This page in your language
فارسی العربية Deutsch Español Français 日本語 한국어 Português 中文 हिन्दी
B1 verb 9 min read

协作

xiezuo
Examples Notes & Tips 协作 in 30 Seconds
Explanation 协作 in your Level:
At the A1 level, you don't need to use the word '协作' (xiézuò) yet. Instead, you usually use the word '一起' (yìqǐ), which means 'together.' For example, you might say '我们一起学习' (We study together). '协作' is a much more formal and difficult word. At this stage, just focus on the idea of doing things with other people. You might see '协作' in very simple signs or titles, but you don't need to worry about the grammar of it. Just remember that in Chinese, when you want to say people are doing something as a group, you use '一起' before the action. '协作' is like a very fancy version of '一起工作' (working together) that you will learn later. If you see it, just think: 'Oh, they are working as a team.'
Sign up free to read full explanation
At the A2 level, you are starting to learn more formal words for everyday life. You might encounter '协作' in a workplace or a school project context. While you might still prefer to use '合作' (hézuò - cooperate), which is slightly easier, you should recognize '协作' as meaning 'collaboration.' You might see it in phrases like '团队协作' (team collaboration). At this level, you should understand that '协作' is used for tasks, especially in a job. You can start using it in simple sentences like '我们需要协作' (We need to collaborate). It's a good word to know if you are talking about your job or a group assignment in a Chinese class. It sounds more professional than just saying '一起做' (doing it together).
Sign up free to read full explanation
At the B1 level, '协作' is an essential part of your vocabulary. You are expected to discuss work, education, and social issues with more precision. '协作' allows you to talk about 'teamwork' and 'coordination' in a professional way. You should know how to use it as both a noun ('这种协作很重要' - This collaboration is important) and a verb ('各部门正在协作' - The departments are collaborating). You should also be able to distinguish it from '合作.' Remember that '协作' often implies a specific, organized effort where different people have different roles that fit together. It is a very common word in IELTS topics related to the environment, international relations, and the workplace. Using '协作' correctly will significantly improve your speaking and writing scores by making your Chinese sound more formal and structured.
At the B2 level, you should use '协作' fluently and accurately in various contexts. You should be familiar with common collocations like '紧密协作' (close collaboration), '跨部门协作' (cross-departmental collaboration), and '协作精神' (spirit of collaboration). You should understand its role in complex sentences, such as '为了实现可持续发展目标，各国必须加强国际协作' (In order to achieve sustainable development goals, all countries must strengthen international collaboration). At this level, you should also understand the nuance that '协作' often refers to the technical or functional alignment of different entities. You might use it when writing business reports or giving presentations about project management. It is a key word for expressing the idea of 'synergy' and 'integration' in a professional Chinese environment.
Sign up free to read full explanation
At the C1 level, you are exploring the deeper stylistic and rhetorical uses of '协作.' You should be able to use it in academic writing and high-level business negotiations. You understand that '协作' carries a connotation of harmony and systemic efficiency. You can use it to discuss abstract concepts like '社会协作' (social coordination) or '全球治理中的协作机制' (collaboration mechanisms in global governance). You should be able to contrast it with terms like '博弈' (game/competition) or '冲突' (conflict) in political or economic analyses. Your usage should be effortless, and you should be able to use it to create sophisticated, multi-layered sentences that reflect a high degree of linguistic competence. You might also encounter it in historical or philosophical texts discussing the nature of human society.
Sign up free to read full explanation
At the C2 level, your mastery of '协作' is indistinguishable from that of a highly educated native speaker. You use the word with precision in the most formal and specialized contexts, such as legal documents, high-level diplomatic communiqués, or complex scientific papers. You understand the historical evolution of the term and its place within the broader landscape of Chinese social and political thought. You can use '协作' to articulate subtle differences in organizational theory or international law. You are also aware of how the word is used in modern digital contexts, such as '分布式协作' (distributed collaboration) in blockchain or software development. Your ability to use '协作' allows you to navigate the most complex professional and intellectual environments in the Chinese-speaking world with complete confidence.
Sign up free to read full explanation
Examples Notes & Tips

协作 in 30 Seconds

  • 协作 (xiézuò) means 'collaboration' or 'coordination' in a formal, professional context.
  • It is used for team projects, business, and international relations.
  • It functions as both a verb and a noun in Chinese sentences.
  • It emphasizes organized and synchronized effort among different parties.

