C1 · 상급 챕터 16

내 말에 힘을 싣는 마법: 원어민처럼 강조하기

7 총 규칙
81 예문
6

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of cleft sentences to command attention and highlight the most important information in your speech.

  • Identify the best cleft structure for your intended message.
  • Integrate emphatic markers to add emotional weight to your arguments.
  • Transform standard declarative sentences into persuasive, high-impact statements.
Command the spotlight with every sentence.

배울 내용

안녕하세요! 영어를 유창하게 구사하는 단계에 접어드셨군요. 하지만 가끔은 내 의도를 더 명확하고 강렬하게 전달하고 싶을 때가 있죠? 이번 챕터에서는 문장에 '형광펜'을 칠하는 법을 배울 거예요. 단순히 정보를 전달하는 수준을 넘어, 상대방의 마음을 움직이는 고급 기술인 '분열문(Cleft sentences)'과 '강조의 do'를 마스터해 보세요. 비즈니스 미팅에서 '일정이 아니라 예산이 문제였어요'라고 정확히 짚어줘야 하는 상황이나, '내가 진정으로 원하는 건 당신의 행복이에요'라며 진심을 전할 때 이 문법들이 빛을 발합니다. 'It was the budget that...'이나 'What I need is...'처럼 문장 구조를 살짝 비트는 것만으로도 말의 품격이 달라지거든요. 우리는 'All'을 활용한 한정적 강조부터, 시간과 장소를 콕 집어 말하는 'It-cleft', 그리고 행동 자체에 극적인 효과를 주는 'Wh-cleft'까지 차근차근 정복할 거예요. 이 챕터를 마치고 나면, 여러분은 상황에 맞춰 문장의 주인공을 자유자재로 바꾸며 더 세밀하고 설득력 있게 대화를 주도할 수 있게 될 거예요. 자, 이제 당신의 영어에 강력한 한 방을 더해볼까요?

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Use It-clefts and Wh-clefts to rewrite flat sentences into dynamic, focused arguments.

챕터 가이드

Overview

As you advance in your English journey to C1 level, simply conveying information isn't enough; you need to express ideas fluently and spontaneously with impact and nuance. This chapter on English using cleft sentences to highlight information is your secret weapon for achieving just that. Far from being a mere grammatical curiosity, mastering cleft sentences – including It-clefts and Wh-clefts – empowers you to take control of your message, focusing your listener's attention precisely where you want it.
Imagine being able to subtly (or not so subtly!) correct a misunderstanding, add dramatic flair to a story, or emphatically state a truth. These advanced structures, like the Emphatic Do/Does/Did, the All-cleft, and those that spotlight 'when' or 'where' something happened, give your English a persuasive edge and C1-level sophistication. They're about more than just correctness; they're about communication strategy, making your points resonate deeply and transforming your speaking and writing from merely clear to truly compelling.

How This Grammar Works

At its heart, this grammar is about shifting the emphasis within a sentence. Instead of a straightforward statement, we restructure it to bring a specific piece of information into the spotlight. Think of it as putting a verbal spotlight on the most crucial part of your message.
We begin with the foundational concept of emphasis: the Emphatic Do/Does/Did. When you say,
I *do* like it!
you're not just confirming; you're often contradicting an assumption or adding sincere warmth, almost like verbal bolding. This simple addition elevates the verb.
Building on this, It-clefts are structures like
It was X that Y
or
It is X who Y.
They allow you to take any part of a sentence – the subject, object, time, or place – and place it directly after 'It is' or 'It was' for maximum impact. For example, instead of
My boss suggested the idea,
you can say,
It was my boss who suggested the idea,
clearly highlighting the person responsible. Similarly,
It was yesterday that the decision was made
puts the focus squarely on the timing.
This is incredibly useful for clarification, contrast, or adding dramatic weight.
Then we have Wh-clefts, often starting with 'What', 'Who', 'Where', 'When', or 'Why'. These are fantastic for spotlighting actions or needs, making your statements more persuasive and dynamic. For instance, instead of
I need a long break,
you can express it more forcefully as,
What I need is a long break.
The All-cleft is a specific type of Wh-cleft that uses 'All' to indicate exclusivity, such as
All I want is a quiet evening,
emphasizing that nothing else matters.
By strategically employing these structures, you're not just speaking English; you're truly shaping your message with C1 precision.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1Overuse in simple contexts: *It is that I went to the store yesterday.*
Correction: *I went to the store yesterday.* (Clefts are for emphasis, not everyday simple statements.)
Explanation: While powerful, cleft sentences add formality and emphasis. Using them unnecessarily can make your speech sound unnatural or overly dramatic. Reserve them for moments when you genuinely want to highlight information.
  1. 1Incorrect verb agreement or pronoun usage in It-clefts: *It was them who arrived late.*
Correction: *It was they who arrived late.* (More formally correct, though 'them' is common informally). Or, *It was I who made the mistake.* (Not *It was me who...*)
Explanation: The pronoun after 'It is'/'It was' should ideally be in the subject form (I, he, she, we, they) in formal contexts, especially when followed by 'who' or 'that'. The verb in the relative clause should also agree with the highlighted subject, e.g., *It is the students who *are* protesting.*
  1. 1Confusing structure of Wh-clefts with direct questions: *What did he do was steal the money.*
Correction: *What he did was steal the money.*
Explanation: Wh-clefts are statements that use a 'wh'-word to introduce the emphasized clause, followed by a form of 'be'. They are not interrogative sentences, so avoid question word order in the first part of the cleft.

