C1 Sentence Structure 20 min read 어려움

영어 It-Clefts: 목적어 강조 (It was the...)

It-Cleft 구문을 마스터해서 특정 «목적어»를 돋보이게 해 보세요. 문장을 더 «명확»하고 «설득력» 있게 만들어서 고급 영어 실력을 뽐낼 수 있을 거예요.

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

It-clefts move the object to the front to highlight it as the most important piece of new information.

  • Start with 'It' + 'be' (It is/was) to introduce the focus: 'It was the cake...'
  • Place the object you want to emphasize immediately after 'be': '...the cake...'
  • Connect the rest of the sentence with 'that' or 'who': '...that I ate.'
It + be + 🎯 Object + that/who + 📝 Rest of Sentence

Overview

### Overview
영어의 It-cleft 문장은 문장 내 특정 정보를 강조하기 위해 사용되는 정교한 문법 구조입니다. C1 레벨 학습자에게는 이러한 구조를 능숙하게 구사하는 것이 고급 수사적 통제를 위해 필수적이며, 이를 통해 청중의 주의를 정확하게 이끌 수 있습니다. 동사의 목적어It-cleft를 사용하여 강조할 때, 우리는 목적어를 일반적인 이차적인 위치에서 벗어나 가장 중요한 의사소통의 초점으로 끌어올립니다. 이 구조적 장치는 목적어를 고유한 위치에서 벗어나게 하여 그 실용적인 중요성을 부각시킵니다.
이러한 의도적인 재배열은 새로운 정보를 강조하거나, 오해를 바로잡거나, 진술에 감정적 무게를 부여하는 등 여러 중요한 수사적 기능을 수행합니다. 이러한 전략적 조작은 고급 담화에서 명확성과 설득력을 향상시켜, 특정 정보가 가장 두드러지게 인식되도록 합니다. 이 구조는 암묵적으로 강조된 목적어와 다른 잠재적 요소를 대조하므로, 의사소통의 정확성을 높이는 강력한 도구가 됩니다.
The team submitted *the final report* yesterday. (팀이 어제 최종 보고서를 제출했다.) 와 It was *the final report* that the team submitted yesterday. (바로 그 최종 보고서였다, 팀이 어제 제출한 것은.) 의 실용적 차이를 생각해 보세요. 후자는 the final report를 중요한 정보로 명시적으로 표시합니다. 이는 다른 무언가가 제출되었다는 가정을 바로잡거나, 긴 지연 끝에 보고서의 중요성을 강조하는 것일 수 있습니다.
이 구조적 선택은 단순한 대체 표현이 아니라, 해석을 적극적으로 형성하고 의사소통 의도를 강화하며, 중립적인 진술을 강조하는 주장으로 변화시킵니다.
### How This Grammar Works
목적어를 강조하기 위한 It-cleft 문장은 표준 선언문을 추출하고 재배열하여 근본적으로 구조를 바꿉니다. 일반적인 동사 뒤 위치하는 대신, 목적어는 It is 또는 It was 구문 바로 뒤에 위치하게 됩니다. 이러한 재구성은 강조된 요소가 먼저 제시되고, 나머지 맥락을 제공하는 that-clause가 뒤따르는 이분법적 문장을 만듭니다. 이 과정은 강조된 목적어가 핵심 주장 또는 초점이라는 것을 신호합니다.
이 문법 장치는 전제(presupposition)초점(focus)을 만듦으로써 작동합니다. that-clause (예: ...that I read yesterday)는 듣는 사람이 알고 있거나 받아들인다고 가정되는 내용인 전제 정보가 됩니다. It is/was 뒤에 오는 요소 (예: that insightful article)는 새롭고 초점화된 정보가 됩니다.
예를 들어, It was *that insightful article* that I read yesterday. (내가 어제 읽은 것은 바로 그 통찰력 있는 기사였다.) 에서 전제는 '당신은 어제 무언가를 읽었다'이고, 초점은 구체적으로 '그 통찰력 있는 기사'입니다.
이를 설명하기 위해 다음 문장을 사용해 보겠습니다: The manager approved *the innovative marketing strategy*. (매니저가 혁신적인 마케팅 전략을 승인했다.) 직접 목적어인 the innovative marketing strategy는 일반적으로 중립적인 강조를 받습니다. 이 목적어를 부각시키고 그 중요성을 알리기 위해, 문장을 It-cleft로 변환합니다: It was *the innovative marketing strategy* that the manager approved. (매니저가 승인한 것은 바로 그 혁신적인 마케팅 전략이었다.) 여기서 the innovative marketing strategy는 핵심 정보로 명시적으로 제시됩니다. 이 구조는 종종 다른 전략과의 잠재적 대조를 암시하거나, 특정 전략의 혁신적인 특성을 강조합니다.
that-clause는 이 강조된 초점을 맥락화하는 역할을 합니다.
### Word Order Rules
목적어를 강조하는 It-cleft의 기본적인 구조는 정확하고 일관된 패턴을 따릅니다. 이 패턴은 C1 레벨 학습자가 숙달해야 하는 데 매우 중요하며, 문법적 정확성과 의도된 실용적 효과에 직접적인 영향을 미칩니다. 이 구조는 항상 고정된 더미 주어인 It으로 시작하고, to be 동사의 형태, 강조되는 목적어, 그리고 마지막으로 보완 절을 도입하는 관계 대명사가 뒤따릅니다. 이 마지막 절은 원래의 주어와 동사를 유지하여 강조된 목적어에 필요한 맥락적 세부 정보를 제공합니다.
다음은 정확한 구조 분석입니다:
| 요소 | 설명 DETERMINE THE TENSE FOR TO BE: handles (현재 시제) -> is (현재 시제)
  1. 1CONSTRUCT THE CLEFT BEGINNING: It + is -> It is
  2. 2INSERT THE EMPHASIZED OBJECT: It is *complex data processing*
  3. 3SELECT THE APPROPRIATE RELATIVE PRONOUN: that (사물에 대해)
  4. 4COMPLETE THE THAT-CLAUSE: the new software handles efficiently
  5. 5FINAL RESULT: It is *complex data processing* that the new software handles efficiently. (새로운 소프트웨어가 효율적으로 처리하는 것은 바로 복잡한 데이터 처리이다.)
Example 2: Emphasizing a Person as Object (Past Tense)
