B1 Modal Verbs 1 min read 中等

Impersonal Expressions of Possibility (Може)

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Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use 'Може да' to express possibility or permission without changing the form of 'може' regardless of the subject.

  • Keep 'може' frozen in the 3rd person singular: 'Може да дойда' (I might come).
  • The second verb after 'да' must be conjugated: 'Може да закъснеем' (We might be late).
  • Negate the possibility with 'Може и да не' or the permission with 'Не може'.
Може + да + Verb (Conjugated) ➔ 🎲 Possibility

The 'Frozen' Nature of Impersonal 'Може'

Subject (Logical) Modal Verb Particle Main Verb (Conjugated) English Translation
Аз (I)
може
да
дойда
I might come
Ти (You)
може
да
дойдеш
You might come
Той/Тя/То (He/She/It)
може
да
дойде
He/She/It might come
Ние (We)
може
да
дойдем
We might come
Вие (You pl.)
може
да
дойдете
You might come
Те (They)
може
да
дойдат
They might come

Meanings

An impersonal construction used to indicate that an action is possible, permitted, or likely to happen, without attributing the 'ability' to a specific person.

1

General Possibility

Expressing that something might happen or is a potential reality.

“Може да закъснея малко.”

“Може да има стачка днес.”

2

Permission

Asking for or giving permission in a slightly more formal or detached way than the personal 'мога'.

“Може ли да вляза?”

“Може да вземете стола.”

3

Speculation/Doubt

Used with 'и' (може и да) to emphasize uncertainty or a 'maybe' scenario.

“Може и да си прав.”

“Може и да не дойдат.”

Reference Table

Reference table for Impersonal Expressions of Possibility (Може)
Form Structure Example
Affirmative Possibility
Може + да + Verb
Може да вали.
Negative Possibility
Може и да не + Verb
Може и да не вали.
Interrogative (Question)
Може ли + да + Verb
Може ли да вляза?
Prohibition
Не може + да + Verb
Не може да се пуши.
Past Possibility
Можеше + да + Verb
Можеше да дойдеш.
Logical Necessity (Negated)
Не може да не + Verb
Не може да не знаеш.
Polite Request (Noun)
Може ли + Noun
Може ли сметката?
Speculative 'Maybe'
Може и да + Verb
Може и да си прав.

正式程度

正式
Бихте ли ми позволили да задам един въпрос?

Бихте ли ми позволили да задам един въпрос? (Asking a question)

中性
Може ли да попитам нещо?

Може ли да попитам нещо? (Asking a question)

非正式
Може ли един въпрос?

Може ли един въпрос? (Asking a question)

俚语
Да питам нещо, може ли?

Да питам нещо, може ли? (Asking a question)

The Functions of 'Може'

Може

Possibility

  • Може да вали It might rain

Permission

  • Може ли да вляза? May I come in?

Prohibition

  • Не може да се пуши No smoking

Speculation

  • Може и да е истина It might be true

Personal vs. Impersonal

Personal (Мога)
Мога да плувам I am able to swim (Ability)
Impersonal (Може)
Може да плувам I might swim (Possibility)

Deciding between Мога and Може

1

Is it about physical/mental ability?

YES
Use conjugated 'Мога'
NO
Go to next step
2

Is it about possibility or permission?

YES
Use impersonal 'Може'
NO
Consider 'Трябва' or 'Искам'

Common Phrases with 'Може'

🛒

In a Shop

  • • Може ли сметката?
  • • Може ли торбичка?
  • • Може ли да платя с карта?
👋

Socializing

  • • Може ли да се запознаем?
  • • Може да се видим утре.
  • • Може и да закъснея.
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按水平分级的例句

1

Може ли менюто?

May I have the menu?

2

Може ли вода?

Can I have some water?

3

Може ли тук?

Is it okay here?

4

Не може.

It's not allowed / You can't.

1

Може да дойда утре.

I might come tomorrow.

2

Може ли да вляза?

May I come in?

3

Може да закъснеем.

We might be late.

4

Тук не може да се пуши.

Smoking is not allowed here.