Real Conversations

A

A

I thought Sarah was going to present her findings today.
B

B

Oh, she *did* present them! You must have stepped out. It was David who forgot to update the schedule.
A

A

This report is a mess. I can't understand the main point.
B

B

I agree. What this report needs is a clear executive summary at the beginning. Otherwise, it's just a wall of text.
A

A

So, you're saying the project failed because of budget cuts?
B

B

Not entirely. It was the lack of communication that truly undermined the project, more than anything else.

Quick FAQ

Q

When should I use a cleft sentence instead of a simple sentence?

You should use a cleft sentence when you want to put particular emphasis on one part of your message, to clarify, correct, contrast, or add drama. For example, to correct a misunderstanding or to highlight a specific detail that's crucial to your point.

Q

Are cleft sentences always formal?

While they can lend a more formal tone, especially in writing, many cleft structures, like

What I mean is...
or "It's you I'm talking to," are very common in spoken, informal English to add emphasis or clarity. The choice depends on the specific structure and context.

Q

What's the main difference between It-clefts and Wh-clefts?

It-clefts (e.g.,

It was John who left
) emphasize a specific noun or pronoun (person, object, time, place). Wh-clefts (e.g.,
What John did was leave
) typically emphasize an action or a generalized idea, often focusing on the 'what' of a situation.

Q

Can I use clefts in writing as well as speaking?

Absolutely! Cleft sentences are excellent tools for both written and spoken English. In writing, they can make your arguments more persuasive and highlight key information for the reader. In speaking, they add natural emphasis and allow you to guide your listener's attention dynamically.

Cultural Context

Native English speakers instinctively use these patterns not just for grammatical correctness, but for their communicative impact. They're masters of strategic emphasis. In everyday conversation, you'll hear emphatic do and Wh-clefts (especially
What I need is...
) frequently to express strong opinions or needs.
It-clefts are common for correcting misinformation or adding weight to a statement, often with a slight pause for dramatic effect. While formal writing might prefer
It was I who...
, casual speech often opts for
It was me who...
, showcasing the flexibility and natural evolution of these structures. They are key to sounding truly fluent and spontaneous.

주요 예문 (8)

1

I **do** love that new Netflix series.

그 넷플릭스 새 시리즈, 저 정말 좋아해요.

강조: 정말 좋아해요! (Emphatic Do/Does/Did)
2

She **does** have a point about the budget.

그녀가 예산에 대해 일리 있는 말을 하긴 해요.

강조: 정말 좋아해요! (Emphatic Do/Does/Did)
3

`All I want is a break` from studying.

내가 원하는 건 공부로부터의 휴식뿐이야.

보편적 강조: 'All'을 사용한 집중 (All-Cleft)
4

`All he did was send` a quick text, not a lengthy email.

그가 한 거라곤 긴 이메일이 아니라 짧은 문자 하나 보낸 것뿐이야.