  • Original: The CEO personally contacted *Ms. Evelyn Reed*.
  • Transformation:
  1. 1Object: Ms. Evelyn Reed
  2. 2Tense: contacted (past simple) -> was
  3. 3Beginning: It was
  4. 4Emphasized Object: It was *Ms. Evelyn Reed*
  5. 5Relative Pronoun: who (사람에 대해)
  6. 6Remainder: the CEO personally contacted
  7. 7FINAL RESULT: It was *Ms. Evelyn Reed* who the CEO personally contacted. (CEO가 개인적으로 연락한 사람은 바로 Evelyn Reed 씨였다.)
Example 3: Emphasizing a Noun Phrase as Object (Past Tense)
  • Original: The committee finally accepted *the proposed budget adjustments*.
  • Transformation:
  1. 1Object: the proposed budget adjustments
  2. 2Tense: accepted (past simple) -> was
  3. 3Beginning: It was
  4. 4Emphasized Object: It was *the proposed budget adjustments*
  5. 5Relative Pronoun: that (사물에 대해)
  6. 6Remainder: the committee finally accepted
  7. 7FINAL RESULT: It was *the proposed budget adjustments* that the committee finally accepted. (위원회가 마침내 수용한 것은 바로 제안된 예산 조정안이었다.)
Example 4: Emphasizing a Pronoun as Object (Present Tense)
  • Original: The system flagged *him* for review.
  • Transformation:
  1. 1Object: him
  2. 2Tense: flagged (past simple) -> was (Note: Even though the original sentence is past, the cleft often uses was to refer to the past event. If the flagging were ongoing, is might be used, but for a completed action, was is standard.)
  3. 3Beginning: It was
  4. 4Emphasized Object: It was *him*
  5. 5Relative Pronoun: who (사람에 대해) or that
  6. 6Remainder: the system flagged for review
  7. 7FINAL RESULT: It was *him* who the system flagged for review. (시스템이 검토 대상으로 표시한 사람은 바로 그였다.)
* *Informal Variation*: It was *him* the system flagged for review. (관계대명사 생략)
### When To Use It
The It-cleft construction, particularly when emphasizing the object, is a sophisticated tool used for specific communicative purposes. It's not a casual alternative to standard sentence structures but a deliberate choice to add emphasis, clarity, or corrective force. Mastering its usage elevates your English from merely correct to effectively persuasive and nuanced.
Here are key situations where emphasizing the object with an It-cleft is appropriate:
  1. 1Highlighting New or Crucial Information: When the object is the most important piece of new information you want to convey, or when it carries particular significance in the context of the conversation or text.
  • *Scenario*: A project manager is reporting on the completion of tasks.
  • *Standard*: The team completed the user interface design.
  • *It-cleft Emphasis*: It was *the user interface design* that the team completed. (This emphasizes that *this specific part* is done, perhaps implying other parts are still pending or that this was the most challenging aspect.)
  1. 1Correcting Misconceptions or Assumptions: If you suspect the listener or reader might believe something else was the object of the action, the It-cleft can directly address and correct this.
  • *Scenario*: Someone asks if the company invested in new technology last quarter.
  • *Misconception*: They might think it was software.
  • *It-cleft Correction*: No, it was *the advanced server hardware* that the company invested in last quarter. (This directly contrasts the hardware with the assumed software.)
  1. 1Responding to Specific Questions: When answering a question that implicitly or explicitly asks

