C1 · Avançado Capítulo 16

Using Cleft Sentences to Highlight Information

7 Regras totais
81 exemplos
6 min

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of cleft sentences to command attention and highlight the most important information in your speech.

  • Identify the best cleft structure for your intended message.
  • Integrate emphatic markers to add emotional weight to your arguments.
  • Transform standard declarative sentences into persuasive, high-impact statements.
Command the spotlight with every sentence.

O que você vai aprender

Discover how to truly make your points resonate. This chapter guides you in using powerful structures like It-clefts and Wh-clefts to strategically highlight information, enabling you to communicate with greater precision and persuasive flair.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Use It-clefts and Wh-clefts to rewrite flat sentences into dynamic, focused arguments.

Guia do capítulo

Overview

As you advance in your English journey to C1 level, simply conveying information isn't enough; you need to express ideas fluently and spontaneously with impact and nuance. This chapter on English using cleft sentences to highlight information is your secret weapon for achieving just that. Far from being a mere grammatical curiosity, mastering cleft sentences – including It-clefts and Wh-clefts – empowers you to take control of your message, focusing your listener's attention precisely where you want it.
Imagine being able to subtly (or not so subtly!) correct a misunderstanding, add dramatic flair to a story, or emphatically state a truth. These advanced structures, like the Emphatic Do/Does/Did, the All-cleft, and those that spotlight 'when' or 'where' something happened, give your English a persuasive edge and C1-level sophistication. They're about more than just correctness; they're about communication strategy, making your points resonate deeply and transforming your speaking and writing from merely clear to truly compelling.

How This Grammar Works

At its heart, this grammar is about shifting the emphasis within a sentence. Instead of a straightforward statement, we restructure it to bring a specific piece of information into the spotlight. Think of it as putting a verbal spotlight on the most crucial part of your message.
We begin with the foundational concept of emphasis: the Emphatic Do/Does/Did. When you say,
I *do* like it!
you're not just confirming; you're often contradicting an assumption or adding sincere warmth, almost like verbal bolding. This simple addition elevates the verb.
Building on this, It-clefts are structures like
It was X that Y
or
It is X who Y.
They allow you to take any part of a sentence – the subject, object, time, or place – and place it directly after 'It is' or 'It was' for maximum impact. For example, instead of
My boss suggested the idea,
you can say,
It was my boss who suggested the idea,
clearly highlighting the person responsible. Similarly,
It was yesterday that the decision was made
puts the focus squarely on the timing.
This is incredibly useful for clarification, contrast, or adding dramatic weight.
Then we have Wh-clefts, often starting with 'What', 'Who', 'Where', 'When', or 'Why'. These are fantastic for spotlighting actions or needs, making your statements more persuasive and dynamic. For instance, instead of
I need a long break,
you can express it more forcefully as,
What I need is a long break.
The All-cleft is a specific type of Wh-cleft that uses 'All' to indicate exclusivity, such as
All I want is a quiet evening,
emphasizing that nothing else matters.
By strategically employing these structures, you're not just speaking English; you're truly shaping your message with C1 precision.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1Overuse in simple contexts: *It is that I went to the store yesterday.*
Correction: *I went to the store yesterday.* (Clefts are for emphasis, not everyday simple statements.)
Explanation: While powerful, cleft sentences add formality and emphasis. Using them unnecessarily can make your speech sound unnatural or overly dramatic. Reserve them for moments when you genuinely want to highlight information.
  1. 1Incorrect verb agreement or pronoun usage in It-clefts: *It was them who arrived late.*
Correction: *It was they who arrived late.* (More formally correct, though 'them' is common informally). Or, *It was I who made the mistake.* (Not *It was me who...*)
Explanation: The pronoun after 'It is'/'It was' should ideally be in the subject form (I, he, she, we, they) in formal contexts, especially when followed by 'who' or 'that'. The verb in the relative clause should also agree with the highlighted subject, e.g., *It is the students who *are* protesting.*
  1. 1Confusing structure of Wh-clefts with direct questions: *What did he do was steal the money.*
Correction: *What he did was steal the money.*
Explanation: Wh-clefts are statements that use a 'wh'-word to introduce the emphasized clause, followed by a form of 'be'. They are not interrogative sentences, so avoid question word order in the first part of the cleft.

