영어 It-Clefts: 목적어 강조 (It was the...)
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
It-clefts move the object to the front to highlight it as the most important piece of new information.
- Start with 'It' + 'be' (It is/was) to introduce the focus: 'It was the cake...'
- Place the object you want to emphasize immediately after 'be': '...the cake...'
- Connect the rest of the sentence with 'that' or 'who': '...that I ate.'
Overview
It-cleft 문장은 문장 내 특정 정보를 강조하기 위해 사용되는 정교한 문법 구조입니다. C1 레벨 학습자에게는 이러한 구조를 능숙하게 구사하는 것이 고급 수사적 통제를 위해 필수적이며, 이를 통해 청중의 주의를 정확하게 이끌 수 있습니다. 동사의 목적어를 It-cleft를 사용하여 강조할 때, 우리는 목적어를 일반적인 이차적인 위치에서 벗어나 가장 중요한 의사소통의 초점으로 끌어올립니다. 이 구조적 장치는 목적어를 고유한 위치에서 벗어나게 하여 그 실용적인 중요성을 부각시킵니다.The team submitted *the final report* yesterday. (팀이 어제 최종 보고서를 제출했다.) 와 It was *the final report* that the team submitted yesterday. (바로 그 최종 보고서였다, 팀이 어제 제출한 것은.) 의 실용적 차이를 생각해 보세요. 후자는 the final report를 중요한 정보로 명시적으로 표시합니다. 이는 다른 무언가가 제출되었다는 가정을 바로잡거나, 긴 지연 끝에 보고서의 중요성을 강조하는 것일 수 있습니다.It-cleft 문장은 표준 선언문을 추출하고 재배열하여 근본적으로 구조를 바꿉니다. 일반적인 동사 뒤 위치하는 대신, 목적어는 It is 또는 It was 구문 바로 뒤에 위치하게 됩니다. 이러한 재구성은 강조된 요소가 먼저 제시되고, 나머지 맥락을 제공하는 that-clause가 뒤따르는 이분법적 문장을 만듭니다. 이 과정은 강조된 목적어가 핵심 주장 또는 초점이라는 것을 신호합니다.that-clause (예: ...that I read yesterday)는 듣는 사람이 알고 있거나 받아들인다고 가정되는 내용인 전제 정보가 됩니다. It is/was 뒤에 오는 요소 (예: that insightful article)는 새롭고 초점화된 정보가 됩니다.It was *that insightful article* that I read yesterday. (내가 어제 읽은 것은 바로 그 통찰력 있는 기사였다.) 에서 전제는 '당신은 어제 무언가를 읽었다'이고, 초점은 구체적으로 '그 통찰력 있는 기사'입니다.The manager approved *the innovative marketing strategy*. (매니저가 혁신적인 마케팅 전략을 승인했다.) 직접 목적어인 the innovative marketing strategy는 일반적으로 중립적인 강조를 받습니다. 이 목적어를 부각시키고 그 중요성을 알리기 위해, 문장을 It-cleft로 변환합니다: It was *the innovative marketing strategy* that the manager approved. (매니저가 승인한 것은 바로 그 혁신적인 마케팅 전략이었다.) 여기서 the innovative marketing strategy는 핵심 정보로 명시적으로 제시됩니다. 이 구조는 종종 다른 전략과의 잠재적 대조를 암시하거나, 이 특정 전략의 혁신적인 특성을 강조합니다.that-clause는 이 강조된 초점을 맥락화하는 역할을 합니다.It-cleft의 기본적인 구조는 정확하고 일관된 패턴을 따릅니다. 이 패턴은 C1 레벨 학습자가 숙달해야 하는 데 매우 중요하며, 문법적 정확성과 의도된 실용적 효과에 직접적인 영향을 미칩니다. 이 구조는 항상 고정된 더미 주어인 It으로 시작하고, to be 동사의 형태, 강조되는 목적어, 그리고 마지막으로 보완 절을 도입하는 관계 대명사가 뒤따릅니다. 이 마지막 절은 원래의 주어와 동사를 유지하여 강조된 목적어에 필요한 맥락적 세부 정보를 제공합니다.TO BE: handles (현재 시제) -> is (현재 시제)- 1CONSTRUCT THE CLEFT BEGINNING:
It+is->It is - 2INSERT THE EMPHASIZED OBJECT:
It is *complex data processing* - 3SELECT THE APPROPRIATE RELATIVE PRONOUN:
that(사물에 대해) - 4COMPLETE THE THAT-CLAUSE:
the new software handles efficiently - 5FINAL RESULT:
It is *complex data processing* that the new software handles efficiently.(새로운 소프트웨어가 효율적으로 처리하는 것은 바로 복잡한 데이터 처리이다.)