Structure of an It-Cleft

Intro (Dummy Subject) Verb 'Be' Focus (Object) Relative Pronoun Rest of Sentence
It
is
the truth
that
I seek.
It
was
him
who
called you.
It
wasn't
the money
that
she wanted.
It
might be
the weather
that
is the problem.
It
has been
his ego
that
has held him back.

Common Contractions

Full Form Contraction Usage
It is
It's
Informal/Neutral speech
It was
N/A
Rarely contracted in writing
It is not
It isn't / It's not
Common in speech
It was not
It wasn't
Common in speech

Meanings

A grammatical structure used to focus on a specific element of a sentence (the 'cleft' or 'split' part) by placing it after 'It is' or 'It was'.

1

Contrastive Focus

Used to correct a misunderstanding or contrast two items.

“It wasn't the money that I wanted; it was the recognition.”

“It was Sarah who called, not Jennifer.”

2

New Information Introduction

Introducing a specific object as the key topic of a narrative.

“It was a small mistake that led to the entire system failure.”

“It is this specific gene that scientists are targeting.”

3

Emotive Emphasis

Adding emotional weight to the object of an action.

“It was your kindness that saved me.”

“It is her bravery that we should celebrate.”

Reference Table

Reference table for 영어 It-Clefts: 목적어 강조 (It was the...)
원문 문장 유형 강조된 요소 It-Cleft 구조 (목적어 강조) 예시
단순 능동태
직접 목적어 (사물)
It is/was + Object + that + S + V...
It was `the new software` that we installed.
단순 능동태
직접 목적어 (사람)
It is/was + Object + who/that + S + V...
It was `my professor` who I consulted.
전치사와 함께
전치사의 목적어
It is/was + Object + that + S + V + Prep...
It was `their innovative ideas` that I was most impressed by.
수동태 (행위자)
행위의 주체
It is/was + Agent + who/that + V + Object...
It was `the lead engineer` who designed the system.
정보 명확화
특정 세부 사항
It is/was + Detail + that + S + V...
It was `your feedback` that truly helped me improve.
'What' 질문에 답할 때
답변 (사물)
It is/was + Answer + that + S + V...
It was `the forgotten password` that caused the login issue.
'Who' 질문에 답할 때
답변 (사람)
It is/was + Answer + who/that + S + V...
It was `my colleague, Dr. Lee`, who presented the findings.

격식 수준 스펙트럼

격식체
It was the manager who made the final decision.

It was the manager who made the final decision. (Workplace accountability)

중립
It was the manager that decided.

It was the manager that decided. (Workplace accountability)

비격식체
It was the manager who did it.

It was the manager who did it. (Workplace accountability)

속어
It was the boss man who called the shots.

