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B2 noun 11 min de leitura

صرف‌نظر از

sarf-e nazar az
Exemplos صرف‌نظر از em 30 segundos
Explicação صرف‌نظر از in your Level:
At the A1 level, you are just beginning to learn how to connect ideas. 'Sarf-e nazar az' might feel a bit advanced, but you can think of it as a way to say 'no matter' or 'forget about.' Imagine you are choosing a shirt. You might want to say 'Regardless of the color, I like it.' While you might use simpler words like 'valli' (but) or 'mohem nist' (it's not important) at first, learning this phrase early helps you recognize it when you hear it in news or movies. It's like a special key that opens up more complex sentences. Just remember that it always needs the little word 'az' after it, like a shadow following a person. You won't be expected to use it in your own speech yet, but knowing it exists is a great first step toward sounding like a real Persian speaker.
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As an A2 learner, you are starting to use more prepositions. You can begin to use 'Sarf-e nazar az' in simple sentences to show that one thing doesn't stop another thing from happening. For example, 'Sarf-e nazar az baran, man miravam' (Regardless of the rain, I am going). This is a step up from just saying 'Baran miyayad valli man miravam.' It makes your Persian sound more organized. You are also learning that Persian words can be made of several parts. 'Sarf-e nazar' is a great example of this. At this stage, focus on using it with simple nouns like 'money,' 'time,' or 'weather.' Don't worry about the long, complicated sentences yet—just practice the 'Sarf-e nazar az + Noun' pattern.
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At the B1 level, you are becoming an independent user of Persian. You should now be able to use 'Sarf-e nazar az' to explain your opinions or give reasons during a conversation. You can start using it with the word 'inke' to connect it to full actions. For example, 'Sarf-e nazar az inke u chi goft...' (Regardless of what he said...). This allows you to handle more complex social situations, like explaining a disagreement or making a plan. You'll notice this phrase appearing more often in the articles you read and the podcasts you listen to. It's a very useful tool for 'filtering' information—telling your listener what parts of a story they should focus on and what parts they can ignore for a moment.
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At the B2 level (your current level!), 'Sarf-e nazar az' should be a regular part of your vocabulary. You should use it to construct logical arguments in essays or during debates. At this stage, you understand that this phrase isn't just about 'ignoring' something—it's about 'prioritization.' You can use it to set the stage for a main point, showing that you have considered the alternatives but found them secondary. You should be comfortable using it with abstract nouns like 'economic factors,' 'social consequences,' or 'cultural differences.' Your pronunciation should be smooth, correctly including the 'ezāfe' sound (sarf-e). You are now moving beyond just 'getting the point across' to 'expressing nuance' and 'controlling the flow of the conversation.'
For C1 learners, 'Sarf-e nazar az' is a tool for professional and academic precision. You use it to define the scope of your analysis. In a legal or business context, you might use it to clarify that certain clauses remain valid regardless of other changes. You are also aware of its synonyms like 'ghat-e nazar az' and can choose between them based on the specific 'flavor' or 'weight' you want to give your sentence. You can use it in middle-sentence positions for stylistic effect and can combine it with complex, multi-layered clauses. At this level, you also understand the subtle difference between 'regardless of' (logical exclusion) and 'despite' (overcoming an obstacle), and you never mix them up in formal writing.
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At the C2 level, you have near-native mastery. You use 'Sarf-e nazar az' with total spontaneity and perfect prosody. You might use it in literary analysis to discuss how a theme persists regardless of the historical context of a poem. You understand its historical roots and how it has evolved from classical Persian to modern usage. You can use it to create sophisticated rhetorical structures, such as using it multiple times in a paragraph to systematically dismiss various counter-points before delivering a powerful conclusion. To you, this phrase is not just a vocabulary item; it's a structural element of the Persian language that you use to craft elegant, persuasive, and authoritative discourse in any field, from philosophy to high-level diplomacy.
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Exemplos

صرف‌نظر از em 30 segundos

  • A formal Persian phrase meaning 'regardless of.'
  • Used to prioritize one point over secondary factors.
  • Always requires the preposition 'az' (from).
  • Essential for B2-level logical argumentation and news comprehension.