1

Може и да не успеем навреме.

We might not make it on time.

2

Може да са забравили за срещата.

They might have forgotten about the meeting.

3

Може ли да ми помогнете за малко?

Could you help me for a moment?

4

Може да се каже, че е трудно.

It could be said that it's difficult.

1

Може би трябваше да попитаме първо.

Maybe we should have asked first.

2

Може да се окаже, че грешим.

It might turn out that we are wrong.

3

Не може да не си го видял!

You couldn't have missed it! (It's impossible that you didn't see it)

4

Може да се ползва само по предназначение.

It may only be used as intended.

1

Можеше поне да се обадиш.

You could have at least called.

2

Как може да си толкова наивен?

How can you be so naive?

3

Може и да е така, но се съмнявам.

That may be so, but I doubt it.

4

Едва ли може да се намери по-добро решение.

A better solution can hardly be found.

1

Всичко това може и да е плод на неговото въображение.

All this might well be a figment of his imagination.

2

Не може да се отрече приносът му към науката.

His contribution to science cannot be denied.

3

Може ли човек да избяга от съдбата си?

Can a person escape their fate?

4

Доколкото може да се съди по резултатите, проектът е успешен.

As far as can be judged by the results, the project is successful.

容易混淆

Impersonal Expressions of Possibility (Може) 对比 Мога vs. Може

Learners use 'Мога' (ability) when they mean 'Може' (possibility).

Impersonal Expressions of Possibility (Може) 对比 Може да vs. Може би

Using 'Може би' with a 'да' construction.

Impersonal Expressions of Possibility (Може) 对比 Трябва vs. Може

Confusing obligation with possibility.

常见错误

✗

Аз може кафе?

✓

Може ли кафе?

In Bulgarian, we don't use the subject 'I' with 'Може ли' when ordering; the phrase itself implies the request.
✗

Можеш ли менюто?

✓

Може ли менюто?

Using 'можеш' (you can) asks if the waiter is physically capable of bringing the menu, which is slightly rude.
✗

Може да аз дойда.

✓

Може да дойда.

The subject pronoun is usually dropped or placed after the verb in 'da' constructions.
✗

Не можеш пуши.

✓

Не може да се пуши.

Missing the 'да' and the reflexive 'се' for general prohibitions.
✗

Ние можем да закъснеем.

✓

Може да закъснеем.

Using 'можем' implies we have the ability to be late, rather than it being a possibility.
✗

Може да вали утре.

✓

Може да завали утре.

Using the imperfective 'вали' for a specific future event sounds slightly less natural than the perfective 'завали'.
✗

Може ли аз да вляза?

✓

Може ли да вляза?

Redundant use of 'аз'.
✗

Може да не дойде.

✓

Може и да не дойде.

While the first is okay, adding 'и' makes the 'might not' sound much more natural in Bulgarian.
✗

Може би да дойда.

✓

Може да дойда.

Mixing 'може би' (adverb) with the 'да' construction.
✗

Той може да е прав.

✓

Може и да е прав.

Using a personal subject with 'може' for a logical guess sounds a bit stiff.
✗

Можеше да ми кажеш.

✓

Можеше да ми кажеш!

This is correct, but learners often fail to use the past impersonal 'можеше' for regret.

句型

Може ли да ___?

Може да ___ утре.

Тук не може да се ___.

Може и да не ___.

Real World Usage

Texting a friend constant

Може да закъснея 5 мин.

Job Interview common

Може ли да ми разкажете повече за екипа?

Ordering on Glovo/Takeaway very common

Може ли доставката да бъде до вратата?

Asking for a seat on the bus occasional

Може ли да седна тук?

Reading a 'No Parking' sign very common

Не може да се паркира!

Social Media Comment common

Може и да си прав, но не мисля така.

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💡

The 'Maybe' Shortcut

If you are unsure of the conjugation for 'мога', just use 'Може би' + the future tense. It's a safe fallback for beginners.
⚠️

Don't forget the 'Да'

Without 'да', the sentence falls apart. 'Може дойда' is incorrect. Always keep the 'да' as the bridge.
🎯

Politeness Hack

Adding 'ли' to 'може' instantly makes any request 50% more polite. Use it even if you are just asking for a napkin.
💬

Softening Blows

Use 'Може и да...' when you want to disagree with someone gently. It sounds like 'It's possible you're right (but you're not)'.