It was the boss man who called the shots. (Workplace accountability)

It-Cleft 강조 구문: 목적어 강조

IT-CLEFT

구조

  • It is/was + OBJECT 강조된 요소
  • + that/who/which 절 연결
  • + Subject + Verb... 문장의 나머지 부분

사용법

  • Highlight new info 핵심 세부 사항 도입
  • Correct misunderstandings 오해 수정
  • Respond to 'Wh-' Qs '무엇/누구'에 직접 답변
  • Add drama/impact 진술을 강력하게 만들기

핵심 기억할 것

  • It is/was ALWAYS singular 동사는 'It'과 일치
  • who for people, that for things 관계대명사 선택
  • Avoid overuse 영향력 유지

It-Cleft: 주어 vs. 목적어 강조

주어 강조하기
It was `she` who solved the puzzle. 행위자에게 초점
It was `the team` that developed the app. 행위자를 강조
목적어 강조하기
It was `the puzzle` that she solved. 행위를 받는 대상에 초점
It was `the app` that the team developed. 결과/수혜자를 강조
원문 문장
She solved the puzzle. 중립적인 초점
The team developed the app. 중립적인 초점

목적어 강조 It-Cleft 만드는 방법

1

문장의 직접 목적어를 강조하고 싶으신가요?

YES
'It is/was' + 목적어로 시작하세요.
NO
다른 강조 구조 (예: 주어-cleft, wh-cleft)를 고려하세요.
2

강조하는 목적어가 사람인가요?

YES
다음으로 'who' 또는 'that'을 사용하세요.
NO
다음으로 'that' 또는 (덜 흔하게) 'which'를 사용하세요.
3

원래 주어와 동사는 무엇인가요?

YES
관계대명사 뒤에 원래 주어 + 동사 (+ 문장의 나머지)를 배치하세요.
NO
아니요, 이 경로는 플로우차트이므로 해당 없음!
4

예시: 'She wrote `the best-selling novel`.'

YES
-> 'It was `the best-selling novel` that she wrote.'
NO
해당 없음.

It-Cleft가 요점을 명확히 할 때

🧐

명확하게 할 때

  • 사실 오류 수정
  • '무엇?'에 직접 응답
  • 특정 항목 강조하기
💥

영향력을 줄 때

  • 진술에 극적 효과 더하기
  • 강한 감정 표현하기
  • 중요한 세부 사항에 주의 끌기
🗣️

설득할 때

  • 핵심 발견 제시하기
  • 논쟁에서 초점 전환하기
  • 요점을 공감하게 만들기

수준별 예문

1

It is the cat.

It is the cat.

2

It was my ball.

It was my ball.

3

It is the red one.

It is the red one.

4

It was her.

It was her.

1

It was the cake that I liked.

It was the cake that I liked.

2

It is the bus that we need.

It is the bus that we need.

3

It was the movie that was loud.

It was the movie that was loud.

4

It is the doctor who helps me.

It is the doctor who helps me.

1

It was the rain that ruined our picnic.

It was the rain that ruined our picnic.

2

It is the truth that matters most.

It is the truth that matters most.

3

It wasn't the gift that I wanted.

It wasn't the gift that I wanted.

4

Was it the noise that woke you up?

Was it the noise that woke you up?

1

It was the lack of communication that led to the breakup.

It was the lack of communication that led to the breakup.

2

It is the innovative design that sets this phone apart.

It is the innovative design that sets this phone apart.

3

It was only after the meeting that I realized the mistake.

It was only after the meeting that I realized the mistake.

4

It isn't the salary that attracts me to this job.

It isn't the salary that attracts me to this job.

1

It was the sheer audacity of his claim that stunned the audience.

It was the sheer audacity of his claim that stunned the audience.

2

It is the systemic inequality that we must address first.

It is the systemic inequality that we must address first.

3

It was not so much the content as the delivery that failed.

It was not so much the content as the delivery that failed.

4

It is the nuances of the language that take years to master.

It is the nuances of the language that take years to master.

1

It was the very fabric of society that seemed to be unraveling.

It was the very fabric of society that seemed to be unraveling.

2

It is the juxtaposition of these two themes that creates the tension.

It is the juxtaposition of these two themes that creates the tension.

3

It was his unwavering commitment to the cause that eventually bore fruit.

It was his unwavering commitment to the cause that eventually bore fruit.

4

It is not the destination but the journey that defines us.

It is not the destination but the journey that defines us.

혼동하기 쉬운

English It-Clefts: Emphasizing the Object (It was the...) Pseudo-clefts

Both are used for emphasis, but they start differently. Learners often mix up the 'It' and 'What' starts.

English It-Clefts: Emphasizing the Object (It was the...) There is/are

Learners use 'There' to emphasize a specific object because 'There' also introduces things.

English It-Clefts: Emphasizing the Object (It was the...) Passive Voice

Both move the object, but the passive voice changes the verb form and focus on the action's recipient.

자주 하는 실수

There is the book I want.

