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B1 noun #3,000 الأكثر شيوعاً 10 دقيقة للقراءة

der Stress

تدرّب عليها أمثلة ملاحظات ونصائح der Stress في 30 ثانية
الشرح der Stress in your Level:
At the A1 level, 'der Stress' is introduced as a simple noun to describe being very busy. Learners usually encounter it in the phrase 'Ich habe Stress' (I have stress/I am busy). At this stage, you don't need to worry about complex psychological definitions. Just know that if you have too much homework or too many things to do, you can say 'Ich habe Stress'. It's a masculine noun, so it's 'der Stress'. You might also hear 'Das ist Stress', meaning 'That is stressful'. The focus is on basic communication: expressing that you are overwhelmed or have no time. You should also learn the opposite: 'Kein Stress!' which means 'No rush!' or 'No worries!'. This is a very common and friendly thing to say to someone who is apologizing for being late or taking a long time.
سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل
At A2, you start to use the adjective 'stressig' and the participle 'gestresst'. You learn to distinguish between the situation ('Der Job ist stressig') and your feeling ('Ich bin gestresst'). You also begin to use simple prepositions like 'vor' (before) or 'bei' (at/during). For example: 'Ich habe Stress vor der Prüfung' (I have stress before the exam). You might also learn 'Stress machen', which can mean to hurry someone up. If someone is rushing you, you can say 'Mach mir keinen Stress!'. You are also introduced to the idea of 'Freizeitstress'—having too many hobbies or parties to go to. The vocabulary expands to include basic ways to handle it, like 'Pause machen' (take a break) or 'entspannen' (relax).
سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل
At the B1 level, 'der Stress' becomes a topic for discussion. You should be able to talk about the causes of stress (Stressfaktoren) and how to manage it (Stressbewältigung). You'll use more complex structures like 'unter Stress stehen' (to be under stress) and 'Stress abbauen' (to reduce stress). You might discuss topics like 'Work-Life-Balance' or 'Stress am Arbeitsplatz'. At this level, you should also understand the colloquial use of 'Stress' meaning 'trouble' or 'conflict', such as 'Stress mit dem Freund haben'. You can explain why you are stressed using subordinate clauses: 'Ich bin gestresst, weil ich diese Woche drei Präsentationen halten muss.' You also start to see compound nouns like 'Prüfungsstress' or 'Alltagsstress'.
At B2, you use 'der Stress' in more formal and abstract contexts. You might read articles about the 'Leistungsgesellschaft' (performance-oriented society) and how it contributes to 'Dauerstress' (chronic stress). You'll learn more sophisticated synonyms like 'Belastung' or 'Druck'. You should be able to participate in a debate about whether stress is always negative or if 'positiver Stress' (Eustress) can be beneficial. You will encounter terms like 'Stressresistenz' (resilience to stress) and 'Burnout-Prävention'. Your use of prepositions becomes more precise, and you can use idiomatic expressions like 'sich im Stress befinden' or 'jemanden unter Stress setzen' (to put someone under pressure). You also understand the nuance between 'stressig' and 'anstrengend'.
سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل
At C1, you explore the psychological and sociological depths of 'der Stress'. You can discuss the physiological effects of cortisol and adrenaline during a 'Stressreaktion'. You use the word in academic or professional presentations, perhaps discussing 'Stressmanagement-Methoden' or the impact of 'digitaler Stress' on mental health. You understand the subtle cultural implications of stress in Germany, such as the relationship between 'Stress' and 'Fleiß' (diligence). You can use the word in complex metaphorical ways and understand literature or high-level journalism that critiques the 'stressige Moderne'. You are comfortable with all derivative forms and can distinguish between 'akuter Stress' and 'chronische Belastung' with ease.
سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل
At the C2 level, you have a native-like command of 'der Stress'. You can use it in philosophical discussions about the nature of time and work in the 21st century. You understand the historical evolution of the term from a physical engineering concept to a psychological one. You can use it with high-level stylistic devices, perhaps in a speech or a complex essay. You are aware of the most subtle nuances, such as how the word 'Stress' can be used ironically or as a form of 'social signaling'. You can navigate professional medical or psychological texts where 'Stress' is analyzed as a complex systemic phenomenon. Your vocabulary includes highly specific terms like 'Oxidativer Stress' or 'posttraumatische Stressstörung' (PTSD).
سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل
تدرّب عليها أمثلة ملاحظات ونصائح

der Stress في 30 ثانية

  • Stress is a masculine noun (der Stress) referring to mental or physical tension caused by high demands.
  • Commonly used with verbs like 'haben', 'machen', 'abbauen', and 'vermeiden'.
  • Distinguish between 'stressig' (the situation) and 'gestresst' (the person's feeling).
  • In colloquial German, it can also mean 'trouble' or 'conflict' with someone.