Smart Tips

Just say 'Може ли сметката?' instead of a long sentence. It's perfectly polite.

Искам да платя сметката, моля. → Може ли сметката?

Use 'Може и да...' to show you are really not sure. The 'и' adds that extra layer of doubt.

Може да дойда. → Може и да дойда.

Look for 'Не може' or 'Забранено'. If someone says 'Не може' to you, don't argue—it's a firm rule.

Ти не влизаш тук. → Тук не може да се влиза.

Use 'Може ли да Ви попитам...?' using the formal 'Ви'.

Може ли да те попитам? → Може ли да Ви попитам?

发音

/ˈmɔʒɛ/

Stress on 'Може'

The stress is on the first syllable: MO-zhe.

MO-zhe li

The 'ли' clitic

In questions, 'ли' is unstressed and attaches to 'може'.

Rising Intonation

Може ли? ↑

Asking for permission

Falling Intonation

Може да закъснея. ↓

Stating a possibility

记住它

记忆技巧

Remember: 'Може' is a frozen block of ice. It doesn't melt or change shape, no matter who stands next to it.

视觉联想

Imagine a giant 'MAYBE' stamp that you press onto any sentence. The stamp itself never changes, but the paper underneath (the main verb) can be anything.

Rhyme

Когато искаш 'може би' да кажеш, с 'Може да' глагола ще покажеш.

Story

Ivan is unsure about everything. When asked if he's coming, he says 'Може да дойда'. When asked if it's raining, he says 'Може да вали'. He uses the same 'Може' for everyone and everything because he's the King of Uncertainty.

Word Web

можедалинеможе бивъзможновероятно

挑战

Try to use 'Може ли...?' five times today: once for a coffee, once for a door, once for a question, once for a seat, and once for a bill.

文化笔记

Using 'Може ли' is the standard way to be polite in service industries. Unlike in some cultures where 'I want' is okay, in Bulgaria, 'Може ли' is the key to good service.

Bulgarians often use 'Може да...' to avoid giving a direct 'No' or to avoid making a firm commitment, which is seen as a way to save face.

Official signs use 'Не може' or 'Забранено' (Forbidden). 'Не може' feels slightly more like a social rule than a legal one.

From the Old Church Slavonic verb 'мощи' (mošti), meaning 'to be able'.

对话开场白

“

Може ли да ми препоръчате добър ресторант?

“

Какво може да се прави в София през уикенда?

“

Мислиш ли, че може да завали днес?

“

Може ли да се каже, че българският език е труден?

日记主题

Write about your plans for next summer. Use 'Може да' for things you aren't sure about.
Describe the rules in your office or school using 'Може' and 'Не може'.
Speculate about what life will be like in 50 years. Use 'Може да' for your predictions.
Write a dialogue where you ask for permission to do something unusual at a hotel.

常见错误

Incorrect

正确

Incorrect

正确

Incorrect

正确

Incorrect

正确

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Test Yourself

Fill in the blank with the correct form of the verb 'дойда' (to come).

Може да ___ утре на партито.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: дойда
The sentence implies 'I might come', so the verb must be in the 1st person singular.
Which sentence expresses 'We might be late'? 多项选择

Choose the correct option:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Може да закъснеем.
Impersonal 'може' + 1st person plural 'закъснеем'.
Find the error in this sentence: 'Можеш ли да ми дадете солта?' Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Correct the sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Both A and B are better.
You shouldn't mix 'можеш' (informal) with 'дадете' (formal). Use 'Може ли' to be safe.
Turn this statement into a possibility: 'Той знае отговора.' Sentence Transformation

Transform the sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: All of the above.
All these forms express that he might know the answer.
Match the Bulgarian phrase with its English meaning. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1-B, 2-C, 3-A, 4-D
Basic functional meanings of 'може' variations.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