- Original:
The CEO personally contacted *Ms. Evelyn Reed*. - Transformation:
- 1Object:
Ms. Evelyn Reed - 2Tense:
contacted(past simple) ->was - 3Beginning:
It was - 4Emphasized Object:
It was *Ms. Evelyn Reed* - 5Relative Pronoun:
who(사람에 대해) - 6Remainder:
the CEO personally contacted - 7FINAL RESULT:
It was *Ms. Evelyn Reed* who the CEO personally contacted.(CEO가 개인적으로 연락한 사람은 바로 Evelyn Reed 씨였다.)
- Original:
The committee finally accepted *the proposed budget adjustments*. - Transformation:
- 1Object:
the proposed budget adjustments - 2Tense:
accepted(past simple) ->was - 3Beginning:
It was - 4Emphasized Object:
It was *the proposed budget adjustments* - 5Relative Pronoun:
that(사물에 대해) - 6Remainder:
the committee finally accepted - 7FINAL RESULT:
It was *the proposed budget adjustments* that the committee finally accepted.(위원회가 마침내 수용한 것은 바로 제안된 예산 조정안이었다.)
- Original:
The system flagged *him* for review. - Transformation:
- 1Object:
him - 2Tense:
flagged(past simple) ->was(Note: Even though the original sentence is past, the cleft often useswasto refer to the past event. If the flagging were ongoing,ismight be used, but for a completed action,wasis standard.) - 3Beginning:
It was - 4Emphasized Object:
It was *him* - 5Relative Pronoun:
who(사람에 대해) orthat - 6Remainder:
the system flagged for review - 7FINAL RESULT:
It was *him* who the system flagged for review.(시스템이 검토 대상으로 표시한 사람은 바로 그였다.)
It was *him* the system flagged for review. (관계대명사 생략)It-cleft construction, particularly when emphasizing the object, is a sophisticated tool used for specific communicative purposes. It's not a casual alternative to standard sentence structures but a deliberate choice to add emphasis, clarity, or corrective force. Mastering its usage elevates your English from merely correct to effectively persuasive and nuanced.It-cleft is appropriate:- 1Highlighting New or Crucial Information: When the object is the most important piece of new information you want to convey, or when it carries particular significance in the context of the conversation or text.
- *Scenario*: A project manager is reporting on the completion of tasks.
- *Standard*:
The team completed the user interface design. - *It-cleft Emphasis*:
It was *the user interface design* that the team completed.(This emphasizes that *this specific part* is done, perhaps implying other parts are still pending or that this was the most challenging aspect.)
- 1Correcting Misconceptions or Assumptions: If you suspect the listener or reader might believe something else was the object of the action, the
It-cleftcan directly address and correct this.
- *Scenario*: Someone asks if the company invested in new technology last quarter.
- *Misconception*: They might think it was software.
- *It-cleft Correction*:
No, it was *the advanced server hardware* that the company invested in last quarter.(This directly contrasts the hardware with the assumed software.)
- 1Responding to Specific Questions: When answering a question that implicitly or explicitly asks
Structure of an It-Cleft
| Intro (Dummy Subject) | Verb 'Be' | Focus (Object) | Relative Pronoun | Rest of Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
It
|
is
|
the truth
|
that
|
I seek.
|
|
It
|
was
|
him
|
who
|
called you.
|
|
It
|
wasn't
|
the money
|
that
|
she wanted.
|
|
It
|
might be
|
the weather
|
that
|
is the problem.
|
|
It
|
has been
|
his ego
|
that
|
has held him back.
|
Common Contractions
| Full Form | Contraction | Usage |
|---|---|---|
|
It is
|
It's
|
Informal/Neutral speech
|
|
It was
|
N/A
|
Rarely contracted in writing
|
|
It is not
|
It isn't / It's not
|
Common in speech
|
|
It was not
|
It wasn't
|
Common in speech
|
Meanings
A grammatical structure used to focus on a specific element of a sentence (the 'cleft' or 'split' part) by placing it after 'It is' or 'It was'.