The Chinese term 协作 (xiézuò) is a sophisticated verb and noun that embodies the essence of collective effort. At its core, it refers to the act of working in harmony with others to achieve a shared objective. While often translated simply as 'collaboration' or 'cooperation,' it carries a nuance of organized, systemic partnership. In modern Chinese society, this word is ubiquitous in professional environments, academic settings, and international discourse. It suggests a higher level of integration than simple 'working together'; it implies that different parts of a system or different members of a group are aligning their specific roles to produce a result that none could achieve alone.

Professional Context
In the corporate world, 协作 is the gold standard for team efficiency. It is used to describe cross-departmental projects where marketing, engineering, and sales must synchronize their efforts. A company might pride itself on its '协作精神' (collaborative spirit), indicating a culture where silos are broken down and information is shared freely.
Academic and Research Settings
In universities, students are frequently evaluated on their ability to engage in 协作学习 (collaborative learning). In the scientific community, it describes international research initiatives where laboratories across different continents pool data and resources to tackle global challenges like climate change or pandemics.
International Relations
Diplomats and world leaders often use 协作 when discussing bilateral or multilateral agreements. It signifies a formal commitment to joint action, whether in security, trade, or environmental protection. It is a key term in the IELTS exam when discussing how nations should address global crises.

"成功的项目离不开团队成员之间的紧密协作。" (A successful project cannot succeed without the close collaboration of team members.)

— Common Business Maxim

Understanding 协作 is crucial for anyone looking to navigate Chinese social or professional hierarchies. It is a word that signals maturity, professionalism, and a willingness to contribute to a greater whole. Whether you are discussing a group presentation in a classroom or a multi-million dollar merger, this word provides the necessary weight to describe the mechanics of joint effort. Its usage is formal yet accessible, making it an essential tool in a B1 learner's vocabulary. By mastering this word, you move beyond the simple 'together' (一起) and begin to express the complexities of human interaction in pursuit of excellence.

Using 协作 (xiézuò) correctly requires an understanding of its grammatical versatility. It functions primarily as a verb or a noun. As a verb, it often takes the form of 'A 与 B 协作' (A collaborates with B) or '团队成员互相协作' (Team members collaborate with each other). As a noun, it frequently appears in phrases like '协作精神' (spirit of collaboration) or '协作能力' (ability to collaborate).

"这两个部门在产品研发上进行了深度的协作。"

(These two departments engaged in deep collaboration on product research and development.)

When constructing sentences, it is important to pair 协作 with appropriate adverbs and adjectives. For example, '紧密' (tight/close) is the most common adjective used to describe the quality of collaboration. You will often hear '紧密协作' to describe a seamless partnership. Conversely, if collaboration is lacking, one might say '缺乏协作' (lacking collaboration).

Common Verb Patterns
1. Subject + 协作 + Verb: 医生们协作完成了手术。(The doctors collaborated to complete the surgery.)
2. A 与 B 协作: 我们公司将与贵方协作开发新市场。(Our company will collaborate with yours to develop new markets.)
Common Noun Phrases
1. 加强协作: 我们需要加强部门间的协作。(We need to strengthen collaboration between departments.)
2. 协作平台: 这是一个高效的在线协作平台。(This is an efficient online collaboration platform.)

"在这次紧急救援中，各部门表现出了极高的协作效率。"

(In this emergency rescue, various departments showed extremely high collaboration efficiency.)

By observing these patterns, you can see that 协作 is not just a word but a structural component of professional communication. It allows you to describe how complex tasks are broken down and reassembled through human effort. In your writing, try to use it to replace simpler words like '一起做' (do together) to instantly elevate your register to a B1 or B2 level. This is particularly useful in the IELTS Writing Task 2, where discussing societal or organizational cooperation is a frequent requirement.

If you were to step into a modern office in Shanghai, Beijing, or Shenzhen, 协作 (xiézuò) would be one of the most frequent words you'd encounter. It is the language of the 'New Economy,' where Agile methodologies and cross-functional teams are the norm. You will hear it in Monday morning stand-up meetings, in corporate training seminars, and in the marketing copy of software companies selling 'collaboration tools' (协作工具).

"为了提高效率，我们需要使用更好的远程协作软件。"

(To improve efficiency, we need to use better remote collaboration software.)

