C1 · Avancé Chapitre 16

L'art de la mise en relief : captive ton audience

7 Règles totales
81 exemples
6 min

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of cleft sentences to command attention and highlight the most important information in your speech.

  • Identify the best cleft structure for your intended message.
  • Integrate emphatic markers to add emotional weight to your arguments.
  • Transform standard declarative sentences into persuasive, high-impact statements.
Command the spotlight with every sentence.

Ce que tu vas apprendre

Tu maîtrises déjà bien l'anglais, mais comment faire pour que tes idées sortent vraiment du lot ? Ce chapitre t'apprend à passer d'une communication fluide à une argumentation percutante grâce aux structures de mise en relief. Nous allons explorer ensemble les subtilités du « do » emphatique pour affirmer tes propos avec conviction, ainsi que les « cleft sentences », ces structures clivées qui agissent comme un projecteur sur l'information essentielle. Imagine-toi en pleine négociation ou en train de clarifier un malentendu : au lieu de dire « I want a solution », tu sauras dire « All I want is a solution » pour marquer les esprits. Tu apprendras à manipuler les It-clefts (It was then that...) et les Wh-clefts (What you need is...) pour souligner un moment, un lieu ou une action précise avec une élégance naturelle. À la fin de ce chapitre, tu seras capable de structurer tes phrases de manière stratégique pour influencer ton interlocuteur et nuancer tes propos avec la précision d'un locuteur natif. C'est l'outil ultime pour passer d'un bon niveau à une véritable maîtrise stylistique !

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Use It-clefts and Wh-clefts to rewrite flat sentences into dynamic, focused arguments.

Guide du chapitre

Overview

As you advance in your English journey to C1 level, simply conveying information isn't enough; you need to express ideas fluently and spontaneously with impact and nuance. This chapter on English using cleft sentences to highlight information is your secret weapon for achieving just that. Far from being a mere grammatical curiosity, mastering cleft sentences – including It-clefts and Wh-clefts – empowers you to take control of your message, focusing your listener's attention precisely where you want it.
Imagine being able to subtly (or not so subtly!) correct a misunderstanding, add dramatic flair to a story, or emphatically state a truth. These advanced structures, like the Emphatic Do/Does/Did, the All-cleft, and those that spotlight 'when' or 'where' something happened, give your English a persuasive edge and C1-level sophistication. They're about more than just correctness; they're about communication strategy, making your points resonate deeply and transforming your speaking and writing from merely clear to truly compelling.

How This Grammar Works

At its heart, this grammar is about shifting the emphasis within a sentence. Instead of a straightforward statement, we restructure it to bring a specific piece of information into the spotlight. Think of it as putting a verbal spotlight on the most crucial part of your message.
We begin with the foundational concept of emphasis: the Emphatic Do/Does/Did. When you say,
I *do* like it!
you're not just confirming; you're often contradicting an assumption or adding sincere warmth, almost like verbal bolding. This simple addition elevates the verb.
Building on this, It-clefts are structures like
It was X that Y
or
It is X who Y.
They allow you to take any part of a sentence – the subject, object, time, or place – and place it directly after 'It is' or 'It was' for maximum impact. For example, instead of
My boss suggested the idea,
you can say,
It was my boss who suggested the idea,
clearly highlighting the person responsible. Similarly,
It was yesterday that the decision was made
puts the focus squarely on the timing.
This is incredibly useful for clarification, contrast, or adding dramatic weight.
Then we have Wh-clefts, often starting with 'What', 'Who', 'Where', 'When', or 'Why'. These are fantastic for spotlighting actions or needs, making your statements more persuasive and dynamic. For instance, instead of
I need a long break,
you can express it more forcefully as,
What I need is a long break.
The All-cleft is a specific type of Wh-cleft that uses 'All' to indicate exclusivity, such as
All I want is a quiet evening,
emphasizing that nothing else matters.
By strategically employing these structures, you're not just speaking English; you're truly shaping your message with C1 precision.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1Overuse in simple contexts: *It is that I went to the store yesterday.*
Correction: *I went to the store yesterday.* (Clefts are for emphasis, not everyday simple statements.)
Explanation: While powerful, cleft sentences add formality and emphasis. Using them unnecessarily can make your speech sound unnatural or overly dramatic. Reserve them for moments when you genuinely want to highlight information.
  1. 1Incorrect verb agreement or pronoun usage in It-clefts: *It was them who arrived late.*
Correction: *It was they who arrived late.* (More formally correct, though 'them' is common informally). Or, *It was I who made the mistake.* (Not *It was me who...*)
Explanation: The pronoun after 'It is'/'It was' should ideally be in the subject form (I, he, she, we, they) in formal contexts, especially when followed by 'who' or 'that'. The verb in the relative clause should also agree with the highlighted subject, e.g., *It is the students who *are* protesting.*
  1. 1Confusing structure of Wh-clefts with direct questions: *What did he do was steal the money.*
Correction: *What he did was steal the money.*
Explanation: Wh-clefts are statements that use a 'wh'-word to introduce the emphasized clause, followed by a form of 'be'. They are not interrogative sentences, so avoid question word order in the first part of the cleft.