Contrastive Focus
Used to correct a misunderstanding or contrast two items.
“It wasn't the money that I wanted; it was the recognition.”
“It was Sarah who called, not Jennifer.”
New Information Introduction
Introducing a specific object as the key topic of a narrative.
“It was a small mistake that led to the entire system failure.”
“It is this specific gene that scientists are targeting.”
Emotive Emphasis
Adding emotional weight to the object of an action.
“It was your kindness that saved me.”
“It is her bravery that we should celebrate.”
Reference Table
| 원문 문장 유형 | 강조된 요소 | It-Cleft 구조 (목적어 강조) | 예시 |
|---|---|---|---|
|
단순 능동태
|
직접 목적어 (사물)
|
It is/was + Object + that + S + V...
|
It was `the new software` that we installed.
|
|
단순 능동태
|
직접 목적어 (사람)
|
It is/was + Object + who/that + S + V...
|
It was `my professor` who I consulted.
|
|
전치사와 함께
|
전치사의 목적어
|
It is/was + Object + that + S + V + Prep...
|
It was `their innovative ideas` that I was most impressed by.
|
|
수동태 (행위자)
|
행위의 주체
|
It is/was + Agent + who/that + V + Object...
|
It was `the lead engineer` who designed the system.
|
|
정보 명확화
|
특정 세부 사항
|
It is/was + Detail + that + S + V...
|
It was `your feedback` that truly helped me improve.
|
|
'What' 질문에 답할 때
|
답변 (사물)
|
It is/was + Answer + that + S + V...
|
It was `the forgotten password` that caused the login issue.
|
|
'Who' 질문에 답할 때
|
답변 (사람)
|
It is/was + Answer + who/that + S + V...
|
It was `my colleague, Dr. Lee`, who presented the findings.
|
격식 수준 스펙트럼
It was the manager who made the final decision. (Workplace accountability)
It was the manager that decided. (Workplace accountability)
It was the manager who did it. (Workplace accountability)
It was the boss man who called the shots. (Workplace accountability)
It-Cleft 강조 구문: 목적어 강조
구조
- It is/was + OBJECT 강조된 요소
- + that/who/which 절 연결
- + Subject + Verb... 문장의 나머지 부분
사용법
- Highlight new info 핵심 세부 사항 도입
- Correct misunderstandings 오해 수정
- Respond to 'Wh-' Qs '무엇/누구'에 직접 답변
- Add drama/impact 진술을 강력하게 만들기
핵심 기억할 것
- It is/was ALWAYS singular 동사는 'It'과 일치
- who for people, that for things 관계대명사 선택
- Avoid overuse 영향력 유지
It-Cleft: 주어 vs. 목적어 강조
목적어 강조 It-Cleft 만드는 방법
문장의 직접 목적어를 강조하고 싶으신가요?
강조하는 목적어가 사람인가요?
원래 주어와 동사는 무엇인가요?
예시: 'She wrote `the best-selling novel`.'
It-Cleft가 요점을 명확히 할 때
명확하게 할 때
- • 사실 오류 수정
- • '무엇?'에 직접 응답
- • 특정 항목 강조하기
영향력을 줄 때
- • 진술에 극적 효과 더하기
- • 강한 감정 표현하기
- • 중요한 세부 사항에 주의 끌기
설득할 때
- • 핵심 발견 제시하기
- • 논쟁에서 초점 전환하기
- • 요점을 공감하게 만들기
수준별 예문
It is the cat.
It is the cat.
It was my ball.
It was my ball.
It is the red one.
It is the red one.
It was her.
It was her.
It was the cake that I liked.
It was the cake that I liked.
It is the bus that we need.
It is the bus that we need.
It was the movie that was loud.
It was the movie that was loud.
It is the doctor who helps me.
It is the doctor who helps me.
It was the rain that ruined our picnic.
It was the rain that ruined our picnic.
It is the truth that matters most.
It is the truth that matters most.
It wasn't the gift that I wanted.
It wasn't the gift that I wanted.
Was it the noise that woke you up?
Was it the noise that woke you up?
It was the lack of communication that led to the breakup.
It was the lack of communication that led to the breakup.
It is the innovative design that sets this phone apart.