보편적 강조: 'All'을 사용한 집중 (All-Cleft)
5

What I really want for my birthday is a new gaming console.

제가 생일에 정말로 원하는 것은 새 게임기예요.

필요한 것은... (강조를 위한 Wh-절 분열문)
6

What she does every morning is meditate for ten minutes.

그녀가 매일 아침 하는 것은 10분 동안 명상하는 거예요.

필요한 것은... (강조를 위한 Wh-절 분열문)
7

What I *really* want is a break from studying.

제가 *정말로* 원하는 건 공부에서 벗어나 쉬는 거예요.

Wh-Clefts: 행동에 극적인 효과 더하기
8

What she *did* was completely ignore my message.

그녀가 *한 일은* 제 메시지를 완전히 무시한 거였어요.

Wh-Clefts: 행동에 극적인 효과 더하기

팁과 요령 (4)

🎯

강조는 목소리에!

'do'를 소리 내어 강조하지 않으면, 문장이 그냥 어색하게 들릴 수 있어요. 이 보조동사를 힘줘서 발음하는 게 중요해요!
I do like it!
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 강조: 정말 좋아해요! (Emphatic Do/Does/Did)
💡

'오직 이것뿐'이라고 생각하기

강조하고 싶은 행동이나 물건이 유일하다는 느낌을 주고 싶을 때 이 구문이 정답이에요. 다른 가능성을 싹 지워버리고 핵심만 남기는 거죠:
All I need is coffee.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 보편적 강조: 'All'을 사용한 집중 (All-Cleft)
💡

Use 'What' frequently

다른 Wh-단어들도 쓸 수 있지만, 'What'은 가장 흔하고 다재다능한 Wh-Cleft예요. 헷갈린다면 'What'부터 시작해보세요!
What I want is peace and quiet.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 필요한 것은... (강조를 위한 Wh-절 분열문)
💡

명확화를 위해 사용하기

메시지가 명확하지 않다고 느낄 때, Wh-cleft는 정확한 행동이나 정보를 콕 집어줄 수 있어요. 문장의 가장 중요한 부분에 언어적인 화살표를 다는 것과 같아요. 예를 들어, 동료가 당신의 의도를 오해했을 때
What I meant was to suggest a new approach.
처럼 말할 수 있죠.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Wh-Clefts: 행동에 극적인 효과 더하기

핵심 어휘 (5)

Emphatic expressing something with force Cleft a split or divided structure Declarative a statement of fact Temporal relating to time Focus the center of interest or activity

Real-World Preview

briefcase

The Persuasive Pitch

Review Summary

  • Subject + do/does/did + Verb
  • All + [clause] + is + [focus]
  • What + [clause] + is/was + [focus]
  • What + Subject + did + was + [action]
  • It + be + [focus] + that/who + [clause]
  • It + be + [object] + that + [subject+verb]
  • It + be + [time/place] + that + [clause]

자주 하는 실수

Wh-clefts often require singular agreement even if the focus is plural.

Wrong: What I need are a coffee.
정답: What I need is a coffee.

Use 'that' for It-clefts, not 'where' or 'when'.

Wrong: It is in London where I met her.
정답: It is in London that I met her.

Avoid repeating the subject after the 'all' clause.

Wrong: All I need, it is money.
정답: All I need is money.

이 챕터의 규칙 (7)

Next Steps

You have mastered one of the most powerful tools in the English language. Keep practicing these structures in your professional emails to see the difference in your impact!

Rewrite a news article using clefts to change the focus of each paragraph.

빠른 연습 (10)

어떤 문장이 It-Cleft를 올바르게 사용하고 있나요?

올바른 문장을 선택하세요:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: It is the team's effort that led to success.
단수 'It'에는 'It is' 형태가 필요하며, 그 뒤에 강조된 명사구와 관계대명사 'that'이 옵니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: It-Clefts: 강한 강조 추가하기

Wh-Cleft 문장에서 틀린 부분을 찾아 고치세요.

Find and fix the mistake:

What he needs are a new perspective.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: What he needs is a new perspective.
강조된 구문인 'a new perspective'는 단수이므로 동사 'is'를 사용해야 하고, 'are'는 적절하지 않아요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 필요한 것은... (강조를 위한 Wh-절 분열문)

Wh-cleft 문장에서 틀린 부분을 찾아 고치세요.

