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C1 noun 9 min de leitura

کلیات

kolliyat
Exemplos کلیات em 30 segundos
Explicação کلیات in your Level:
At the A1 level, you don't really need to use the word 'کلیات' (Kollīyāt) in your own speaking, as it is quite advanced. However, it's good to know that it comes from the word 'Koll', which means 'all' or 'whole'. If you see this word, just think of it as meaning 'the big picture' or 'the main parts'. Imagine you are looking at a map of a whole country instead of just one street; that map shows the 'Kollīyāt'. In simple Persian, we usually use 'hame' (all) or 'koli' (general/lots), but 'Kollīyāt' is the more 'grown-up' version used in books. You might see it on the cover of a thick book of poems. Just remember: Koll = All, Kollīyāt = The big parts of all.
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At the A2 level, you are starting to see more formal words. 'کلیات' (Kollīyāt) is a word you might encounter in a classroom or a simple news report. It means 'generalities' or 'the main points'. When a teacher says, 'Today we will talk about the Kollīyāt of Persian history,' they mean they will give you a summary without too many dates or names. It's the opposite of 'details'. You can think of it like an 'overview'. If you are writing a simple essay, you might say 'In the Kollīyāt...' to start your summary, although even at A2, this might sound a bit formal. The most important thing is to recognize it as a word for 'the main things' or 'the whole collection'.
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At the B1 level, you should begin to understand the specific contexts where 'کلیات' (Kollīyāt) is used. It's not just 'general', it's a noun meaning 'the general principles' or 'the broad framework'. For example, in a business meeting, you might hear 'Kollīyāt-e tarh' (the generalities of the plan). This means the basic idea before the specific costs or dates are decided. You should also know that it refers to the 'Complete Works' of famous poets. If you go to a bookstore in Iran and ask for 'Kollīyāt-e Sa'di', you are asking for one big book that has everything Sa'di wrote. At this level, you should be able to distinguish between 'kollī' (adjective: general) and 'Kollīyāt' (noun: generalities/collected works).
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At the B2 level, you are expected to use 'کلیات' (Kollīyāt) in formal writing and discussions. You should understand its importance in administrative and legal Persian. For instance, when discussing a new law or a contract, 'Kollīyāt' refers to the essential articles that define the agreement's scope. You should be comfortable saying things like 'Let's not get bogged down in details; let's agree on the Kollīyāt first.' You also understand that this word is an Arabic-style plural of 'kollīya', but it's used as a singular concept in Persian to mean 'a set of general principles'. You can use it to structure your arguments, moving from 'Kollīyāt' (the big picture) to 'Joze'īyāt' (the specifics).
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At the C1 level, you must master the nuance of 'کلیات' (Kollīyāt) across various disciplines. In legal and parliamentary Persian, you understand the 'Tasvib-e Kollīyāt' (approval of generalities) process, where the essence of a bill is debated before its specific clauses. In philosophy, you recognize 'Kollīyāt' as 'universals'—abstract concepts that apply to many things (like the concept of 'humanity' versus a specific human). In literature, you appreciate the 'Kollīyāt' as a monumental compilation of an author's lifetime output. You should be able to use the word to discuss high-level abstracts and understand when a speaker is using it to intentionally avoid specific commitments or to establish a shared foundational understanding before proceeding to technicalities.
At the C2 level, 'کلیات' (Kollīyāt) is a tool for precise intellectual discourse. You understand its etymological roots in Islamic logic and its role in the 'Kollīyāt-e Khams' (Five Universals). You can navigate complex academic texts where 'Kollīyāt' might refer to the macro-structural elements of a system or the overarching themes of a century of literature. You recognize the subtle difference between 'Kollīyāt' and 'Omūmīyāt' or 'Mabāni'. You can use the term with stylistic flair, perhaps referencing the 'Kollīyāt' of a philosopher to critique their entire worldview. Your understanding is not just lexical but cultural, recognizing the weight a 'Kollīyāt' volume carries in a Persian library as a symbol of cultural heritage and intellectual completeness.
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Exemplos

کلیات em 30 segundos

  • Kollīyāt means generalities or the broad main points of a topic, used frequently in formal, legal, and academic Persian contexts.
  • It also refers to the 'Complete Works' of a poet, such as 'Kollīyāt-e Sa'di', containing all their literary output in one volume.
  • In the Iranian parliament, it is the first stage of voting on a bill, focusing on its overall essence rather than specific articles.
  • It is the direct antonym of 'Joze'īyāt' (details) and is essential for discussing plans, theories, and structured summaries.