Real Conversations

A

A

I thought Sarah was going to present her findings today.
B

B

Oh, she *did* present them! You must have stepped out. It was David who forgot to update the schedule.
A

A

This report is a mess. I can't understand the main point.
B

B

I agree. What this report needs is a clear executive summary at the beginning. Otherwise, it's just a wall of text.
A

A

So, you're saying the project failed because of budget cuts?
B

B

Not entirely. It was the lack of communication that truly undermined the project, more than anything else.

Quick FAQ

Q

When should I use a cleft sentence instead of a simple sentence?

You should use a cleft sentence when you want to put particular emphasis on one part of your message, to clarify, correct, contrast, or add drama. For example, to correct a misunderstanding or to highlight a specific detail that's crucial to your point.

Q

Are cleft sentences always formal?

While they can lend a more formal tone, especially in writing, many cleft structures, like

What I mean is...
or "It's you I'm talking to," are very common in spoken, informal English to add emphasis or clarity. The choice depends on the specific structure and context.

Q

What's the main difference between It-clefts and Wh-clefts?

It-clefts (e.g.,

It was John who left
) emphasize a specific noun or pronoun (person, object, time, place). Wh-clefts (e.g.,
What John did was leave
) typically emphasize an action or a generalized idea, often focusing on the 'what' of a situation.

Q

Can I use clefts in writing as well as speaking?

Absolutely! Cleft sentences are excellent tools for both written and spoken English. In writing, they can make your arguments more persuasive and highlight key information for the reader. In speaking, they add natural emphasis and allow you to guide your listener's attention dynamically.

Cultural Context

Native English speakers instinctively use these patterns not just for grammatical correctness, but for their communicative impact. They're masters of strategic emphasis. In everyday conversation, you'll hear emphatic do and Wh-clefts (especially
What I need is...
) frequently to express strong opinions or needs.
It-clefts are common for correcting misinformation or adding weight to a statement, often with a slight pause for dramatic effect. While formal writing might prefer
It was I who...
, casual speech often opts for
It was me who...
, showcasing the flexibility and natural evolution of these structures. They are key to sounding truly fluent and spontaneous.

Exemples clés (8)

1

I **do** love that new Netflix series.

J'adore vraiment cette nouvelle série Netflix.

L'insistance : J'aime *vraiment* ça ! (Emphatic Do/Does/Did)
2

She **does** have a point about the budget.

Elle a vraiment raison à propos du budget.

L'insistance : J'aime *vraiment* ça ! (Emphatic Do/Does/Did)
3

`All I want is a break` from studying.

Tout ce que je veux, c'est une pause pour étudier.

Emphase Universelle : Utiliser 'All' pour Mettre l'Accent (Phrase Clivée avec 'All')
4

`All he did was send` a quick text, not a lengthy email.

Tout ce qu'il a fait, c'est envoyer un texto rapide, pas un long e-mail.

Emphase Universelle : Utiliser 'All' pour Mettre l'Accent (Phrase Clivée avec 'All')
5

What I really want for my birthday is a new gaming console.

Ce que je veux vraiment pour mon anniversaire, c'est une nouvelle console de jeux.