It is the book I want.

Use 'It' to focus on a specific item, not 'There'.

It the cat.

It is the cat.

You must include the verb 'be'.

It is me book.

It is my book.

Standard possessive rules still apply.

Is it the dog?

It is the dog.

Confusing statement order with question order.

It was the cake I like.

It was the cake that I liked.

Tense must match the context (past).

It was the man which saw me.

It was the man who saw me.

Use 'who' or 'that' for people, never 'which'.

It is the keys that are lost.

It is the keys that are lost.

Note: 'It is' remains singular even if 'keys' is plural.

It was the rain what stopped us.

It was the rain that stopped us.

In standard English, 'what' cannot be used as a relative pronoun in an it-cleft.

It is the money I am worried.

It is the money that I am worried about.

Don't forget the preposition at the end of the clause.

Was it the film you saw?

Was it the film that you saw?

Relative pronoun is often needed for clarity in clefts.

It were the results that surprised us.

It was the results that surprised us.

The dummy subject 'It' always takes a singular verb 'was/is', even with plural focus.

It was to London that he went to.

It was to London that he went.

Avoid doubling the preposition if it is already in the focus.

It is him that should go.

It is he who should go.

In very formal writing, the subject pronoun is used after 'be', though 'him' is common in speech.

문장 패턴

It was ___ that ___.

It is not ___ but ___ that ___.

Was it ___ who ___?

It must have been ___ that ___.

Real World Usage

Job Interviews very common

It was my previous role at Google that prepared me for this challenge.

Texting/Messaging common

It's your birthday we're celebrating, so you choose the place!

Legal Testimony occasional

It was the defendant whom I saw entering the building.

Social Media Arguments very common

It's the hypocrisy that I can't stand.

Academic Lectures constant

It is this specific variable that we will be testing today.

Customer Support common

It was the latest update that caused the glitch on your device.

🎯

수정할 때 사용하세요

누군가 세부 사항을 오해하거나 잘못 기억하고 있다면, It-Cleft 구문은 정중하고 명확하게 수정할 수 있는 가장 좋은 방법입니다. 'No, it was the blue car that I said was mine, not the red one.'
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과도한 사용은 피하세요

강력한 앰프처럼, It-Cleft 구문은 그 효과를 유지하기 위해 아껴서 사용해야 해요. 너무 많이 쓰면 글이나 말이 부자연스럽게 들리거나 강요하는 느낌을 줄 수 있어, 의도한 강조 효과를 잃을 수 있습니다. 다양한 문장 구조를 활용해 보세요!
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Who vs. That을 고려하세요

사람을 지칭할 때는 일반적으로 'who'가 더 자연스럽고 약간 격식 있는 느낌을 줍니다. 'That'도 사람에게 충분히 쓸 수 있고, 특히 격식 없는 상황이나 절이 아주 짧을 때는 괜찮아요. 사물에는 둘 다 가능합니다.
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미묘한 설득력

전문적인 상황에서 It-Cleft 구문을 전략적으로 사용하면 청중의 초점을 미묘하게 유도할 수 있습니다.
It was this market trend that our analysis predicted
는 단순히 예측을 말하는 것보다 훨씬 자신감 있게 들리죠.
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'It was/is'는 항상 단수예요

강조하는 대상이 컵케이크 하나든, 코끼리 떼 전체든 상관없이, 도입 동사는 항상 'It is' 또는 'It was'입니다. 'be' 동사는 강조되는 목적어가 아닌 'It'에 맞춰져야 해요!

Smart Tips

Use a negative it-cleft followed by an affirmative one.

I didn't go to Spain. I went to Italy. It wasn't Spain that I visited; it was Italy.

Use an it-cleft to state your primary thesis or the main factor you will discuss.

This essay discusses how poverty causes crime. It is the link between poverty and crime that this essay seeks to explore.

Check that your verb 'be' is still singular ('was' or 'is').

It were the documents that were stolen. It was the documents that were stolen.

Lengthen the 'was' or 'is' to add extra emphasis to the focus.

It was your fault. It WAS your fault that we missed the flight!

발음

It was the /CAKE/ that I ate.

Focus Stress

The word immediately following 'is' or 'was' receives the strongest pitch accent in the sentence.

/ðət/

Reduced 'that'

The word 'that' is usually reduced to a schwa sound /ðət/.