The German noun der Stress is a ubiquitous term in modern German, primarily referring to a state of mental or emotional strain or tension resulting from adverse or very demanding circumstances. While it is a loanword from English, its integration into the German language has been profound, evolving to cover a wide spectrum of psychological, physiological, and social phenomena. In its most basic sense, it describes the pressure one feels when the demands placed upon them exceed their perceived resources. However, in a German linguistic context, it often carries a specific weight regarding 'Hektik' (hecticness) and 'Belastung' (burden). Unlike some languages where stress might be purely physical, in German, der Stress is almost always associated with the modern pace of life, the workplace, and the constant need for efficiency.

Psychological Dimension
Refers to the internal feeling of being overwhelmed, often leading to anxiety or exhaustion. It is the subjective experience of 'Druck' (pressure).
Physiological Dimension
Refers to the body's reaction to external stimuli, involving the release of cortisol and adrenaline. In German medical contexts, this is often discussed as 'Stressreaktion'.
Social/Colloquial Dimension
Often used to describe conflict or trouble with others, as in 'Stress mit dem Chef haben' (having trouble with the boss).

"Ich kann heute nicht kommen, ich habe totalen Stress bei der Arbeit und muss Überstunden machen."

— A common excuse for missing social gatherings due to work pressure.

To understand der Stress, one must also understand the German cultural emphasis on 'Leistung' (performance) and 'Ordnung' (order). When these are threatened by time constraints or chaos, the result is inevitably 'Stress'. It is not just a feeling; it is a state of being that Germans often discuss openly, sometimes as a 'badge of honor' indicating how hard they are working, and other times as a serious health concern to be managed through 'Stressbewältigung' (stress management).

"Positiver Stress (Eustress) kann motivierend wirken, aber negativer Stress (Distress) macht auf Dauer krank."

In academic and professional discourse, the term is frequently paired with 'Burnout' or 'Resilienz'. The German concept of 'Feierabend' (the end of the working day) is the traditional antidote to 'Stress', though in the digital age, 'digitaler Stress' has made this boundary increasingly porous. Understanding this word requires recognizing that it is both a medical reality and a social currency in Germany.

Etymological Root
Borrowed in the 20th century from English 'stress', which itself comes from Old French 'estresse' (narrowness/oppression).
Common Collocation
'Stress abbauen' (to reduce stress) is a key phrase in the German wellness and health industry.

Using der Stress correctly involves mastering its common verbal pairings and prepositional phrases. In German, you don't just 'have' stress; you are 'under' it, you 'make' it for yourself, or you 'get' it from others. The most frequent construction is Stress haben, but the nuances change significantly with different verbs.

Stress haben (to have stress)
The general state of being busy or overwhelmed. "Ich habe gerade viel Stress."
Stress machen (to cause stress/trouble)
Can mean to hurry someone up ("Mach mir keinen Stress!") or to cause conflict ("Er macht immer Stress mit den Nachbarn").
Sich Stress machen (to stress oneself out)
Refers to internal pressure. "Mach dir keinen Stress wegen der Prüfung!" (Don't stress yourself out about the exam!)

"Unter Stress treffe ich oft die falschen Entscheidungen."

— Note the use of the preposition 'unter' (under).

Another vital aspect is the distinction between the noun and the adjective. While 'Stress' is the noun, stressig is the adjective used to describe a situation (e.g., "ein stressiger Tag"), and gestresst is the participle used to describe a person's state (e.g., "Ich bin total gestresst"). Mixing these up is a common learner error. You would never say "Ich bin stressig" unless you mean that you are a person who causes stress for others.

In professional settings, you will encounter compound nouns like Arbeitsstress, Prüfungsstress, or Freizeitstress (the paradox of having too many social commitments). These compounds are very productive in German and allow for precise descriptions of the source of the pressure.

"Der Dauerstress am Arbeitsplatz führt häufig zu gesundheitlichen Problemen wie Bluthochdruck."

When discussing the reduction of stress, Germans use verbs like abbauen (to dismantle/reduce), vermeiden (to avoid), or bewältigen (to cope with/manage). For example, "Sport hilft mir, Stress abzubauen." This implies a physical or active process of getting rid of the accumulated tension.

You will hear der Stress in almost every corner of German life, from the high-pressure environment of a DAX company to a casual conversation at a bus stop. It is a 'Kulturwort'—a word that encapsulates a significant part of the collective experience in a highly organized, fast-paced society.