Ce dont tu as besoin, c'est... (Phrases clivées en Wh- pour l'emphase)
6

What she does every morning is meditate for ten minutes.

Ce qu'elle fait chaque matin, c'est méditer pendant dix minutes.

Ce dont tu as besoin, c'est... (Phrases clivées en Wh- pour l'emphase)
7

What I *really* want is a break from studying.

Ce que je veux *vraiment*, c'est faire une pause dans mes études.

Phrases Clivées en 'Wh-': Dramatiser les Actions
8

What she *did* was completely ignore my message.

Ce qu'elle a *fait*, c'est ignorer complètement mon message.

Phrases Clivées en 'Wh-': Dramatiser les Actions

Conseils et astuces (4)

🎯

L'accent est la clé

Si tu ne mets pas l'accent vocalement sur 'do', la phrase sonne juste comme une grammaire un peu lourde. Frappe cet auxiliaire !
I **do** like it.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: L'insistance : J'aime *vraiment* ça ! (Emphatic Do/Does/Did)
💡

Pense « Seulement Ça »

Chaque fois que tu veux insister sur le fait que « seulement cette » action ou cette chose compte, un « all-cleft » est souvent ta meilleure option. Ça élimine toutes les autres possibilités, ne laissant que le message essentiel.
All I need is quiet.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Emphase Universelle : Utiliser 'All' pour Mettre l'Accent (Phrase Clivée avec 'All')
💡

Utilise 'What' très souvent

C'est le mot en Wh- le plus polyvalent et le plus courant pour les Wh-clefts. Si tu as un doute, commence par lui, tu as de bonnes chances de viser juste !
What I really want is a new phone.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Ce dont tu as besoin, c'est... (Phrases clivées en Wh- pour l'emphase)
💡

Utilise-les pour clarifier

Quand tu sens que ton message n'est pas super clair, un Wh-cleft peut pointer du doigt l'action ou l'info cruciale. C'est comme mettre une flèche verbale sur la partie la plus importante de ta phrase.
What I meant was that we need to reschedule.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Phrases Clivées en 'Wh-': Dramatiser les Actions

Vocabulaire clé (5)

Emphatic expressing something with force Cleft a split or divided structure Declarative a statement of fact Temporal relating to time Focus the center of interest or activity

Real-World Preview

briefcase

The Persuasive Pitch

Review Summary

  • Subject + do/does/did + Verb
  • All + [clause] + is + [focus]
  • What + [clause] + is/was + [focus]
  • What + Subject + did + was + [action]
  • It + be + [focus] + that/who + [clause]
  • It + be + [object] + that + [subject+verb]
  • It + be + [time/place] + that + [clause]

Erreurs courantes

Wh-clefts often require singular agreement even if the focus is plural.

Wrong: What I need are a coffee.
Correct: What I need is a coffee.

Use 'that' for It-clefts, not 'where' or 'when'.

Wrong: It is in London where I met her.
Correct: It is in London that I met her.

Avoid repeating the subject after the 'all' clause.

Wrong: All I need, it is money.
Correct: All I need is money.

Règles dans ce chapitre (7)

Next Steps

You have mastered one of the most powerful tools in the English language. Keep practicing these structures in your professional emails to see the difference in your impact!

Rewrite a news article using clefts to change the focus of each paragraph.

Pratique rapide (10)

Trouve et corrige l'erreur dans la phrase It-Cleft.

Find and fix the mistake:

It were the students who organized the charity event.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: It was the students who organized the charity event.
Le verbe 'to be' dans un It-Cleft s'accorde toujours avec 'It' (singulier), donc 'were' devrait être 'was'. Le reste de la phrase est correct.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: It-Clefts anglais : Mettre l'accent sur l'objet (It was the...)

Ajoute l'auxiliaire emphatique correct pour le présent.

He ___ look like his brother, actually.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: does
Comme 'He' est à la troisième personne du singulier et que nous parlons au présent, 'does' est le bon choix.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: L'insistance : J'aime *vraiment* ça ! (Emphatic Do/Does/Did)

Choisis la forme correcte pour compléter la phrase Wh-cleft.

