Use 'chule' to exclude an item or add extra information.
Word in 30 Seconds
- Excludes or adds information.
- Used with 'dou' or 'hai/ye'.
- Essential for basic conversations.
Overview
“除了”是汉语中最常用的词之一，属于A1级别，表示排除或补充。它的基本意思是“不包括”或“另外”，常用于引出被排除的对象或作为补充说明。理解和掌握“除了”的用法对于进行基本的日常交流至关重要。
除了 + [被排除的对象] + (都/都 + [动词/形容词]) / (还/也 + [补充信息])
这是“除了”最常见的用法。第一种情况表示除了某个对象之外，其他所有对象都满足某个条件。例如：“除了你，我谁都不信。” 第二种情况表示在排除某个对象之后，还有其他的补充信息。例如：“除了苹果，我还要香蕉。”
除了 + [对象1] + [动词] + [对象2] + ...
提出要求或建议：用“除了”来表示在某个范围之外的其他选择。
“别的”通常指“其他的”，可以与“除了”搭配使用，例如“除了他，没有别的办法”，但“别的”本身不能独立表示排除或补充的结构。
“另外”常用于引出新的、附加的信息，与“除了”表示补充的用法相似，但“除了”还可以表示排除，这是“另外”不具备的功能。
“不包括”更侧重于字面上的排除，通常用于列举或说明范围，而“除了”则更灵活，可以用于排除也可以用于补充。
Examples
除了你，我谁都不信。
everydayBesides you, I trust no one.
除了这个方案，我们还有其他几个选择。
formalApart from this plan, we have several other options.
他除了爱吃辣，还喜欢喝啤酒。
informalBesides loving spicy food, he also likes beer.
除了上述原因，该项目还面临技术挑战。
academicIn addition to the aforementioned reasons, the project also faces technical challenges.
Common Collocations
Common Phrases
除了...都...
except for... all...
除了...还...
besides..., also...
除了我以外
except for me
Often Confused With
'不包括' (bù bāokuò) means 'does not include' and is typically used for listing items or defining scope. '除了' (chúle) is more versatile, functioning as 'besides' or 'except for' and can be used for both exclusion and addition.
'另外' (lìngwài) means 'in addition' or 'separately'. It is similar to '除了' when used to add information, but '除了' can also be used to exclude items, which '另外' cannot.
Grammar Patterns
How to Use It
Usage Notes
Generally used at the beginning of a clause or sentence. When followed by '都', it strongly implies that all other items/people meet the condition. The structure '除了 A, B 还/也 C' is very common for adding extra information.
Common Mistakes
Learners sometimes forget to use '都' when it's implied that all other items/people share a characteristic. Also, confusing its exclusionary function with its additive function can lead to errors.
Tips
Think 'besides' or 'except for'
When you see '除了', think of the English words 'besides' or 'except for'. This will help you understand its function of exclusion or addition.
Avoid direct translation
Don't always translate '除了' directly. Consider the context to determine if it means 'besides' or 'in addition to'.
Expressing inclusivity
In Chinese culture, emphasizing inclusivity is important. '除了...都...' structure highlights that everyone else is included, even if one person is explicitly excluded.
Word Origin
The character '除' (chú) originally meant to remove or clear away. '了' (le) is a grammatical particle. Together, '除了' evolved to mean 'to remove from a group', hence 'except for'.
Cultural Context
The use of '除了...都...' can reflect a cultural emphasis on group harmony, where acknowledging everyone's presence or participation (except for the explicitly mentioned one) is important.
Memory Tip
Imagine 'chu' (出) meaning 'out' and 'le' (了) marking completion. So, 'chule' is like 'item X is out', meaning 'except for X'. Then, you can add what happens with the remaining items.
Frequently Asked Questions
4 questions不一定。当“除了”表示排除，并且后面跟了一个或几个对象，表示“其余的”都满足某个条件时，通常会用“都”来强调。例如：“除了我，大家都走了。” 但如果“除了”表示补充，后面跟的是额外的信息，则不需要加“都”。例如：“除了学习，我还喜欢画画。”
“除了”是一个更常用的介词，可以表示排除，也可以表示补充。而“不包括”更侧重于字面上的排除，通常用于列举或说明范围，不如“除了”灵活。
可以。当“除了”后面跟的是一个动作或状态，表示在排除这个动作或状态之外，还有其他动作或状态时，是可以跟动词的。例如：“除了吃饭，他还喜欢看电视。”
“除了”主要用于排除或补充，而“并且”是连词，用于连接并列的成分，表示两者同时存在或发生，强调并列关系。
Test Yourself
_______ 学习，他也喜欢打篮球。
这里表示在学习之外，还有打篮球这个爱好，所以用“除了”表示补充。
Which sentence correctly uses '除了'?
选项1和3的用法不完整或不自然。选项4虽然语法上可能成立，但不如选项2常用和清晰地表达“除了我之外，其他人（都）去了公园”的意思。
请用“除了”，“他”，“还”，“喜欢”，“唱歌”这几个词语组成一个句子。
这个选项构成了“除了唱歌（这个活动），他还有其他的喜欢（的活动）”的结构，虽然缺少具体说明他喜欢什么，但在提供的选项中是最符合“除了”表示补充的用法。
Score: /3
Summary
Use 'chule' to exclude an item or add extra information.
- Excludes or adds information.
- Used with 'dou' or 'hai/ye'.
- Essential for basic conversations.
Think 'besides' or 'except for'
When you see '除了', think of the English words 'besides' or 'except for'. This will help you understand its function of exclusion or addition.
Avoid direct translation
Don't always translate '除了' directly. Consider the context to determine if it means 'besides' or 'in addition to'.
Expressing inclusivity
In Chinese culture, emphasizing inclusivity is important. '除了...都...' structure highlights that everyone else is included, even if one person is explicitly excluded.
Examples
4 of 4除了你，我谁都不信。
Besides you, I trust no one.
除了这个方案，我们还有其他几个选择。
Apart from this plan, we have several other options.
他除了爱吃辣，还喜欢喝啤酒。
Besides loving spicy food, he also likes beer.
除了上述原因，该项目还面临技术挑战。
In addition to the aforementioned reasons, the project also faces technical challenges.
Related Content
Related Phrases
Related Vocabulary
More general words
一下儿
A1a bit, a moment
点儿
A1a little bit
有点儿
A1a little, somewhat (negative connotation)
一下
A2A bit; a moment (used after a verb).
异样
B1different; unusual; strange
关于
A1about, concerning
快要
A2to be about to (happen)
大约
B1Used to show that a number or amount is not exact; approximately.
上边
A2above, on top
上面
A1on, above, over