The Persian phrase صرف‌نظر از (sarf-e nazar az) is a sophisticated compound preposition that translates most accurately to 'regardless of,' 'irrespective of,' or 'setting aside' in English. It is a cornerstone of formal and semi-formal Persian discourse, allowing speakers to isolate a specific variable or condition to focus on a more significant point. The phrase is composed of three distinct parts: sarf (spending or turning), nazar (view or opinion), and the preposition az (from). Literally, it implies the act of turning one's gaze or consideration away from a particular matter. In the landscape of Persian linguistics, this expression serves as a logical operator, signaling to the listener that while the mentioned factor exists, it will not influence the conclusion of the statement. This is particularly useful in academic writing, legal documents, and high-level negotiations where multiple factors are at play, but one must be prioritized over others.

Morphological Breakdown
The term 'Sarf' comes from the Arabic root S-R-F, relating to exchange or turning. 'Nazar' refers to sight or perspective. Together, they create a concept of 'exchanging one's perspective' or 'diverting attention.'

صرف‌نظر از هزینه‌ها، ما باید این پروژه را تمام کنیم. (Regardless of the costs, we must finish this project.)

In everyday usage, you might hear this phrase during debates or when someone is trying to simplify a complex situation. For instance, if a family is discussing a vacation, someone might say, 'Regardless of the weather, we are going to the beach.' This usage highlights the speaker's determination and the secondary nature of the weather condition. It is important to note that while it is formal, it is not 'stiff.' It is frequently used by educated speakers in casual conversation to add clarity and precision to their thoughts. The versatility of صرف‌نظر از lies in its ability to precede nouns, noun phrases, and even complex clauses when followed by the relative particle inke.

Register and Tone
This phrase sits comfortably in the B2-C1 CEFR levels because it requires a grasp of abstract logical connections. It is more common in written Persian (news, essays) than in very 'tehrani' broken slang, though it is never out of place in polite speech.

صرف‌نظر از تفاوت‌های فرهنگی، همه انسان‌ها نیازهای مشابهی دارند. (Regardless of cultural differences, all humans have similar needs.)

Understanding this phrase also requires understanding its synonyms like 'bedun-e dar nazar gereftan' (without taking into account). However, صرف‌نظر از is more concise and carries a stronger rhetorical weight. It suggests a deliberate choice to ignore a factor, rather than a mere accidental oversight. In political discourse, it is often used to bridge gaps between opposing views by focusing on common goals despite existing disagreements. For example, 'Regardless of political affiliations, we must protect the environment.'

Synonym Comparison
Compared to 'ba vojud-e' (despite), 'sarf-e nazar az' focuses more on the act of ignoring the factor rather than the conflict between the factor and the result.

صرف‌نظر از اینکه چه کسی مقصر است، باید مشکل را حل کنیم. (Regardless of who is to blame, we must solve the problem.)

Using صرف‌نظر از correctly involves understanding its placement and the grammatical structure of the phrase that follows it. In Persian, this phrase usually appears at the beginning of a sentence or a clause to establish the context of 'exclusion.' The most common structure is [صرف‌نظر از] + [Noun/Noun Phrase]. For example, 'صرف‌نظر از سن' (Regardless of age). When you want to follow it with a full verb or a clause, you must add the relative conjunction 'اینکه' (inke), resulting in the structure [صرف‌نظر از اینکه] + [Clause].

Structure 1: Noun Phrase
صرف‌نظر از قیمت (Regardless of the price). Here, the noun 'gheymat' directly follows the preposition.

صرف‌نظر از نتیجه مسابقه، ما به تیم خود افتخار می‌کنیم. (Regardless of the match result, we are proud of our team.)

One of the nuances of this phrase is its ability to handle multiple items. You can list several things to be disregarded by using the conjunction 'va' (and) between them. For instance, 'صرف‌نظر از وقت و هزینه' (Regardless of time and expense). This allows for complex conditional statements. Furthermore, in more literary or old-fashioned contexts, you might see 'صرف‌نظر کردن از' used as a full verb, meaning 'to waive' or 'to give up' something. However, as a prepositional phrase, it remains fixed in the form we are studying.

Structure 2: Subordinate Clause
صرف‌نظر از اینکه هوا چطور باشد (Regardless of how the weather might be). The 'inke' acts as a bridge to the following verb.

صرف‌نظر از اینکه او چه گفت، من حقیقت را می‌دانم. (Regardless of what he said, I know the truth.)