The Persian word کلیات (Kollīyāt) is a sophisticated noun that serves multiple roles in the Persian language, primarily functioning at the intersection of logic, literature, and administration. At its core, it refers to the 'generalities' or the 'broad strokes' of a subject. When you are discussing a plan, a law, or a theory without diving into the nitty-gritty details, you are dealing with the Kollīyāt. It is derived from the Arabic root 'K-L-L', which relates to the whole or the entirety. In modern Persian, especially in formal and academic contexts, it is the antonym of جزئیات (Joze'īyāt - details).

Academic Context
In university settings, Kollīyāt often appears in course titles like 'Kollīyāt-e Hoquq' (General Principles of Law) or 'Kollīyāt-e Falsafeh' (Introduction to Philosophy), indicating a survey course that covers the foundational elements of a field.

ما در جلسه امروز فقط بر روی کلیات طرح توافق کردیم و بررسی جزئیات را به هفته آینده موکول کردیم.

Translation: In today's meeting, we only agreed on the generalities of the plan and postponed the review of details until next week.

Beyond its use as 'generalities', کلیات holds a prestigious place in Persian literature. It refers to the 'Collected Works' of a poet or author. If you see a thick volume titled Kollīyāt-e Sa'di, it means the book contains everything Sa'di wrote—his Ghazals, his Rubaiyat, the Gulistan, and the Bustan. This dual meaning is crucial for C1 learners to grasp: it is both a conceptual 'overview' and a physical 'compendium'.

Philosophical Usage
In Islamic philosophy and logic, Kollīyāt-e Khams (The Five Universals) refers to the Porphyrian Tree categories: Genus, Species, Difference, Property, and Accident. This is a very high-level usage.

When someone says 'وارد جزئیات نشو، فقط کلیات را بگو' (Don't get into details, just tell me the generalities), they are asking for a summary or an executive overview. It is a word that signals maturity in language use, moving away from simple descriptions toward abstract categorization. It is frequently used in business, law, and intellectual discourse to manage the scope of a conversation.

این کتاب کلیات تاریخ ایران را از دوران باستان تا امروز بررسی می‌کند.

Translation: This book examines the generalities of Iranian history from ancient times to the present day.
Register and Tone
The word is predominantly formal. While understood in daily speech, using it suggests the speaker is educated and perhaps discussing a structured topic like a project, a book, or a legal matter.

Using کلیات correctly requires understanding its role as a collective plural. It often acts as the object of verbs like 'تصویب کردن' (to approve), 'بررسی کردن' (to examine), or 'توافق کردن' (to agree). In a sentence, it usually occupies the position of the main theme being discussed. Let's look at how it integrates into various syntactical structures.

As a Subject
Kollīyāt-e in tarh besyar omid-bakhsh ast. (The generalities of this plan are very promising.) Here, it sets the stage for the entire discussion.

نمایندگان مجلس پس از ساعت‌ها بحث، به کلیات لایحه بودجه رأی مثبت دادند.

Translation: Members of Parliament, after hours of debate, voted in favor of the generalities of the budget bill.

In literary discussions, Kollīyāt is almost always part of an Ezafe construction. You wouldn't just say 'I read the Kollīyāt'; you would say 'I read the Kollīyāt-e Shams'. This specifies which collection you are referring to. Note that in this context, the word is treated as a singular book title even though it is grammatically plural.

With Prepositions
It is often preceded by 'درباره' (about) or 'پیرامون' (around/concerning). For example: 'Ma darbare-ye kollīyāt-e gharardad sohbat kardim.' (We talked about the generalities of the contract.)