It is the innovative design that sets this phone apart.
It was only after the meeting that I realized the mistake.
It was only after the meeting that I realized the mistake.
It isn't the salary that attracts me to this job.
It isn't the salary that attracts me to this job.
It was the sheer audacity of his claim that stunned the audience.
It was the sheer audacity of his claim that stunned the audience.
It is the systemic inequality that we must address first.
It is the systemic inequality that we must address first.
It was not so much the content as the delivery that failed.
It was not so much the content as the delivery that failed.
It is the nuances of the language that take years to master.
It is the nuances of the language that take years to master.
It was the very fabric of society that seemed to be unraveling.
It was the very fabric of society that seemed to be unraveling.
It is the juxtaposition of these two themes that creates the tension.
It is the juxtaposition of these two themes that creates the tension.
It was his unwavering commitment to the cause that eventually bore fruit.
It was his unwavering commitment to the cause that eventually bore fruit.
It is not the destination but the journey that defines us.
It is not the destination but the journey that defines us.
혼동하기 쉬운
Both are used for emphasis, but they start differently. Learners often mix up the 'It' and 'What' starts.
Learners use 'There' to emphasize a specific object because 'There' also introduces things.
Both move the object, but the passive voice changes the verb form and focus on the action's recipient.
자주 하는 실수
There is the book I want.
It is the book I want.
It the cat.
It is the cat.
It is me book.
It is my book.
Is it the dog?
It is the dog.
It was the cake I like.
It was the cake that I liked.
It was the man which saw me.
It was the man who saw me.
It is the keys that are lost.
It is the keys that are lost.
It was the rain what stopped us.
It was the rain that stopped us.
It is the money I am worried.
It is the money that I am worried about.
Was it the film you saw?
Was it the film that you saw?
It were the results that surprised us.
It was the results that surprised us.
It was to London that he went to.
It was to London that he went.
It is him that should go.
It is he who should go.
문장 패턴
It was ___ that ___.
It is not ___ but ___ that ___.
Was it ___ who ___?
It must have been ___ that ___.
Real World Usage
It was my previous role at Google that prepared me for this challenge.
It's your birthday we're celebrating, so you choose the place!
It was the defendant whom I saw entering the building.
It's the hypocrisy that I can't stand.
It is this specific variable that we will be testing today.
It was the latest update that caused the glitch on your device.
수정할 때 사용하세요
the blue car that I said was mine, not the red one.'과도한 사용은 피하세요
Who vs. That을 고려하세요
미묘한 설득력
It was this market trend that our analysis predicted는 단순히 예측을 말하는 것보다 훨씬 자신감 있게 들리죠.'It was/is'는 항상 단수예요
Smart Tips
Use a negative it-cleft followed by an affirmative one.
Use an it-cleft to state your primary thesis or the main factor you will discuss.
Check that your verb 'be' is still singular ('was' or 'is').
Lengthen the 'was' or 'is' to add extra emphasis to the focus.
발음
Focus Stress
The word immediately following 'is' or 'was' receives the strongest pitch accent in the sentence.
Reduced 'that'
The word 'that' is usually reduced to a schwa sound /ðət/.
Emphasis Peak
It was SARAH (rise) that called (fall).
Indicates that Sarah is the specific person being identified.
암기하기
기억법
IT IS the ITEM that matters.
시각적 연상
Imagine a theater stage where the lights are off. Suddenly, a bright spotlight (the 'It was') shines on a single actor (the 'Object') while everyone else stays in the dark.
Rhyme
To make the object shine so bright, start with 'It was' to give it light.
Story
A detective enters a room. He doesn't just say 'John stole the diamond.' He points his finger and shouts, 'It was JOHN who stole the diamond!' The 'It was' is his pointing finger.
Word Web
챌린지
Write down three things you did today. Now, rewrite them as it-clefts to emphasize the most interesting object in each sentence.
문화 노트
It-clefts are frequently used in British political debates (Prime Minister's Questions) to deflect blame or highlight specific policy successes.
In scientific papers, it-clefts are used to avoid the first person 'I' while still emphasizing the specific cause of a result.
Hiberno-English often uses cleft-like structures more frequently than other dialects for added poetic emphasis.
The it-cleft construction has roots in Old English but became much more prominent in Middle English, likely influenced by the French 'C'est... que' structure.