Emphasis Peak

It was SARAH (rise) that called (fall).

Indicates that Sarah is the specific person being identified.

암기하기

기억법

IT IS the ITEM that matters.

시각적 연상

Imagine a theater stage where the lights are off. Suddenly, a bright spotlight (the 'It was') shines on a single actor (the 'Object') while everyone else stays in the dark.

Rhyme

To make the object shine so bright, start with 'It was' to give it light.

Story

A detective enters a room. He doesn't just say 'John stole the diamond.' He points his finger and shouts, 'It was JOHN who stole the diamond!' The 'It was' is his pointing finger.

Word Web

ItWasThatWhoFocusEmphasisCleftHighlight

챌린지

Write down three things you did today. Now, rewrite them as it-clefts to emphasize the most interesting object in each sentence.

문화 노트

It-clefts are frequently used in British political debates (Prime Minister's Questions) to deflect blame or highlight specific policy successes.

In scientific papers, it-clefts are used to avoid the first person 'I' while still emphasizing the specific cause of a result.

Hiberno-English often uses cleft-like structures more frequently than other dialects for added poetic emphasis.

The it-cleft construction has roots in Old English but became much more prominent in Middle English, likely influenced by the French 'C'est... que' structure.

대화 시작하기

Was it the price or the quality that made you buy your phone?

In your opinion, is it luck or hard work that leads to success?

It was a specific moment that changed your life, wasn't it? Tell me about it.

Was it the ending of the last movie you saw that you disliked the most?

일기 주제

Describe a historical event. Use it-clefts to highlight the key figures and causes.
Write a letter of complaint to a company. Emphasize exactly what went wrong using cleft sentences.
Reflect on your language learning journey. What was the hardest part?
Argue for or against a new law. Use clefts to highlight the primary beneficiaries.

자주 하는 실수

Incorrect

정답


Incorrect

정답


Incorrect

정답


Incorrect

정답

Test Yourself

It-Cleft 문장을 완성하기 위해 올바른 관계대명사를 선택하세요.

It was my new phone ___ I lost at the concert.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: that
'my new phone'은 사물이므로, 'that'이 적절한 관계대명사입니다. 'who'는 사람에게, 'whose'는 소유를 나타냅니다.
It-Cleft 문장의 틀린 부분을 찾아 고치세요. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

It were the students who organized the charity event.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: It was the students who organized the charity event.
It-Cleft에서 'be' 동사는 항상 'It' (단수)에 맞춰져야 하므로, 'were'는 'was'가 되어야 합니다. 나머지 문장은 올바릅니다.
주어진 단어들을 순서대로 배열하여 목적어를 강조하는 올바른 It-Cleft 문장을 만드세요. Sentence Reorder

Arrange the words in the correct order:

All words placed

Click words above to build the sentence

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: It was the new project manager that she hired
올바른 구조는 'It was + 강조된 목적어 + that + 주어 + 동사'입니다. 'The new project manager'가 강조된 목적어입니다.

Score: /3

연습 문제

8 exercises
Rewrite the sentence as an it-cleft focusing on the underlined object: 'I bought **the red shoes**.' Sentence Transformation

I bought the red shoes.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: It was the red shoes that I bought.
The it-cleft starts with 'It was' followed by the focus and 'that'.
Select the grammatically correct it-cleft for a plural object. 객관식

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: It was the results that we expected.
The dummy subject 'It' always takes a singular verb 'was'.
Complete the sentence with the correct verb and relative pronoun.

It ___ the manager ___ I spoke to yesterday.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: was / that
'Was' matches the past tense 'yesterday', and 'that' is the correct relative pronoun.
Identify the error: 'It was the rain what caused the flood.' Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

It was the rain what caused the flood.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Change 'what' to 'that'
'What' cannot be used as a relative pronoun in an it-cleft.
Match the standard sentence to its it-cleft version. Match Pairs

1. I love jazz. 2. He stole the car. 3. We need more time.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1-It is jazz that I love. 2-It was the car that he stole. 3-It is more time that we need.
These follow the standard 'It + be + Focus + that' formula.
Choose the best response to correct the speaker. Dialogue Completion

Speaker A: 'I heard you moved to Paris.' Speaker B: 'No, ___.'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: It was London that I moved to.
It-clefts are the most natural way to provide contrastive correction.
Put the words in the correct order. Sentence Building

that / it / her / was / kindness / us / saved

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: It was her kindness that saved us.
Follows: It + was + Focus (her kindness) + that + rest.
Is the following statement true or false? True False Rule