Another common usage is in the phrase 'کلیات و جزئیات' (Generalities and details). This pairing is used to indicate a comprehensive review. If a manager says, 'I want to know the Kollīyāt and Joze'īyāt of the incident,' they are asking for the full story from the big picture down to the smallest fact.

برای درک بهتر موضوع، ابتدا باید کلیات آن را بیاموزید.

Translation: To understand the subject better, you must first learn its generalities.

When writing, remember that Kollīyāt is a formal word. In an informal letter to a friend, you might use 'khollaseh' (summary) or 'asl-e matlab' (the main point) instead. Using Kollīyāt in a casual text message might sound overly stiff or bureaucratic, unless you are being intentionally ironic or professional.

If you turn on the Iranian news channel (IRINN) or listen to political podcasts, کلیات is unavoidable. It is a staple of the legislative and bureaucratic lexicon. You will hear it most frequently during the 'Sahn-e Alani' (Open Session) of the Parliament. Reporters will say, 'Kollīyāt-e tarh-e maskan tasvib shod,' meaning the general framework of the housing plan was approved.

In the Media
News anchors use it to summarize long documents. They might say, 'In the generalities of the agreement, both parties have committed to peace,' avoiding the 50 pages of specific clauses for the moment.

در اخبار شنیدم که کلیات بودجه سال آینده با اکثریت آرا تصویب شد.

Translation: I heard in the news that the generalities of next year's budget were approved by a majority vote.

You will also encounter this word in bookstores and libraries. Persian literature is famous for its 'Kollīyāt' volumes. If you ask a librarian for 'Kollīyāt-e Iqbal' (The Collected Works of Muhammad Iqbal), they will lead you to a single, usually very large, book. This usage is so common that 'Kollīyāt' is almost synonymous with 'Omnibus' or 'Complete Works' in a bibliographic sense.

In a professional office environment, during a brainstorming session, a manager might say, 'Biya'id felan rooye kollīyāt tamarkoz konim' (Let's focus on the generalities for now). This is a polite way to tell people to stop arguing about tiny details like font sizes or colors and focus on the project's goals. It serves as a linguistic tool for steering meetings and ensuring productivity by managing the level of abstraction.

استاد در جلسه اول، کلیات درس را توضیح داد.

Translation: The professor explained the generalities (syllabus/overview) of the course in the first session.

The most frequent mistake learners make with کلیات is confusing it with other 'K-L' root words. Because 'Koll' (total), 'Kollī' (general), and 'Kollīyāt' (generalities) are so similar, it is easy to swap them incorrectly. For instance, saying 'Kollīyāt-e mardom' instead of 'Hame-ye mardom' (All the people) is a common error. Kollīyāt is an abstract noun, not a quantifier.

Mistake: Confusing with 'Kollī'
Learners often say 'In yek kollīyāt ast' when they mean 'In yek nazariye-ye kollī ast' (This is a general theory). 'Kollī' is the adjective, while 'Kollīyāt' is the plural noun.

اشتباه: من کلیات نان را خریدم. (غلط)
درست: من همه نان‌ها را خریدم.

Note: You cannot use 'Kollīyāt' to mean 'all' of a physical object.

Another mistake is using the word in an overly informal setting. If you are talking to a child about their day at school, asking for the Kollīyāt sounds absurdly formal, like a police interrogation. In such cases, 'Che khabar?' (What's the news/What happened?) is much more appropriate. Kollīyāt implies a structured summary of a complex system or document.

Finally, some students struggle with the Ezafe construction when referring to 'Collected Works'. They might say 'Sa'di Kollīyāt' instead of 'Kollīyāt-e Sa'di'. Remember that in Persian, the thing being possessed (the collection) comes before the possessor (the author).

اشتباه: او کلیات‌های زیادی خوانده است. (غلط)
درست: او کلیات شاعران زیادی را خوانده است.

Note: Since 'Kollīyāt' is already a plural form (Arabic plural), adding a Persian plural suffix '-ha' to it is usually considered redundant and incorrect in standard Persian.

To truly master کلیات, you must understand how it differs from its synonyms. While many words mean 'summary' or 'general', each has a specific nuance that dictates its use in different registers of Persian.