When using the phrase in academic writing, it is often paired with words like 'عوامل' (factors), 'شرایط' (conditions), or 'پیامدها' (consequences). This elevates the discourse and shows a high level of Persian proficiency. For example, 'صرف‌نظر از عوامل اقتصادی' (Regardless of economic factors). In these contexts, it is vital to ensure that the main clause that follows the 'sarf-e nazar' phrase is strong and grammatically complete, as the first part is merely introductory.

Common Pairing
It is frequently followed by 'این موضوع' (this matter) to refer back to a previously discussed point that is now being set aside.

صرف‌نظر از تمام این مسائل، ما باید خوش‌بین باشیم. (Regardless of all these issues, we must be optimistic.)

The phrase صرف‌نظر از is ubiquitous in Iranian media, particularly in news broadcasts, analytical talk shows, and documentaries. When a news anchor or a political analyst wants to pivot from a minor detail to the 'big picture,' they almost invariably use this phrase. For example, in a report about a new law, you might hear: 'Regardless of the criticisms, the law will be implemented from tomorrow.' This usage helps in structuring arguments and keeping the audience focused on the primary narrative.

News Media
In the evening news (Akhbar), it is used to summarize complex international relations: 'Regardless of the sanctions, trade continues.'

صرف‌نظر از فشارهای خارجی، اقتصاد کشور در حال رشد است. (Regardless of external pressures, the country's economy is growing.)

In the world of Persian cinema and television dramas (Serial-ha), characters often use this phrase during climactic confrontations. It serves as a linguistic tool to show resolve. A father might say to his son, 'Regardless of what happened in the past, you are still my son.' Here, it adds a layer of emotional gravity and formal weight to the dialogue, making the moment feel more significant than if simpler words were used. It is also common in educational settings—professors use it to narrow down the scope of a lecture, asking students to disregard certain variables for the sake of a specific experiment or theory.

Academic Context
In university lectures, you will hear: 'صرف‌نظر از فرضیات قبلی...' (Regardless of previous assumptions...).

صرف‌نظر از جزئیات فنی، هدف اصلی ما رضایت مشتری است. (Regardless of the technical details, our main goal is customer satisfaction.)

Social media platforms like Twitter (X) and Instagram also see heavy use of this phrase in Persian. Users writing 'threads' or long captions use صرف‌نظر از to acknowledge counter-arguments before dismissing them. For example, a sports blogger might write, 'Regardless of the referee's mistake, the team played poorly.' This shows a level of maturity and balanced perspective that is highly valued in Persian intellectual circles. Even in business emails, it is the standard way to set aside budget concerns or logistical hurdles temporarily to discuss a project's vision.

Legal and Formal
In contracts: 'Regardless of any previous agreements, this contract is binding.'

صرف‌نظر از ملیت، همه ورزشکاران باید قوانین را رعایت کنند. (Regardless of nationality, all athletes must follow the rules.)

One of the most frequent errors English speakers make when using صرف‌نظر از is forgetting the mandatory preposition az. In English, 'regardless' is often followed by 'of,' and in Persian, az serves that exact purpose. Saying just 'sarf-e nazar' followed by a noun is grammatically incorrect and sounds like a broken thought. Another common pitfall is the confusion between the prepositional phrase and the verb form sarf-e nazar kardan. While they share the same root, the verb means 'to forgo' or 'to cancel,' whereas the prepositional phrase means 'regardless of.' Mixing these up can lead to sentences that mean the opposite of what was intended.

Mistake 1: Missing 'Az'
Incorrect: *صرف‌نظر قیمت، می‌خرم. Correct: صرف‌نظر از قیمت، می‌خرم. (Regardless of the price, I'll buy it.)

صرف‌نظر از (Preposition) vs. صرف‌نظر کردن (Verb). Don't add a 'kardan' when you just mean 'regardless'.

Learners also struggle with the 'ezāfe' (the short 'e' sound linking 'sarf' and 'nazar'). Because Persian writing often omits short vowels, beginners might pronounce it 'sarf nazar' instead of 'sarf-e nazar.' This small phonetic detail is crucial for sounding like a native speaker. Additionally, there is the 'inke' issue. When the thing you are disregarding is an action or a full clause, you cannot skip 'inke.' For example, you cannot say 'صرف‌نظر از او رفت' to mean 'Regardless of the fact that he went.' You must say 'صرف‌نظر از اینکه او رفت.' Skipping 'inke' is a classic B1-level mistake that B2 students must overcome.