In an it-cleft, you can never use 'who' for people.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
'Who' is perfectly acceptable and common for people in it-clefts.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

12 exercises
It-Cleft 문장을 완성하기 위해 'be' 동사의 올바른 형태를 선택하세요. 빈칸 채우기

It ___ his dedication that truly impressed the judges.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: was
It-Cleft 문장의 틀린 부분을 찾아 고치세요. Error Correction

It was the beautiful view who made our vacation unforgettable.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: It was the beautiful view that made our vacation unforgettable.
다음 문장 중 어떤 것이 It-Cleft를 올바르게 사용하여 목적어를 강조하고 있나요? 객관식

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: It was the new policy that the government announced yesterday.
It-Cleft를 사용하여 목적어를 강조하는 올바른 영어 문장을 입력하세요. 번역

Translate into English: 'Fue tu consejo lo que realmente me ayudó.'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ["It was your advice that really helped me.","It was your advice which really helped me."]
주어진 단어들을 순서대로 배열하여 목적어를 강조하는 올바른 It-Cleft 문장을 만드세요. Sentence Reorder

Arrange these words into a sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: It was her speech that inspired everyone
강조된 목적어와 올바른 관계대명사를 짝지으세요. Match Pairs

Match the emphasized objects with the correct relative pronoun:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: matched
It-Cleft 문장을 가장 적절한 단어로 완성하세요. 빈칸 채우기

It was `the final decision` ___ everyone had been waiting for.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: which
이 It-Cleft 구조에서 미묘한 오류를 찾아내고 고치세요. Error Correction

It was him that broke the vase.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: It was he that broke the vase.
전문적인 맥락에서 It-Cleft를 사용하여 목적어를 효과적으로 강조하는 문장을 선택하세요. 객관식

Which sentence is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: It was the comprehensive analysis that illuminated the market gap.
이 문장을 It-Cleft를 사용하여 목적어를 강조해서 번역하세요. 번역

Translate into English: 'Es a ti a quien debo agradecer por la ayuda.'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ["It is you that I should thank for the help.","It is you who I should thank for the help."]
단어들을 재배열하여 목적어를 강조하는 문법적으로 올바른 It-Cleft 문장을 만드세요. Sentence Reorder

Arrange these words into a sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: It was the company culture that attracted her
각 원문 문장과 그에 해당하는 It-Cleft 변형을 짝지으세요. Match Pairs

Match the original sentences to their It-Cleft versions:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: matched

Score: /12

자주 묻는 질문 (8)

In informal speech, 'that' is sometimes omitted if the focus is the object (e.g., 'It was the pizza I wanted'). However, in formal writing and at the C1 level, you should always include it.

While that is a grammatically correct standard sentence, it is not an 'it-cleft'. An it-cleft *must* start with the dummy subject 'It'. The 'It' represents the situation or the fact, which is why it stays singular.

In everyday English, 'me' (object pronoun) is standard. In very formal, traditional grammar, 'It was I who did it' (subject pronoun) is technically correct, but it sounds very archaic today.

The first (cleft) emphasizes that it was the *dog* and not the cat or the neighbor. The second is a neutral statement of fact.

Yes! You can say 'It will be the final exam that determines your grade.' The verb 'be' conjugates to any tense.

Yes, especially when we want to correct someone or express strong emotion. We use them to 'point' with our voice.

Surprisingly, 'which' is rarely used in it-clefts. 'That' is the standard choice for objects.

Simply make the verb 'be' negative: 'It wasn't the money that I lost.'

Scaffolded Practice

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1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish high

Ser + [Focus] + que...

English requires the dummy subject 'It', whereas Spanish does not.

French high

C'est... que/qui

French uses 'qui' for subjects and 'que' for objects strictly, while English often uses 'that' for both.

German moderate

Es ist... der/die/das

German relative pronouns are much more complex than the English 'that'.

Japanese low

...no wa ... desu

The focus comes at the end of the sentence in Japanese, whereas it comes at the beginning in English.

Arabic low

Innama / Al-ladhi

Arabic relies on word order and specific particles rather than a 'split' sentence structure.

Chinese moderate

Shi... de (是...的)

The 'de' comes at the very end of the sentence, unlike the English 'that' which starts the second clause.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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