Real Conversations

A

A

I thought Sarah was going to present her findings today.
B

B

Oh, she *did* present them! You must have stepped out. It was David who forgot to update the schedule.
A

A

This report is a mess. I can't understand the main point.
B

B

I agree. What this report needs is a clear executive summary at the beginning. Otherwise, it's just a wall of text.
A

A

So, you're saying the project failed because of budget cuts?
B

B

Not entirely. It was the lack of communication that truly undermined the project, more than anything else.

Quick FAQ

Q

When should I use a cleft sentence instead of a simple sentence?

You should use a cleft sentence when you want to put particular emphasis on one part of your message, to clarify, correct, contrast, or add drama. For example, to correct a misunderstanding or to highlight a specific detail that's crucial to your point.

Q

Are cleft sentences always formal?

While they can lend a more formal tone, especially in writing, many cleft structures, like

What I mean is...
or "It's you I'm talking to," are very common in spoken, informal English to add emphasis or clarity. The choice depends on the specific structure and context.

Q

What's the main difference between It-clefts and Wh-clefts?

It-clefts (e.g.,

It was John who left
) emphasize a specific noun or pronoun (person, object, time, place). Wh-clefts (e.g.,
What John did was leave
) typically emphasize an action or a generalized idea, often focusing on the 'what' of a situation.

Q

Can I use clefts in writing as well as speaking?

Absolutely! Cleft sentences are excellent tools for both written and spoken English. In writing, they can make your arguments more persuasive and highlight key information for the reader. In speaking, they add natural emphasis and allow you to guide your listener's attention dynamically.

Cultural Context

Native English speakers instinctively use these patterns not just for grammatical correctness, but for their communicative impact. They're masters of strategic emphasis. In everyday conversation, you'll hear emphatic do and Wh-clefts (especially
What I need is...
) frequently to express strong opinions or needs.
It-clefts are common for correcting misinformation or adding weight to a statement, often with a slight pause for dramatic effect. While formal writing might prefer
It was I who...
, casual speech often opts for
It was me who...
, showcasing the flexibility and natural evolution of these structures. They are key to sounding truly fluent and spontaneous.

Exemplos-chave (8)

1

I **do** love that new Netflix series.

Eu realmente amo essa nova série da Netflix.

Ênfase: Eu gosto *sim*! (Emphatic Do/Does/Did)
2

She **does** have a point about the budget.

Ela realmente tem razão sobre o orçamento.

Ênfase: Eu gosto *sim*! (Emphatic Do/Does/Did)
3

`All I want is a break` from studying.

Tudo o que eu quero é um descanso dos estudos.

Ênfase Universal: Usando 'All' para Focar (Orações Cleft com 'All')
4

`All he did was send` a quick text, not a lengthy email.

Ele só mandou uma mensagem rápida, nada de e-mail longo.

Ênfase Universal: Usando 'All' para Focar (Orações Cleft com 'All')
5

What I really want for my birthday is a new gaming console.

O que eu realmente quero para o meu aniversário é um console de videogame novo.

O que você precisa é... (Wh-Clefts para Ênfase)
6

What she does every morning is meditate for ten minutes.

O que ela faz toda manhã é meditar por dez minutos.

O que você precisa é... (Wh-Clefts para Ênfase)
7

What I *really* want is a break from studying.

O que eu *realmente* quero é uma pausa dos estudos.

Wh-Clefts: Adicionando Drama às Ações
8

What she *did* was completely ignore my message.

O que ela *fez* foi ignorar por completo minha mensagem.