Mistake 2: Using 'Ba' instead of 'Az'
Some learners try to translate 'with regard to' and end up saying 'ba nazar az'. Remember that 'sarf-e nazar' always takes 'az'.

Incorrect: *با صرف‌نظر از مشکلات... (Double preposition). Correct: صرف‌نظر از مشکلات...

Finally, be careful with the register. While صرف‌نظر از is versatile, using it in extremely informal, slang-heavy street Persian might sound a bit too 'bookish.' In very casual settings, Persians might use 'bi-khiyal-e' (literally: without the thought of) or 'kari nadaram be' (I have nothing to do with). Using 'sarf-e nazar az' in a heated argument with a close friend might make you sound like a lawyer rather than a friend. Knowing when to use the formal versus the informal alternative is a key part of reaching C1 fluency.

Mistake 3: Wrong Word Order
Do not put 'az' before 'sarf-e nazar'. The order is strictly: [صرف‌نظر] + [از] + [Noun].

Correct: صرف‌نظر از اینکه چه اتفاقی افتاد، ما باید برویم. (Regardless of what happened, we must go.)

To truly master Persian, you need to know the spectrum of words that convey the idea of 'disregarding' or 'ignoring.' صرف‌نظر از is the gold standard for formal contexts, but several other phrases exist, each with its own nuance. For instance, بدون در نظر گرفتن (bedun-e dar nazar gereftan) literally means 'without taking into consideration.' It is very close in meaning and register but is slightly more descriptive. You might use it when you want to emphasize the mental process of ignoring something rather than just the logical exclusion.

Comparison: Bedun-e dar nazar gereftan
بدون در نظر گرفتن هزینه‌ها (Without taking the costs into consideration). This is more 'procedural' than 'sarf-e nazar az'.

قطع‌نظر از (Ghat-e nazar az) is an older, more literary synonym that you might find in classical texts or very formal legal documents.

Another alternative is علی‌رغمِ (ali-raghm-e), which means 'despite' or 'notwithstanding.' While 'regardless of' and 'despite' are used similarly in English, in Persian, ali-raghm-e implies a sense of opposition or defiance. If you say 'Despite the rain, we went out,' you are highlighting the conflict. If you say 'Regardless of the rain, we went out,' you are simply stating that the rain was not a factor in your decision. Choosing between these two depends on whether you want to sound defiant or simply logical.

Comparison: Jodā az
جدا از این بحث (Aside from this discussion). This is less formal and more about separating topics.

با وجودِ (Ba vojud-e) means 'with the existence of' or 'despite'. It's the most common way to say 'even though'.

In very informal or slang contexts, Iranians use بی‌خیالِ (bi-khiyāl-e). This is what you would say to a friend: 'Bi-khiyal-e dars, bia berim birun!' (Forget about studying, let's go out!). It's much more casual and implies a 'don't worry about it' attitude. Finally, گذشته از (gozashte az) means 'passing over' or 'aside from.' It is often used to move past a point that has already been discussed. 'Passing over the previous points, let's look at the future.' Each of these alternatives adds a specific flavor to your Persian, allowing you to match your vocabulary to the situation perfectly.

Comparison: Gozashte az
گذشته از شوخی (Joking aside). This is a very common idiomatic way to transition to a serious topic.

بگذریم از اینکه (Begzarim az inke) is a verbal phrase meaning 'let's pass over the fact that...'

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Exemplos por nível

1

صرف‌نظر از رنگ، این ماشین خوب است.

Regardless of the color, this car is good.

Simple [Sarf-e nazar az] + [Noun] structure.

2

صرف‌نظر از قیمت، من این کتاب را می‌خواهم.

Regardless of the price, I want this book.

Using a basic noun 'gheymat' (price).

3

صرف‌نظر از باران، ما بازی می‌کنیم.

Regardless of the rain, we are playing.

Showing a condition that is ignored.

4

صرف‌نظر از سن، او خیلی باهوش است.

Regardless of age, he is very smart.

Using 'sen' (age) as the disregarded factor.

5

صرف‌نظر از میوه، من گرسنه هستم.

Regardless of the fruit, I am hungry.

Simple noun usage.

6

صرف‌نظر از نام، او را می‌شناسم.

