' is an adjective used before a noun (e.g., 비싼 시계). '비싸게' is an adverb used before a verb (e.g., 비싸게 샀다).
It is used, but '고가로' or '비싼 가격에' is often preferred for a more professional tone in written reports.
You say '너무 비싸게 샀어요.' '너무' means 'too' and adds emphasis to the high cost.
Yes, in figurative contexts like '시간을 비싸게 쓰다' (to use time valuably/expensively).
It can be teasing among friends, but it might be slightly offensive if said to a stranger or superior.
You can ask '왜 그렇게 비싸게 샀어요?' (Why did you buy it so expensively?).
The most common antonym is '싸게' (cheaply).
Yes, '비싸게 보이다' means 'to look expensive' and is a very common phrase.
No, Korean adverbs remain the same regardless of the subject's gender, number, or formality.
Test Yourself 200 questions
Translate: 'I bought the clothes expensively.'
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Translate: 'Don't sell it too expensively.'
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Translate: 'This watch looks expensive.'
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Translate: 'Why are you playing hard to get?'
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Translate: 'I sold my car expensively.'
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Translate: 'I don't want to buy it expensively.'
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Translate: 'He always dresses expensively.'
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Translate: 'I paid a high price for my mistake.'
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Translate: 'Stocks are being traded expensively.'
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Translate: 'The government imports oil expensively.'
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Write a sentence using '비싸게' and '사과'.
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Write a sentence using '비싸게' and '보이다'.
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Write a sentence using '비싸게 굴다'.
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Write a sentence using '비싸게' and '팔다'.
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Translate: 'I bought it more expensively than my friend.'
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Translate: 'It looks expensive but it's actually cheap.'
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Translate: 'We must not sell our values expensively.'
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Translate: 'He is famous for acting aloof.'
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Translate: 'I set the budget too expensively.'
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Translate: 'The price of freedom is paid dearly.'
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Say 'I bought it expensively' in Korean.
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Ask 'Why is it so expensive?' using the adverb form.
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Tell a friend 'Don't play hard to get.'
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Say 'It looks expensive' naturally.
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Say 'I want to sell this expensively.'
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Say 'I bought it too expensively.'
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Say 'It feels expensive these days.'
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Tell someone 'Don't buy it expensively.'
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Say 'I paid a high price for the lesson.'
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Say 'Stocks are trading expensively.'
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Pronounce '비싸게' correctly, emphasizing the tense 'ss'.
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Say 'He dresses expensively.'
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Say 'I sold it expensively to my friend.'
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Say 'It's bound to be sold expensively.'
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Say 'I don't think I bought it expensively.'
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Say 'Why are you acting so precious?'
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Say 'The price was set expensively.'
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Say 'I bought it more expensively than last time.'
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Say 'It looks expensive, but it's cheap.'
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Say 'I'm living expensively due to inflation.'
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Listen and identify the adverb: '저는 이 옷을 진짜 비싸게 샀어요.'
Listen and identify the verb: '비싸게 팔지 마세요.'
Listen and translate: '너무 비싸게 샀어요.'
Listen for the idiom: '그는 요즘 너무 비싸게 굴어요.'
Listen and decide: Is the price high or low? '비싸게 거래되고 있습니다.'
Listen and identify the object: '사과를 비싸게 샀어요.'
Listen and identify the speaker's feeling: '비싸게 샀지만 마음에 들어요.'
Listen and identify the location: '백화점에서는 물건을 비싸게 팔아요.'
Listen and complete: '왜 ____ 샀어요?' (Why did you buy it expensively?)
Listen and translate: '비싸게 보이죠?'
Listen and identify the tense: '비싸게 팔 거예요.'
Listen and identify the subject: '그녀는 비싸게 입어요.'
Listen and identify the reason: '물가가 올라서 비싸게 샀어요.'
Listen and identify the advice: '너무 비싸게 사지 마세요.'
Listen and identify the idiom: '몸값을 비싸게 불렀어요.'
/ 200 correct
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Summary
The word '비싸게' is the adverbial form of '비싸다' (expensive). It is used to describe actions involving high costs, such as buying or selling. Remember the idiom '비싸게 굴다' which means acting aloof or playing hard to get. Example: '너무 비싸게 샀어요' (I bought it too expensively).
- An adverb meaning 'expensively' or 'at a high price'.
- Used to modify verbs like buying, selling, or appearing.
- Can metaphorically mean 'playing hard to get' (비싸게 굴다).
- Essential for bargaining and discussing value in Korean culture.
Adverbial Suffix
Always remember that the suffix -게 turns adjectives into adverbs. This rule applies to most Korean adjectives.
The Root Word
The root is '비싸다.' If you forget the adverb, start with the adjective and add -게.
Bargaining
In traditional markets, saying '비싸게 파시네요' (You're selling it expensively) is a classic way to start a price negotiation.
Social Value
Use '비싸게 굴다' to describe someone who is acting like they are too important for a situation.
Related Content
This Word in Other Languages
Related Grammar Rules
More business words
에 대한
A2Concerning or relating to; about, regarding.
~대하여
A2About, concerning, regarding.
대해서
A2Concerning or with regard to; about, regarding.
에 대해
A2About; regarding.
풍요롭다
A2To be abundant, prosperous, or rich.
관철하다
B2To carry through, achieve, or persist in one's will or goal until it is accomplished, despite difficulties.
~에 따라
B1According to, depending on; as stated by or determined by.
에 따라
A2According to; in accordance with.
에 의하면
B1According to; as stated by or reported by.
회계사
A2Accountant; a person whose job is to keep financial accounts.