Wh-Clefts: Adicionando Drama às Ações

Dicas e truques (4)

🎯

A Entonação é Chave

Olha só, se você não 'forçar' o 'do' na hora de falar, a frase perde a ênfase e soa meio confusa. É pra dar um 'punch' nesse auxiliar!
I do know him!
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Ênfase: Eu gosto *sim*! (Emphatic Do/Does/Did)
💡

Pense em 'Apenas Isso'

Sempre que você quiser enfatizar que 'apenas isso' ('only this') importa — seja uma ação ou uma coisa —, um 'all-cleft' é geralmente sua melhor aposta. Ele tira todas as outras possibilidades do foco, deixando apenas a mensagem central. Por exemplo,
All I want is peace and quiet.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Ênfase Universal: Usando 'All' para Focar (Orações Cleft com 'All')
💡

Use 'What' frequentemente

Olha só, o 'What' é o seu melhor amigo aqui! Mesmo que outros Wh-words funcionem, o 'What' é de longe o mais comum e versátil para Wh-clefts. Se estiver na dúvida, comece por ele, tipo:
What I need is more sleep.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: O que você precisa é... (Wh-Clefts para Ênfase)
💡

Use para Clarificação

Quando sentir que sua mensagem não está tão clara, um Wh-cleft pode apontar a ação ou informação exata. É como colocar uma flecha verbal na parte mais crucial da sua frase. "If you feel your message isn't clear, a Wh-cleft can pinpoint the exact action or information."
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Wh-Clefts: Adicionando Drama às Ações

Vocabulário-chave (5)

Emphatic expressing something with force Cleft a split or divided structure Declarative a statement of fact Temporal relating to time Focus the center of interest or activity

Real-World Preview

briefcase

The Persuasive Pitch

Review Summary

  • Subject + do/does/did + Verb
  • All + [clause] + is + [focus]
  • What + [clause] + is/was + [focus]
  • What + Subject + did + was + [action]
  • It + be + [focus] + that/who + [clause]
  • It + be + [object] + that + [subject+verb]
  • It + be + [time/place] + that + [clause]

Erros comuns

Wh-clefts often require singular agreement even if the focus is plural.

Wrong: What I need are a coffee.
Correto: What I need is a coffee.

Use 'that' for It-clefts, not 'where' or 'when'.

Wrong: It is in London where I met her.
Correto: It is in London that I met her.

Avoid repeating the subject after the 'all' clause.

Wrong: All I need, it is money.
Correto: All I need is money.

Regras neste capítulo (7)

Next Steps

You have mastered one of the most powerful tools in the English language. Keep practicing these structures in your professional emails to see the difference in your impact!

Rewrite a news article using clefts to change the focus of each paragraph.

Prática rápida (10)

Encontre e corrija o erro na frase.

Find and fix the mistake:

It is last night that the concert was.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: It was last night that the concert was.
A frase original usa incorretamente 'is' com um evento passado ('last night', 'was'). O verbo 'to be' no It-Cleft deve corresponder ao tempo verbal do evento descrito na oração com 'that'. Fique de olho nos tempos verbais!

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: It-Clefts para Tempo e Lugar: 'Foi então que...'

Encontre e corrija o erro na frase 'it'-cleft.

Find and fix the mistake:

It were the unexpected results that surprised everyone.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: It was the unexpected results that surprised everyone.
'It' é um sujeito singular, então exige o verbo 'was' no passado singular, e não 'were'. Fique de olho nessa!

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: It-Clefts: Adicionando Ênfase Forte

Encontre e corrija o erro na frase com Wh-cleft.

Find and fix the mistake:

What he did was to ran away from the spider.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: What he did was run away from the spider.
Após 'was' nesta estrutura, use o infinitivo nu (forma base) do verbo, que é 'run'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Wh-Clefts: Adicionando Drama às Ações

Escolha a palavra correta para completar o `It-Cleft`.

It was in the park ___ we first met.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: that
That é a conjunção mais versátil e funciona perfeitamente aqui para introduzir o restante da oração após enfatizar o lugar. Você acertou em cheio!