خلاصه (Khollāseh) vs. کلیات
Khollāseh is a general 'summary' or 'abstract'. It can be used for a movie, a story, or a meeting. Kollīyāt is more formal and refers to the fundamental principles or the structural framework of a larger body of work.
مبانی (Mabāni) vs. کلیات
Mabāni means 'foundations' or 'basics'. While Kollīyāt covers the whole picture broadly, Mabāni focuses on the underlying principles that support a system. You study the Mabāni of physics to understand the laws, but you read the Kollīyāt of a report to get the overview.

تفاوت در کاربرد:
۱. خلاصه فیلم را بگو. (Tell the movie summary)
۲. کلیات قرارداد را بنویس. (Write the generalities of the contract)

Another interesting comparison is with عمومیات (Omūmīyāt). This word also means 'generalities', but it is much less common than Kollīyāt. Omūmīyāt often carries a slightly more technical or logical connotation, whereas Kollīyāt is the standard term for both administrative overviews and literary collections.

رئوس مطالب (Ro'ūs-e Matāleb)
This phrase literally means 'the heads of the topics' and is equivalent to 'bullet points' or 'an outline'. While Kollīyāt is the conceptual overview, Ro'ūs-e Matāleb is the structured list of those points.

Finally, consider Ejmāl (اجمال). This Arabic-rooted word means 'brevity' or 'conciseness'. You might hear the phrase 'Be ejmāl' (briefly). While Kollīyāt refers to the content (the general points), Ejmāl refers to the manner of delivery (being brief).

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Exemplos por nível

1

این کتاب کلیات است.

This book is a collection.

Simple subject-predicate sentence.

2

کلیات یعنی همه چیز.

Generalities means everything (in a simple sense).

Using 'y'ani' to define a word.

3

او کلیات را می‌داند.

He knows the generalities.

Direct object with 'ra'.

4

ما کلیات را خواندیم.

We read the generalities.

Past tense verb.

5

کلیات سعدی بزرگ است.

Sa'di's collected works is big.

Ezafe construction 'Kollīyāt-e Sa'di'.

6

لطفاً کلیات را بگو.

Please say the generalities.

Imperative mood.

7

من کلیات طرح را دیدم.

I saw the generalities of the plan.

Noun phrase with Ezafe.

8

کلیات مهم است.

The generalities are important.

Adjective following a noun.

1

استاد کلیات درس را توضیح داد.

The professor explained the course overview.

Compound verb 'tozih dadan'.

2

ما درباره کلیات سفر صحبت کردیم.

We talked about the generalities of the trip.

Preposition 'darbare-ye'.

3

آیا کلیات این کتاب را می‌شناسی؟

Do you know the generalities of this book?

Question form with 'aya'.

4

کلیات این قانون خیلی ساده است.

The generalities of this law are very simple.

Predicate adjective 'sade'.

5

او فقط کلیات داستان را گفت.

He only told the generalities of the story.

Adverb 'faghat' (only).

6

باید کلیات موضوع را بفهمیم.

We must understand the generalities of the subject.

Modal verb 'bayad'.

7

کلیات این گزارش آماده است.

The generalities of this report are ready.

Adjective 'amade' (ready).

8

او کلیات اشعار حافظ را دارد.

He has the collected works of Hafez.

Possessive verb 'dashtan'.

1

در این جلسه، فقط به کلیات طرح می‌پردازیم.

In this meeting, we will only address the generalities of the plan.

Verb 'pardakhtan be' (to address/deal with).

2

نویسنده در مقدمه، کلیات کتاب را بیان کرده است.

The author has stated the generalities of the book in the introduction.

Present perfect tense.

3

کلیات لایحه در مجلس تصویب شد.

The generalities of the bill were approved in parliament.

Passive voice 'tasvib shod'.

4

بدون دانستن کلیات، نمی‌توان به جزئیات رسید.

Without knowing the generalities, one cannot reach the details.

Gerund construction 'bedun-e danestan'.

5

کلیات سعدی شامل گلستان و بوستان است.