Regardless of the name, I know him.

Focusing on recognition.

7

صرف‌نظر از پول، خوشحال باش.

Regardless of money, be happy.

Imperative sentence following the phrase.

8

صرف‌نظر از زمان، ما می‌آییم.

Regardless of the time, we are coming.

Focusing on commitment.

1

صرف‌نظر از مشکلات، ما به راه خود ادامه می‌دهیم.

Regardless of the problems, we continue our way.

Using plural noun 'moshkelat'.

2

صرف‌نظر از دوری راه، به دیدن تو می‌آیم.

Regardless of the distance, I am coming to see you.

Compound noun 'duri-ye rah'.

3

صرف‌نظر از نتیجه، تلاش شما ارزشمند است.

Regardless of the result, your effort is valuable.

Abstract noun 'natije' (result).

4

صرف‌نظر از خستگی، او تا شب کار کرد.

Regardless of tiredness, he worked until night.

Using a state of being 'khastegi'.

5

صرف‌نظر از لباس، او همیشه خوش‌تیپ است.

Regardless of the clothes, he is always handsome.

Focusing on a constant trait.

6

صرف‌نظر از ترافیک، من به‌موقع رسیدم.

Regardless of the traffic, I arrived on time.

Using 'traffic' as a common obstacle.

7

صرف‌نظر از سردی هوا، او به شنا رفت.

Regardless of the cold weather, he went swimming.

Compound noun 'sardi-ye hava'.

8

صرف‌نظر از نظرات دیگران، من این کار را انجام می‌دهم.

Regardless of others' opinions, I will do this.

Plural noun with possessive 'nazarat-e digaran'.

1

صرف‌نظر از اینکه او چه فکر می‌کند، من تصمیمم را گرفته‌ام.

Regardless of what he thinks, I have made my decision.

Introducing 'inke' + clause.

2

صرف‌نظر از تمام اتفاقات گذشته، ما هنوز با هم دوست هستیم.

Regardless of all past events, we are still friends.

Using 'tamam-e' (all) for emphasis.

3

صرف‌نظر از اینکه کجا زندگی می‌کنی، باید ورزش کنی.

Regardless of where you live, you must exercise.

Clause with 'koja' (where).

4

صرف‌نظر از حرف‌های مردم، او به دنبال آرزوهایش رفت.

Regardless of what people said, he followed his dreams.

Idiomatic 'harf-haye mardom'.

5

صرف‌نظر از اینکه چقدر طول بکشد، من منتظر می‌مانم.

Regardless of how long it takes, I will wait.

Clause with 'cheghadr' (how much).

6

صرف‌نظر از تفاوت‌های ما، ما می‌توانیم با هم همکاری کنیم.

Regardless of our differences, we can cooperate.

Plural noun with possessive 'tafavot-haye ma'.

7

صرف‌نظر از اینکه او مقصر است یا نه، باید به او کمک کنیم.

Regardless of whether he is at fault or not, we must help him.

Binary choice 'ya na' (or not).

8

صرف‌نظر از شرایط اقتصادی، تحصیلات همیشه مهم است.

Regardless of economic conditions, education is always important.

Formal noun phrase 'sharayet-e eghtesadi'.

1

صرف‌نظر از پیامدهای احتمالی، او حقیقت را در دادگاه گفت.

Regardless of the potential consequences, he told the truth in court.

Advanced vocabulary 'payamad-haye ehtemali'.

2

صرف‌نظر از اینکه این طرح چقدر هزینه دارد، اجرای آن ضروری است.

Regardless of how much this plan costs, its implementation is necessary.

Clause with 'cheghadr hazine darad'.

3

صرف‌نظر از گرایش‌های سیاسی، همه باید به قانون احترام بگذارند.

Regardless of political leanings, everyone must respect the law.

Formal register 'gerayesh-haye siyasi'.

4

صرف‌نظر از انتقادات منتقدان، فیلم به موفقیت بزرگی دست یافت.

Regardless of the critics' criticisms, the film achieved great success.

Redundant but emphatic 'enteghadat-e montaghedan'.

5

صرف‌نظر از اینکه چه کسی برنده شود، این مسابقه هیجان‌انگیز بود.

Regardless of who wins, this match was exciting.

Future-oriented clause 'che kasi barandeh shavad'.