Beyond the office, 协作 is a staple of news broadcasts and political speeches. When the Chinese government discusses regional development, such as the 'Greater Bay Area' or the 'Belt and Road Initiative,' the word 协作 is used to describe the intricate dance of policy alignment and resource sharing between different cities and nations. It carries a sense of strategic partnership that is vital for large-scale social engineering projects.

In the Media
News anchors often use the term when reporting on joint military exercises (军事协作) or international climate summits. It frames the interaction as a professional, goal-oriented process rather than just a friendly meeting.
In Sports and Gaming
In the world of e-sports or team sports like basketball, commentators will praise a team's '团队协作' (teamwork). They might say, '他们的协作非常默契' (Their collaboration is very tacit/seamless), highlighting how players anticipate each other's moves.

"跨文化协作是全球化时代的一大挑战。"

(Cross-cultural collaboration is a major challenge in the era of globalization.)

In summary, 协作 is a word that bridges the gap between individual effort and collective achievement. It is formal, precise, and carries a positive connotation of efficiency and harmony. Whether you are reading a business report, watching a documentary on space exploration, or chatting with a Chinese colleague about a group task, you will find 协作 at the heart of the conversation. It is a word that reflects the modern Chinese emphasis on collective success and structural coordination.

Even for intermediate learners, 协作 (xiézuò) can be tricky due to its proximity to other words meaning 'to work together.' The most common mistake is using 协作 when a simpler or more specific word is required. Understanding the boundaries of this word is key to sounding natural.

Mistake 1: Confusing 协作 with 合作 (hézuò)
While often interchangeable, 合作 is much broader. You '合作' on a business deal or '合作' to move a sofa. 协作 is more technical and implies coordination between different functions. You wouldn't usually say '协作搬沙发' (collaborate to move a sofa); that sounds overly formal and slightly absurd. Use 合作 for general cooperation and 协作 for professional/technical coordination.
Mistake 2: Using it as a simple verb for 'help'
Learners sometimes try to use 协作 to mean 'help me.' For example, '你能协作我吗？' (Can you collaborate me?) is grammatically incorrect. You should use '协助' (xiézhù - to assist) or '帮助' (bāngzhù - to help). 协作 requires a mutual relationship or a specific task context.

Incorrect: "我们一起协作去吃饭吧。" (Let's collaborate to go eat.)
Correct: "我们一起去吃饭吧。" (Let's go eat together.)

协作 is for tasks, not social outings.

Another mistake involves word order. Because 协作 is a formal word, it often appears in specific structures. Saying '协作团队' (collaborate team) is incorrect; it should be '团队协作' (team collaboration/teamwork). The noun being modified usually comes first in this context.

"在大型项目中，缺乏协作往往会导致失败。"

(In large projects, a lack of collaboration often leads to failure.)

Finally, pay attention to the level of formality. Using 协作 in a very casual text message to a close friend might make you sound like a robot or a corporate HR manager. Match your vocabulary to your audience. Save 协作 for your boss, your teachers, or your IELTS examiner.

To truly master 协作 (xiézuò), you must understand its synonyms and how they differ. Chinese is rich with words for 'working together,' each with its own specific flavor and use-case.

协作 vs. 合作 (hézuò)
合作 is the most common and general term. It can refer to a business partnership, two people carrying a box, or countries signing a treaty. 协作 is a subset of cooperation that emphasizes the coordination of different parts within a larger system. Think of 合作 as 'working together' and 协作 as 'synergizing.'
协作 vs. 配合 (pèihé)
配合 means 'to coordinate' or 'to match.' It is often used when one person is leading and the other is following, or when two things need to fit together. For example, an actor needs to 配合 the director's instructions. 协作 implies a more equal, mutual relationship between parties working toward a common goal.
协作 vs. 协助 (xiézhù)
协助 means 'to assist.' It is a one-way street: A assists B. 协作 is a two-way (or multi-way) street: A and B work together. If your boss asks you to '协助' him, you are helping him with his task. If you '协作' on a project, you are both responsible for the outcome.

"虽然这两个词意思相近，但在正式文档中，协作更能体现专业性。"

(Although these two words are similar in meaning, in formal documents, '协作' better reflects professionalism.)