Sa'di's collected works include Gulistan and Bustan.

Verb 'shamel budan' (to include).

6

او همیشه در کلیات غرق می‌شود و جزئیات را فراموش می‌کند.

He always gets lost in generalities and forgets the details.

Idiomatic use of 'ghark shodan'.

7

کلیات فلسفه غرب موضوع سخنرانی امروز بود.

The generalities of Western philosophy was the topic of today's speech.

Noun phrase as subject.

8

ما بر سر کلیات توافق داریم، اما در جزئیات اختلاف هست.

We agree on the generalities, but there is disagreement in the details.

Contrast using 'ama' (but).

1

بررسی کلیات بودجه اولین گام در فرآیند قانون‌گذاری است.

Reviewing the generalities of the budget is the first step in the legislative process.

Infinitive 'barresi' as a noun.

2

این مقاله به کلیات حقوق بین‌الملل می‌پردازد.

This article deals with the generalities of international law.

Formal verb 'pardakhtan'.

3

او کلیات آثار نظامی گنجوی را به کتابخانه اهدا کرد.

He donated the collected works of Nizami Ganjavi to the library.

Compound verb 'ehda kardan'.

4

در کلیات این نظریه، تناقض‌های آشکاری دیده می‌شود.

In the generalities of this theory, obvious contradictions are seen.

Passive verb 'dide shodan'.

5

مدیر شرکت کلیات استراتژی جدید را برای کارمندان تبیین کرد.

The company manager explained the generalities of the new strategy for the employees.

Formal verb 'tabyin kardan' (to clarify/explain).

6

توافق بر سر کلیات، راه را برای مذاکرات بعدی هموار کرد.

Agreement on the generalities smoothed the way for subsequent negotiations.

Metaphorical use of 'hamvar kardan'.

7

کلیات این پروژه باید تا پایان هفته نهایی شود.

The generalities of this project must be finalized by the end of the week.

Passive modal 'bayad naha'i shavad'.

8

او در کتاب خود، کلیات تمدن اسلامی را تحلیل کرده است.

In his book, he has analyzed the generalities of Islamic civilization.

Present perfect 'tahlil karde ast'.

1

تصویب کلیات طرح در صحن علنی مجلس با چالش‌های فراوانی روبرو شد.

The approval of the bill's generalities in the open session of parliament faced many challenges.

Complex noun phrase as subject.

2

کلیات شمس تبریزی یکی از قله‌های عرفان و ادب پارسی است.

The Collected Works of Shams Tabrizi is one of the peaks of Persian mysticism and literature.

Metaphorical use of 'gholleh' (peak).

3

نویسنده از پرداختن به جزئیات پرهیز کرده و تنها به کلیات بسنده نموده است.

The author has avoided details and sufficed only with generalities.

Formal verbs 'parhiz kardan' and 'basandeh nemudan'.

4

در منطق صوری، بحث کلیات خمس از اهمیت ویژه‌ای برخوردار است.

In formal logic, the discussion of the five universals is of particular importance.

Idiomatic 'az ahammiyat barkhordar budan'.

5

کلیات این قرارداد به گونه‌ای تنظیم شده که منافع هر دو طرف را تأمین کند.

The generalities of this contract are drafted in a way that secures the interests of both parties.

Subjunctive mood in a result clause.

6

او با نگاهی به کلیات اوضاع، تصمیم گرفت استراتژی خود را تغییر دهد.

Looking at the generalities of the situation, he decided to change his strategy.

Participial phrase 'ba negahi be'.

7

کلیات لایحه بودجه نشان‌دهنده سیاست‌های انقباضی دولت است.

The generalities of the budget bill indicate the government's contractionary policies.

Compound adjective 'neshan-dahandeh'.

8

درک کلیات یک فرهنگ بدون زیستن در آن محیط، دشوار به نظر می‌رسد.

Understanding the generalities of a culture without living in that environment seems difficult.

Gerund 'zistan' (living).

1

تقلیل مفاهیم پیچیده به کلیات محض، می‌تواند منجر به درک نادرست از واقعیت شود.