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: It-Clefts para Tempo e Lugar: 'Foi então que...'

Encontre e corrija o erro na frase com 'all-cleft'.

Find and fix the mistake:

All he needed are more time to finish the report.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: All he needed is more time to finish the report.
Mesmo que 'more time' soe plural, 'all' nesta estrutura é tratado como singular, então 'is' é o verbo de ligação correto. Se fosse no passado, 'was' estaria correto.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Ênfase Universal: Usando 'All' para Focar (Orações Cleft com 'All')

Encontre e corrija o erro na frase It-Cleft.

Find and fix the mistake:

It were the students who organized the charity event.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: It was the students who organized the charity event.
O verbo 'to be' em um It-Cleft sempre concorda com 'It' (singular), então 'were' deve ser 'was'. O restante da frase está correto.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: It-Clefts em inglês: Enfatizando o objeto (It was the...)

Escolha a forma correta para completar a frase Wh-cleft.

What I love about this city ___ its vibrant nightlife.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: is
A informação enfatizada 'its vibrant nightlife' (sua vida noturna vibrante) é um conceito singular, exigindo o verbo singular 'is'. Pense na vida noturna como 'uma coisa só'!

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: O que você precisa é... (Wh-Clefts para Ênfase)

Encontre e corrija o erro na frase Wh-cleft.

Find and fix the mistake:

What he needs are a new perspective.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: What he needs is a new perspective.
A frase enfatizada 'a new perspective' (uma nova perspectiva) é singular, então o verbo 'is' deve ser usado, não 'are'. É uma 'perspectiva' singular, então o verbo também é singular!

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: O que você precisa é... (Wh-Clefts para Ênfase)

Corrija o erro na frase.

Find and fix the mistake:

I did enjoyed the concert last night.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: I did enjoy the concert last night.
Depois de 'did', o verbo deve retornar à sua forma base 'enjoy', não 'enjoyed'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Ênfase: Eu gosto *sim*! (Emphatic Do/Does/Did)

Escolha a forma correta para completar a frase com 'all-cleft'.

___ she wants for dinner ___ pizza.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: All / is
Em um 'all-cleft', começamos com 'All' e usamos o singular 'is' ou 'was' para ligar as orações. 'What' criaria um 'Wh-cleft'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Ênfase Universal: Usando 'All' para Focar (Orações Cleft com 'All')

Score: /10

Perguntas comuns (6)

Não, porque frases negativas já usam 'do' (ou 'does'/'did'). Pra enfatizar uma negativa, a gente geralmente 'força' o 'not' ou usa um advérbio como 'really' (tipo, 'I really do NOT want to go').
Com certeza! É ótimo pra deixar claro que uma tarefa foi concluída ou pra mostrar sinceridade numa desculpa. Por exemplo, 'We **did** review your application last week.' (Nós revisamos sim sua aplicação semana passada).
O principal propósito é enfatizar a *única* ação, item ou consequência de uma situação, tornando-a o foco central da sua mensagem. É como colocar um holofote sobre 'a única coisa' ('the one thing') que realmente importa. Por exemplo:
All I want is peace and quiet.
Enquanto 'I just did...' também pode suavizar ou enfatizar a recenticidade, 'All I did was...' destaca especificamente que a ação mencionada foi a *única* coisa feita. Transmite um sentido mais forte de totalidade ou limitação. Por exemplo:
All I did was ask.
A função principal é colocar uma parte específica da frase em evidência, fazendo com que ela se destaque como a informação mais importante. Ajuda a enfatizar uma ideia, objeto, ação ou motivo. Pense em quando você quer deixar algo super claro, tipo: "What I'm trying to say is..."
Os Wh-clefts reestruturam uma frase para colocar em primeiro plano certas informações que normalmente apareceriam depois. Por exemplo, 'I want coffee' se torna 'What I want is coffee', dando ênfase ao 'coffee'. É como dar um zoom na informação!