By choosing the right word, you demonstrate a deep understanding of Chinese social dynamics. Use 协作 when you want to sound like a professional who understands the importance of integrated teamwork. It is the 'power word' of the Chinese workplace.

How Formal Is It?

Fun Fact

The character '协' is a beautiful visual representation of teamwork; it literally looks like three people (represented by '力') standing together under a roof or a common goal.

Pronunciation Guide

UK /ʃi.ɛ.tswɔ/
US /ʃjeɪ.tswoʊ/
Second syllable (zuò) has a strong falling stress.
Rhymes With
写做 (xiězuò) 解说 (jiěshuō) 杰作 (jiézuò) 鞋子 (xiézi - partial) 创作 (chuàngzuò) 操作 (cāozuò) 制作 (zhìzuò) 工作 (gōngzuò)
Common Errors
  • Pronouncing 'xi' as 'zi'.
  • Confusing the 2nd tone of 'xié' with the 1st tone.
  • Pronouncing 'zuò' like 'zu' (shoe).
  • Failing to distinguish 'xie' from 'xue'.
  • Over-aspirating the 'z' in 'zuò'.

Difficulty Rating

Reading 3/5

Easy to recognize in context.

Writing 4/5

Requires knowledge of formal collocations.

Speaking 4/5

Tones can be tricky for beginners.

Listening 3/5

Clear pronunciation, often used in news.

What to Learn Next

Prerequisites

工作 一起 人 做 好

Learn Next

协调 协同 效益 融合 共赢

Advanced

统筹 衔接 契合 博弈 互补

Grammar to Know

Using '与' for formal collaboration

中国与各国协作。

Resultative complements with 协作

协作完成任务。

Abstract nouns as subjects

协作是关键。

Modifying nouns with 协作

协作平台。

Using '进行' to formalize actions

进行深度协作。

Sign up free to read full explanation

Examples by Level

1

我们一起协作。

We collaborate together.

A1 usage of 协作 is rare; usually 一起 is used.

2

他们协作做作业。

They collaborate to do homework.

Verb usage.

3

我们需要协作。

We need to collaborate.

Simple modal verb construction.

4

协作很好。

Collaboration is good.

Noun usage as subject.

5

老师让我们协作。

The teacher asked us to collaborate.

Pivot sentence (让).

6

大家协作。

Everyone collaborate.

Imperative-like usage.

7

协作很快。

Collaboration is fast.

Describing the result.

8

我喜欢协作。

I like collaborating.

Expressing preference.

1

团队协作非常重要。

Team collaboration is very important.

Noun phrase as subject.

2

我们必须互相协作。

We must collaborate with each other.

Using 互相 (each other).

3

这个项目需要大家协作。

This project needs everyone to collaborate.

Subject-Verb-Object.

4

他们协作完成了任务。

They completed the task by collaborating.

Verb + Resultative.

5

请大家加强协作。

Please everyone strengthen collaboration.

Formal request.

6

好的协作能省时间。

Good collaboration can save time.

Adjective modifying noun.

7

他在工作中很会协作。

He is good at collaborating at work.

Describing ability.

8

协作让工作更轻松。

Collaboration makes work easier.

Causative structure.

1

跨部门协作是成功的关键。

Cross-departmental collaboration is the key to success.

Complex noun phrase.

2

我们应该利用在线工具进行协作。

We should use online tools to collaborate.

Prepositional phrase (利用...进行).

3

为了达成目标，我们需要紧密协作。

In order to reach the goal, we need to collaborate closely.

Purpose clause (为了).

4

这种协作模式值得推广。

This collaboration model is worth promoting.

Noun + 值得.

5

各方在环保领域开展了广泛协作。

All parties have carried out extensive collaboration in the field of environmental protection.

Formal verb-object pairing (开展...协作).

6

缺乏协作会导致项目延期。

A lack of collaboration will lead to project delays.

Abstract subject.

7

他在面试中强调了自己的协作能力。

He emphasized his collaboration skills during the interview.

Possessive phrase.

8

科学家们协作研究这种新病毒。

Scientists are collaborating to research this new virus.

Serial verb construction.

1

有效的沟通是高效协作的前提。

Effective communication is the prerequisite for efficient collaboration.

Abstract relationship (A是B的前提).

2

我们要建立一个长期的协作机制。

We need to establish a long-term collaboration mechanism.

Formal object phrase.