Reducing complex concepts to pure generalities can lead to a misunderstanding of reality.

Abstract philosophical vocabulary.

2

در کلیات دیوان خاقانی، قصاید مطنطن و دشوار بسامد بالایی دارند.

In the collected works of Khaqani, sonorous and difficult odes have a high frequency.

Technical literary terms like 'ghasayid' and 'basamad'.

3

بحث پیرامون کلیات و جزئیات در فلسفه مشاء، ریشه در آرای ارسطو دارد.

The debate around universals and particulars in Peripatetic philosophy is rooted in Aristotle's views.

References to specific philosophical schools.

4

کلیات طرح تحول اقتصادی باید در چارچوب اسناد بالادستی تدوین گردد.

The generalities of the economic transformation plan must be formulated within the framework of high-level documents.

Bureaucratic terms like 'asnad-e baladasti'.

5

مداقه در کلیات یک اثر هنری، پیش‌نیاز تحلیل ساختارگرایانه آن است.

Scrutiny of the generalities of a work of art is a prerequisite for its structuralist analysis.

High-register word 'modagheh' (scrutiny).

6

کلیات مصوبات شورای عالی انقلاب فرهنگی برای تمام نهادها لازم‌الاجراست.

The generalities of the resolutions of the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution are mandatory for all institutions.

Legal term 'lazem-ol-ejra'.

7

او در رساله خود، کلیات معرفت‌شناسی مدرن را به چالش کشیده است.

In his treatise, he has challenged the generalities of modern epistemology.

Academic term 'marefat-shenasi' (epistemology).

8

بدون اجماع بر سر کلیات، هرگونه گفتگوی سازنده عقیم خواهد ماند.

Without consensus on the generalities, any constructive dialogue will remain futile.

Formal adjective 'aghim' (futile/sterile).

Colocações comuns

تصویب کلیات
کلیات و جزئیات
کلیات اشعار
در کلیات
کلیات طرح
کلیات حقوق
کلیات فلسفه
پرداختن به کلیات
بررسی کلیات
کلیات نامه

Frases Comuns

کلیات را بگو

— Tell me the main points. Used when someone is talking too much about details.

وقت نداریم، فقط کلیات را بگو.

توافق بر کلیات

— Agreement on the broad framework. A common diplomatic and business phrase.

توافق بر کلیات انجام شده است.

کلیات خمس

— The Five Universals in logic. A very specific academic phrase.

درس امروز درباره کلیات خمس است.

کلیات دیوان

— The complete collection of a poet's works.

کلیات دیوان شمس بسیار قطور است.

در سطح کلیات

— At the level of generalities. Used to describe a shallow or broad discussion.

بحث ما در سطح کلیات باقی ماند.

کلیات لایحه

— The generalities of a bill. Standard parliamentary terminology.

کلیات لایحه رد شد.

مخالف کلیات

— Opposed to the general principles. Used in debates.

من با کلیات این پیشنهاد مخالفم.

موافق کلیات

— In favor of the general principles.

اکثر نمایندگان موافق کلیات بودند.

کلیات بودجه

— The general points of the national budget.

کلیات بودجه فردا بررسی می‌شود.

کلیات موضوع

— The generalities of the subject matter.

باید ابتدا کلیات موضوع را درک کرد.

Expressões idiomáticas

"در کلیات غرق شدن"

— To be lost in generalities. Used when someone talks vaguely without any concrete action or detail.

او همیشه در کلیات غرق می‌شود و هیچ کار عملی انجام نمی‌دهد.

Neutral/Formal
"کلیات بافی کردن"

— To speak in vague generalities. Often used pejoratively to describe someone avoiding specifics.

سیاستمدار به جای پاسخ به سوال، کلیات بافی کرد.

Informal/Critical
"از کلیات به جزئیات رفتن"

— To move from the general to the specific. A logical or rhetorical method.

او در سخنرانی‌اش از کلیات به جزئیات رفت.

Formal
"کلیات را چسبیدن"

— To stick to the generalities. Often means ignoring the small problems to focus on the big goal.

فعلاً کلیات را ب

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