А: Може ли да пуша тук? Б: Не, тук ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: не може
General prohibitions use the impersonal 'не може'.
Is the following statement true or false? True False Rule

The verb 'може' must always agree with the subject in impersonal constructions.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
In impersonal constructions, 'може' is frozen in the 3rd person singular.
Sort these into 'Ability' or 'Possibility'. Grammar Sorting

1. Мога да плувам. 2. Може да вали. 3. Можеш ли да пееш? 4. Може да дойдат.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1-A, 2-P, 3-A, 4-P
Personal forms (мога, можеш) show ability; impersonal (може) shows possibility.

Score: /8

练习题

8 exercises
Fill in the blank with the correct form of the verb 'дойда' (to come).

Може да ___ утре на партито.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: дойда
The sentence implies 'I might come', so the verb must be in the 1st person singular.
Which sentence expresses 'We might be late'? 多项选择

Choose the correct option:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Може да закъснеем.
Impersonal 'може' + 1st person plural 'закъснеем'.
Find the error in this sentence: 'Можеш ли да ми дадете солта?' Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Correct the sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Both A and B are better.
You shouldn't mix 'можеш' (informal) with 'дадете' (formal). Use 'Може ли' to be safe.
Turn this statement into a possibility: 'Той знае отговора.' Sentence Transformation

Transform the sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: All of the above.
All these forms express that he might know the answer.
Match the Bulgarian phrase with its English meaning. Match Pairs

1. Може ли? 2. Не може. 3. Може да. 4. Можеше.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1-B, 2-C, 3-A, 4-D
Basic functional meanings of 'може' variations.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

А: Може ли да пуша тук? Б: Не, тук ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: не може
General prohibitions use the impersonal 'не може'.
Is the following statement true or false? True False Rule

The verb 'може' must always agree with the subject in impersonal constructions.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
In impersonal constructions, 'може' is frozen in the 3rd person singular.
Sort these into 'Ability' or 'Possibility'. Grammar Sorting

1. Мога да плувам. 2. Може да вали. 3. Можеш ли да пееш? 4. Може да дойдат.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1-A, 2-P, 3-A, 4-P
Personal forms (мога, можеш) show ability; impersonal (може) shows possibility.

Score: /8

常见问题 (8)

No, 'Може би' is an adverb and doesn't take 'да'. Say 'Може би ще дойда' or 'Може да дойда'.

'Може ли' is for permission/requests ('May I?'). 'Мога ли' is for ability ('Am I capable?').

Use 'Може и да не' followed by the verb. Example: 'Може и да не дойде'.

No, it is also the 3rd person singular of 'мога' (He/She/It can). Context tells you if it's impersonal.

Yes, use 'Можеше да'. Example: 'Можеше да вали' (It could have rained).

It's the standard polite way to ask for an item or service, equivalent to 'Could I have...?'

Yes, even if referring to the future, Bulgarian uses the present tense form after 'да'.

'Не може' is more common in speech; 'Забранено' is more formal and found on signs.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

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In Other Languages

Spanish high

Puede que + subjunctive

Spanish uses the subjunctive; Bulgarian uses the 'da' + present tense.

French moderate

Il se peut que + subjunctive

French is more formal; Bulgarian 'може' is used in all registers.

German moderate

Es kann sein, dass...

German requires a full subordinate clause with 'dass'.

Japanese low

...kamo shirenai

Word order is reversed (Sentence-final vs. Sentence-initial).

Arabic high

Yumkin an (يمكن أن)

Very similar structural logic.

Chinese moderate

Kěnéng (可能)

No conjugation or linking particles in Chinese.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

Previous
Impersonal Expressions of Necessity (Трябва)
Next
Impersonal Expressions of Obligation (Длъжен съм)

Related Grammar Rules

A2

Impersonal 'Трябва' (It is necessary)
A2

Impersonal 'Може' (It is possible)
B1

Impersonal Expressions of Necessity (Трябва)
B2

Impersonal 'Не може да' (Cannot)
B1

Impersonal Expressions of Obligation (Длъжен съм)
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