3

该项目体现了国际协作的力量。

This project embodies the power of international collaboration.

Abstract verb (体现).

4

通过资源共享，我们实现了深度协作。

Through resource sharing, we achieved deep collaboration.

Prepositional phrase (通过...实现).

5

在危机时刻，团结协作至关重要。

In times of crisis, unity and collaboration are vital.

Adverbial phrase (至关重要).

6

不同国家在反恐问题上保持协作。

Different countries maintain collaboration on the issue of counter-terrorism.

Verb-object pairing (保持...协作).

7

协作不仅是分工，更是整合。

Collaboration is not just division of labor, but more importantly, integration.

Correlative conjunction (不仅...更是).

8

我们需要优化内部协作流程。

We need to optimize internal collaboration processes.

Technical vocabulary.

1

这种多边协作协议旨在促进地区稳定。

This multilateral collaboration agreement aims to promote regional stability.

Complex subject and purpose clause.

2

在知识经济时代，跨界协作已成为必然趋势。

In the era of the knowledge economy, cross-border collaboration has become an inevitable trend.

Temporal phrase and trend description.

3

各利益相关方应在互信基础上加强协作。

All stakeholders should strengthen collaboration on the basis of mutual trust.

Formal terminology (利益相关方).

4

该项研究是多国实验室多年协作的结晶。

This research is the fruit of years of collaboration among laboratories in multiple countries.

Metaphorical usage (结晶).

5

政府与民间组织的协作对于社会治理至关重要。

Collaboration between the government and non-governmental organizations is vital for social governance.

Complex noun phrase as subject.

6

我们需要打破壁垒，实现更开放的协作。

We need to break down barriers and achieve more open collaboration.

Idiomatic expression (打破壁垒).

7

这种协作模式极大地提升了产业竞争力。

This collaboration model has greatly enhanced industrial competitiveness.

Adverbial intensification (极大地).

8

协作的本质在于资源的最优配置。

The essence of collaboration lies in the optimal allocation of resources.

Philosophical/Economic analysis.

1

在全球化逆流中，维护多边协作机制显得尤为迫切。

Amidst the counter-currents of globalization, maintaining multilateral collaboration mechanisms appears particularly urgent.

Sophisticated political discourse.

2

该项目的成功归功于各参与方精诚协作的精神。

The success of the project is attributed to the spirit of sincere and wholehearted collaboration among all participants.

Formal idiom usage (精诚协作).

3

我们要构建一个开放包容、互利共赢的全球协作网络。

We need to build an open, inclusive, and mutually beneficial global collaboration network.

Four-character adjectives.

4

协作不仅是手段，更是人类文明进步的基石。

Collaboration is not just a means, but more importantly, the cornerstone of human civilization's progress.

Philosophical assertion.

5

各职能部门应摒弃门户之见，强化协同协作。

Various functional departments should discard sectarianism and strengthen synergy and collaboration.

Literary/Formal vocabulary (摒弃门户之见).

6

数字技术的飞速发展为分布式协作提供了无限可能。

The rapid development of digital technology has provided infinite possibilities for distributed collaboration.

Technological analysis.

7

在复杂系统理论中，协作被视为涌现现象的关键驱动力。

In complex systems theory, collaboration is seen as a key driver of emergent phenomena.

Specialized academic discourse.

8

这种深层次的战略协作将重塑地区地缘政治格局。

This deep-level strategic collaboration will reshape the regional geopolitical landscape.

High-level geopolitical terminology.

Antonyms

竞争 对抗

Common Collocations

团队协作
紧密协作
跨部门协作
协作精神
开展协作
协作能力
协作平台
国际协作
分工协作
长期协作

Common Phrases

精诚协作

— Sincere and wholehearted collaboration.

只有精诚协作，才能共克时艰。

协同协作

— Synergy and collaboration.

强化各部门间的协同协作。

通力协作

— To work together with all one's might.

全校师生通力协作，圆满完成了校庆活动。

协作共赢

— Collaborate for a win-win result.

协作共赢是现代商业的法则。

深度协作

— Deep and thorough collaboration.

双方在技术领域进行了深度协作。

有效协作

— Effective collaboration.

我们需要建立有效的协作机制。

无间协作

— Seamless collaboration (literally 'without gaps').

他们两人的无间协作让对手防不胜防。

协作攻关

— Collaborate to tackle a key problem.