What I love about this city ___ its vibrant nightlife.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: is
L'information mise en valeur 'its vibrant nightlife' est un concept singulier, nécessitant le verbe singulier 'is'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Ce dont tu as besoin, c'est... (Phrases clivées en Wh- pour l'emphase)

Choisis le pronom relatif correct pour compléter la phrase 'it'-cleft.

It was my friend ___ told me the news.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: who
Puisque 'friend' fait référence à une personne, 'who' est le pronom relatif approprié. 'That' serait également correct ici.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Phrases clivées en 'It' (It-Clefts): Ajouter un fort accent

Choisis le mot correct pour compléter la phrase clivée (It-Cleft).

It was in the park ___ we first met.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: that
That est la conjonction la plus polyvalente et fonctionne parfaitement ici pour introduire le reste de la proposition après avoir mis l'accent sur le lieu.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Structures en 'It-Cleft' pour le Temps et le Lieu : 'C'est alors que...'

Trouve et corrige l'erreur dans la phrase.

Find and fix the mistake:

It is last night that the concert was.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: It was last night that the concert was.
La phrase originale utilise incorrectement is avec un événement passé (last night, was). Le verbe « be » dans la phrase clivée doit correspondre au temps de l'événement décrit dans la clause en that.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Structures en 'It-Cleft' pour le Temps et le Lieu : 'C'est alors que...'

Choisis la forme correcte du verbe 'to be'.

What she said ___ incredibly insightful.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: was
La clause en 'what' agit comme un sujet singulier, nécessitant la forme singulière 'was'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Phrases Clivées en 'Wh-': Dramatiser les Actions

Trouve et corrige l'erreur dans la phrase 'it'-cleft.

Find and fix the mistake:

It were the unexpected results that surprised everyone.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: It was the unexpected results that surprised everyone.
'It' est un sujet singulier, il nécessite donc le verbe singulier au passé 'was', et non 'were'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Phrases clivées en 'It' (It-Clefts): Ajouter un fort accent

Trouve et corrige l'erreur dans la phrase Wh-cleft.

Find and fix the mistake:

What he did was to ran away from the spider.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: What he did was run away from the spider.
Après 'was' dans cette structure, utilise l'infinitif sans 'to' (forme de base) du verbe, qui est 'run'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Phrases Clivées en 'Wh-': Dramatiser les Actions

Choisis la forme correcte pour compléter la phrase « all-cleft ».

___ she wants for dinner ___ pizza.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: All / is
Dans un « all-cleft », nous commençons par « All » et utilisons le singulier « is » ou « was » pour lier les propositions. « What » créerait un « Wh-cleft ».

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Emphase Universelle : Utiliser 'All' pour Mettre l'Accent (Phrase Clivée avec 'All')

Score: /10

Questions fréquentes (6)

Non, parce que les phrases négatives utilisent déjà 'do' (ou 'does', 'did'). Pour accentuer une négation, on insiste généralement sur le mot 'not' ou on utilise 'really' (par exemple,
I really do NOT want to go
).
Oui ! C'est excellent pour clarifier qu'une tâche a été accomplie ou pour montrer sa sincérité dans une excuse. Par exemple :
We **did** review your application last week.
Le but principal est de souligner l'action, l'élément ou la conséquence *unique* d'une situation, en en faisant le point central de ton message. C'est comme mettre un projecteur sur « the one thing » qui compte vraiment.
All I wanted was peace.
Alors que « I just did... » peut aussi minimiser ou souligner la récence, « All I did was... » met spécifiquement en évidence que l'action mentionnée était la *seule* chose faite. Cela donne un sentiment plus fort de totalité ou de limitation.
All I did was ask a question.
La fonction principale est de mettre en évidence une partie spécifique de la phrase, la faisant ressortir comme l'information la plus importante. Cela aide à souligner une idée, un objet, une action ou une raison. Par exemple, si tu dis 'I want coffee', tu peux le transformer en 'What I want is coffee' pour vraiment insister sur le café.
Les Wh-clefts restructurent une phrase pour mettre en avant une information qui apparaîtrait normalement plus tard. Par exemple, 'I want coffee' devient 'What I want is coffee', ce qui met l'accent sur 'coffee'. C'est une façon de dire 'C'est *ça* que je veux'.