Find and fix the mistake:

What he did was to ran away from the spider.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: What he did was run away from the spider.
이 구조에서 'was' 다음에는 동사의 원형(bare infinitive)인 'run'을 사용해야 합니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Wh-Clefts: 행동에 극적인 효과 더하기

문장의 오류를 찾아 고치세요.

Find and fix the mistake:

It is last night that the concert was.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: It was last night that the concert was.
원래 문장은 과거 사건(last night, was)에 is를 잘못 사용했어요. It-Cleftbe 동사는 that 절에서 설명된 사건의 시제와 일치해야 합니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 시간과 장소를 강조하는 It-Cleft: '...했던 것은 바로 그때/거기였다'

Wh-Cleft 문장을 완성하기 위한 올바른 형태를 선택하세요.

What I love about this city ___ its vibrant nightlife.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: is
강조된 정보인 'its vibrant nightlife'는 단수 개념이므로 단수 동사 'is'가 필요해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 필요한 것은... (강조를 위한 Wh-절 분열문)

`It-Cleft`를 완성하는 올바른 단어를 고르세요.

It was in the park ___ we first met.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: that
that은 가장 다재다능한 접속사이며, 장소를 강조한 후 나머지 절을 도입하는 데 완벽하게 작동합니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 시간과 장소를 강조하는 It-Cleft: '...했던 것은 바로 그때/거기였다'

It-Cleft 문장의 틀린 부분을 찾아 고치세요.

Find and fix the mistake:

It were the students who organized the charity event.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: It was the students who organized the charity event.
It-Cleft에서 'be' 동사는 항상 'It' (단수)에 맞춰져야 하므로, 'were'는 'was'가 되어야 합니다. 나머지 문장은 올바릅니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 영어 It-Clefts: 목적어 강조 (It was the...)

'to be' 동사의 올바른 형태를 고르세요.

What she said ___ incredibly insightful.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: was
'what' 절은 단수 주어 역할을 하므로, 단수형 'was'가 필요합니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Wh-Clefts: 행동에 극적인 효과 더하기

It-Cleft 문장을 완성하기 위해 올바른 관계대명사를 선택하세요.

It was my friend ___ told me the news.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: who
'friend'는 사람을 가리키므로, 'who'가 적절한 관계대명사입니다. 'that' 또한 여기서는 올바른 선택이에요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: It-Clefts: 강한 강조 추가하기

It-Cleft 문장을 완성하기 위해 올바른 관계대명사를 선택하세요.

It was my new phone ___ I lost at the concert.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: that
'my new phone'은 사물이므로, 'that'이 적절한 관계대명사입니다. 'who'는 사람에게, 'whose'는 소유를 나타냅니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 영어 It-Clefts: 목적어 강조 (It was the...)

Score: /10

자주 묻는 질문 (6)

아니요, 부정문은 이미 'do'를 사용하니까요. 부정문을 강조하고 싶을 때는 보통 'not'을 강조하거나 'really'를 써요. 예를 들어,
I really do NOT want to go.
처럼요.
네, 그럼요! 어떤 업무가 완료되었음을 명확히 하거나 사과할 때 진심을 보여줄 때 아주 유용해요. 예를 들어,
We did review your application last week.
처럼요.
어떤 상황에서 '오직 하나'의 행동이나 항목을 주인공으로 만들기 위해서예요. 마치 중요한 부분에 the one thing이라고 조명을 비추는 것과 같죠.
'I just did'는 방금 했다는 의미도 있지만, 'All I did was'는 내가 한 일이 '그것뿐이었다'는 전체성과 한계를 훨씬 강하게 강조해요.
Wh-Cleft의 주요 기능은 문장의 특정 부분을 날카롭게 부각시켜서 가장 중요한 정보로 돋보이게 하는 거예요. 아이디어, 사물, 행동, 또는 이유를 강조하는 데 도움이 됩니다.
Wh-Cleft는 문장을 재구성하여 일반적으로 나중에 나오는 특정 정보를 전면에 내세웁니다. 예를 들어, 'I want coffee'는 'What I want is coffee'가 되어 'coffee'에 강조를 두는 식이죠.