6

صرف‌نظر از کمبود منابع، آن‌ها توانستند پروژه را به اتمام برسانند.

Regardless of the lack of resources, they were able to complete the project.

Formal noun 'kambud-e manabe'.

7

صرف‌نظر از پیشینه فرهنگی، این ارزش‌ها جهانی هستند.

Regardless of cultural background, these values are universal.

Advanced term 'pishine-ye farhangi'.

8

صرف‌نظر از تمام دشواری‌ها، او هرگز امیدش را از دست نداد.

Regardless of all the hardships, he never lost hope.

Emphatic 'tamam-e doshvari-ha'.

1

صرف‌نظر از پیچیدگی‌های فنی، این نظریه از نظر منطقی استوار است.

Regardless of technical complexities, this theory is logically sound.

Academic register 'az nazar-e manteghi ostovar'.

2

صرف‌نظر از اینکه آیا این ادعا صحت دارد یا خیر، باید آن را بررسی کرد.

Regardless of whether this claim is accurate or not, it must be investigated.

Formal 'aya... ya kheyr' structure.

3

صرف‌نظر از فشارهای بین‌المللی، دولت بر مواضع خود پافشاری می‌کند.

Regardless of international pressures, the government insists on its positions.

Political discourse 'pafeshari kardan'.

4

صرف‌نظر از ملاحظات امنیتی، دسترسی به اطلاعات باید آزاد باشد.

Regardless of security considerations, access to information must be free.

Formal 'molahazat-e amniyati'.

5

صرف‌نظر از سبک نگارش، محتوای کتاب بسیار عمیق و تأمل‌برانگیز است.

Regardless of the writing style, the book's content is very deep and thought-provoking.

Literary analysis 'ta'ammol-barangiz'.

6

صرف‌نظر از نوسانات بازار، سرمایه‌گذاری در این بخش سودآور خواهد بود.

Regardless of market fluctuations, investing in this sector will be profitable.

Financial terminology 'nosanat-e bazar'.

7

صرف‌نظر از تعلقات مذهبی، انسانیت باید اولویت اول ما باشد.

Regardless of religious affiliations, humanity must be our first priority.

Philosophical register 'ta'alloghat-e mazhabi'.

8

صرف‌نظر از اینکه این پدیده چگونه توجیه شود، آثار آن مشهود است.

Regardless of how this phenomenon is justified, its effects are evident.

Scientific register 'tojih shavad'.

1

صرف‌نظر از مشرب‌های فکری گوناگون، وحدت ملی ضرورتی انکارناپذیر است.

Regardless of various intellectual schools of thought, national unity is an undeniable necessity.

Highly formal 'mashrab-haye fekri'.

2

صرف‌نظر از اینکه این رویکرد تا چه حد با واقعیت انطباق دارد، تأثیرگذار بوده است.

Regardless of the extent to which this approach aligns with reality, it has been influential.

Complex clause 'ta che had ba vaghe'iyat entebagh darad'.

3

صرف‌نظر از جنبه‌های زیباشناختی، این اثر بازتاب‌دهنده رنج‌های بشری است.

Regardless of aesthetic aspects, this work reflects human suffering.

Art criticism 'janbe-haye zibashenakhti'.

4

صرف‌نظر از هرگونه پیش‌داوری، باید به شواهد و مدارک موجود تکیه کرد.

Regardless of any prejudice, one must rely on the existing evidence and documents.

Legal/Rational register 'har-goune pish-davari'.

5

صرف‌نظر از ماهیت این تغییرات، جامعه باید خود را با آن‌ها وفق دهد.

Regardless of the nature of these changes, society must adapt itself to them.

Sociological register 'mahiyat-e in taghyirat'.

6

صرف‌نظر از اینکه این سیاست در بلندمدت چه نتایجی به بار خواهد آورد...

Regardless of what results this policy will yield in the long run...

Future result clause 'be bar khahad avard'.

7

صرف‌نظر از تفاوت در تعابیر، جوهر پیام یکی است.

Regardless of the difference in interpretations, the essence of the message is the same.

Philosophical 'johar-e payam'.

8

صرف‌نظر از محدودیت‌های زمانی و مکانی، عشق زبانی جهانی دارد.

Regardless of time and space limitations, love has a universal language.

Poetic/Abstract 'mahdudiyat-haye zamani o makani'.

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