科研人员协作攻关，终于取得了突破。

社会协作

— Social coordination/cooperation.

现代社会离不开复杂的社会协作。

协作意愿

— Willingness to collaborate.

双方都有强烈的协作意愿。

Idioms & Expressions

"同舟共济"

— To cross a river in the same boat; to help each other in times of trouble.

在困难时期，我们要同舟共济。

Literary
"众志成城"

— Unity of will is an impregnable fortress.

只要我们众志成城，就没有克服不了的困难。

Inspirational
"集思广益"

— To pool ideas for greater benefit.

通过协作，我们可以集思广益。

Business
"齐心协力"

— To work with one heart and one mind.

大家齐心协力，把任务完成了。

Common
"互通有无"

— To exchange what one has for what one needs.

两国在贸易上互通有无，紧密协作。

Diplomatic
"分工合作"

— Division of labor and cooperation.

我们分工合作，各尽其职。

General
"如虎添翼"

— Like a tiger with wings (describing powerful collaboration).

有了你们的协作，我们真是如虎添翼。

Informal
"互惠互利"

— Mutual benefit and mutual profit.

这种协作是互惠互利的。

Formal
"志同道合"

— To share the same ambitions and interests.

志同道合的人更容易协作。

Social
"并肩作战"

— To fight side by side.

我们曾一起并肩作战，互相协作。

Military/Metaphorical

Sentence Patterns

A1

我们 + 协作。

我们协作。

A2

大家 + 协作 + 做 + 任务。

大家协作做任务。

B

Word Family

Nouns

协作精神
协作能力
协作平台
协作机制

Verbs

协作
协助
协同

Adjectives

协作的
协同的

Related

合作
配合
协调
合力
团结
Sign up free to see all examples

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Think of 'Xié' as 'Share' and 'Zuò' as 'Do'. Share the Doing = Collaborate.

Visual Association

Imagine three power symbols (力) coming together under a cross (十) to build a skyscraper (作).

Word Web

Team Office Project IELTS Goal Harmony Efficiency Coordination

Challenge

Try to use '协作' in a sentence describing your favorite sports team or a group project you did recently.

Word Origin

The character '协' (xié) consists of '十' (ten/many) and three '力' (strength), symbolizing many people pooling their strength together. '作' (zuò) means to do or to work.

Original meaning: Working together in harmony with many people's strength.

Sino-Tibetan

Cultural Context

Be careful not to use '协作' for simple social help, as it might sound cold or overly formal.

English speakers often use 'collaboration' and 'cooperation' interchangeably, but '协作' is strictly for professional/task-oriented scenarios.

The Great Wall construction (historical collaboration) Chinese space station (modern scientific collaboration) Belt and Road Initiative (geopolitical collaboration)

Practice in Real Life

Real-World Contexts

Office Meeting

  • 我们需要加强部门协作。
  • 谁来负责协作这个项目？
  • 这个协作平台很好用。
  • 协作效率有待提高。

School Project

  • 我们要分工协作。
  • 协作学习很有趣。
  • 由于缺乏协作，我们失败了。
  • 老师强调了协作的重要性。

International News

  • 两国开展军事协作。
  • 全球协作抗击疫情。
  • 加强国际协作是共识。
  • 多边协作机制受到挑战。

Sports Commentary

  • 球员们协作默契。
  • 全队协作赢得了比赛。
  • 这种协作精神值得学习。
  • 他们缺乏协作。

Job Interview

  • 我擅长团队协作。
  • 我曾主导过跨部门协作。
  • 协作能力是我的优势。
  • 我喜欢协作的工作环境。

Conversation Starters

"你觉得在工作中协作重要吗？"

"你最喜欢的协作工具有哪些？"

"在你的国家，人们如何看待团队协作？"

"你能分享一次成功的协作经历吗？"

"如果团队成员不协作，你会怎么办？"

Journal Prompts

描述一次你参与的团队协作项目。遇到了什么挑战？你是如何解决的？

你认为协作能力和个人能力哪个更重要？为什么？

想象一个没有协作的世界，社会会变成什么样？

写信给你的同事，感谢他们在最近项目中的协作。

讨论互联网是如何改变人类协作方式的。

Sign up free for tips & notes

Related Content

Was this helpful?

Comments (0)

Login to Comment
No comments yet. Be the first to share your thoughts!