대화 시작하기
Was it the price or the quality that made you buy your phone?
In your opinion, is it luck or hard work that leads to success?
It was a specific moment that changed your life, wasn't it? Tell me about it.
Was it the ending of the last movie you saw that you disliked the most?
일기 주제
자주 하는 실수
Test Yourself
It was my new phone ___ I lost at the concert.
Find and fix the mistake:
It were the students who organized the charity event.
Arrange the words in the correct order:
All words placed
Click words above to build the sentence
Score: /3
연습 문제
8 exercisesI bought the red shoes.
Which is correct?
It ___ the manager ___ I spoke to yesterday.
Find and fix the mistake:
It was the rain what caused the flood.
1. I love jazz. 2. He stole the car. 3. We need more time.
Speaker A: 'I heard you moved to Paris.' Speaker B: 'No, ___.'
that / it / her / was / kindness / us / saved
In an it-cleft, you can never use 'who' for people.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesIt ___ his dedication that truly impressed the judges.
It was the beautiful view who made our vacation unforgettable.
Choose the correct sentence:
Translate into English: 'Fue tu consejo lo que realmente me ayudó.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Match the emphasized objects with the correct relative pronoun:
It was `the final decision` ___ everyone had been waiting for.
It was him that broke the vase.
Which sentence is correct?
Translate into English: 'Es a ti a quien debo agradecer por la ayuda.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Match the original sentences to their It-Cleft versions:
Score: /12
자주 묻는 질문 (8)
In informal speech, 'that' is sometimes omitted if the focus is the object (e.g., 'It was the pizza I wanted'). However, in formal writing and at the C1 level, you should always include it.
While that is a grammatically correct standard sentence, it is not an 'it-cleft'. An it-cleft *must* start with the dummy subject 'It'. The 'It' represents the situation or the fact, which is why it stays singular.
In everyday English, 'me' (object pronoun) is standard. In very formal, traditional grammar, 'It was I who did it' (subject pronoun) is technically correct, but it sounds very archaic today.
The first (cleft) emphasizes that it was the *dog* and not the cat or the neighbor. The second is a neutral statement of fact.
Yes! You can say 'It will be the final exam that determines your grade.' The verb 'be' conjugates to any tense.
Yes, especially when we want to correct someone or express strong emotion. We use them to 'point' with our voice.
Surprisingly, 'which' is rarely used in it-clefts. 'That' is the standard choice for objects.
Simply make the verb 'be' negative: 'It wasn't the money that I lost.'
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Ser + [Focus] + que...
English requires the dummy subject 'It', whereas Spanish does not.
C'est... que/qui
French uses 'qui' for subjects and 'que' for objects strictly, while English often uses 'that' for both.
Es ist... der/die/das
German relative pronouns are much more complex than the English 'that'.
...no wa ... desu
The focus comes at the end of the sentence in Japanese, whereas it comes at the beginning in English.
Innama / Al-ladhi
Arabic relies on word order and specific particles rather than a 'split' sentence structure.
Shi... de (是...的)
The 'de' comes at the very end of the sentence, unlike the English 'that' which starts the second clause.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
Continue With
관련 동영상
Related Grammar Rules
강조: 정말 좋아해요! (Emphatic Do/Does/Did)
### Overview 영어 학습의 최고 단계인 C1 레벨에 도달하신 여러분, 환영합니다. 이 단계에서는 단순히 문장을 정확하게 만드는...
do/does/did를 이용한 강조
### Overview 영어를 배우는 한국인 학습자들에게 `do`, `does`, `did`는 매우 친숙한 단어입니다. 우리는 영어를 처음 배울 때...
필요한 것은... (강조를 위한 Wh-절 분열문)
### Overview `Wh-cleft` 구문은 문장에서 특정 정보를 앞세워 전달력을 높이는 강력한 문법 구조입니다. 이는 어떤 요소를 강...
전치: 목적어를 먼저 놓기
### Overview 영어 학습의 최고 단계인 C1 레벨에 도달한 여러분에게, 문법은 더 이상 단순한 '규칙'이 아니라 자신의 의도를...
존재문 'There' (There is / There are)
휴대폰을 확인했는데 `there is` (없음) 와이파이가 없다는 것을 깨달은 적이 있나요? 그 작은 공포의 순간은 존재의 `there`가...