In the Office
Colleagues will often ask, "Hast du viel Stress gerade?" or complain about the "Terminstress" (stress due to deadlines). It's a standard part of small talk.
In the Media
News reports frequently discuss "Stress in der Pflege" (stress in nursing) or "Schulstress". Health magazines are full of "Anti-Stress-Tipps".
In the Doctor's Office
Physicians often cite "Stress" as a primary cause for psychosomatic illnesses. They might ask about your "Stresslevel".

"Laut einer Studie leiden immer mehr Jugendliche unter Freizeitstress."

— A typical headline in a German newspaper.

In youth culture and colloquial speech, 'Stress' often takes on the meaning of 'trouble' or 'beef'. If someone says, "Willst du Stress?", they are asking if you want to start a fight. This usage is very common in urban environments and among younger speakers. Similarly, "Stress mit den Eltern" usually means an argument or ongoing conflict rather than just being busy.

Public transport is another common place to hear the word. When trains are delayed or platforms are crowded, you'll hear commuters muttering about the "Reisestress". In these contexts, it's often synonymous with 'Hektik' and 'Chaos'.

"Der Weihnachtsstress beginnt jedes Jahr früher."

Finally, in the world of psychology and self-help, which is very popular in Germany, you will hear terms like 'Stressfaktoren' (stressors) and 'Stressresistenz'. Germans value the ability to handle stress, but they also value the honesty of admitting when it becomes too much, reflecting a societal shift towards mental health awareness.

Even advanced learners often stumble when using der Stress due to its versatility and the subtle differences between German and English usage. The most frequent errors involve prepositions, adjective-noun confusion, and the misapplication of the word 'stressig'.

Mistake 1: "Ich bin stressig"
In English, you might say "I am stressed." In German, if you say "Ich bin stressig," you are saying "I am a stressful person (for others)." To say you feel stressed, you must say "Ich bin gestresst" or "Ich habe Stress."
Mistake 2: Wrong Preposition
Learners often say "Ich bin in Stress." While understandable, the idiomatic way is "Ich bin im Stress" (contraction of 'in dem') or "Ich stehe unter Stress." Use 'unter' for the feeling of pressure and 'im' for the state of being busy.
Mistake 3: Overusing 'Stress' for 'Anstrengung'
Not every difficult task is 'Stress'. If a hike was physically demanding but enjoyable, it was 'anstrengend', not 'stressig'. 'Stress' usually implies a negative emotional component.

Incorrect: "Die Hausaufgabe war sehr stressig, aber ich habe viel gelernt."
Better: "Die Hausaufgabe war sehr anstrengend..."

— Use 'anstrengend' for hard work that isn't necessarily overwhelming.

Another common pitfall is the use of the verb stressen. It is a transitive verb, meaning it needs an object. You can say "Die Arbeit stresst mich" (The work stresses me), but you shouldn't just say "Ich stresse" to mean you are feeling stress. For that, use the reflexive sich stressen: "Ich stresse mich zu sehr wegen der Noten."

Finally, be careful with the plural. While you might want to say "I have many stresses," in German you would say "Ich habe viel Stress" (uncountable) or "Ich habe viele Stressfaktoren" (countable stressors). Using 'Stresse' sounds very unnatural and is technically incorrect in most contexts.

"Vermeiden Sie es, Stress mit Hektik zu verwechseln. Hektik ist die äußere Eile, Stress ist die innere Reaktion."

German has a rich vocabulary for pressure and exhaustion. Understanding the synonyms for der Stress will help you express yourself more precisely and sound more like a native speaker. Each of these words has a slightly different flavor.

der Druck (Pressure)
Often used for external expectations. "Der Leistungsdruck in der Schule ist hoch." (The pressure to perform in school is high.)
die Hektik (Hecticness/Rush)
Refers to the external state of people rushing around. "Ich mag die Hektik der Großstadt nicht." (I don't like the hustle and bustle of the big city.)
die Belastung (Burden/Strain)
A more formal or medical term for something that weighs on you. "Die psychische Belastung ist enorm."
die Überforderung (Overwhelmedness)
The state of having too much to do. "Das Gefühl der Überforderung führt oft zu Stress."

"Statt Stress zu sagen, nutzen Experten oft den Begriff psychosoziale Belastung."

On the flip side, there are words that describe the opposite of stress. Die Entspannung (relaxation) and die Gelassenheit (serenity/calmness) are the goals of any stress-management program. Gelassenheit is a particularly valued trait in German culture—the ability to remain calm and composed even when things are chaotic.

Another related term is der Ärger (trouble/annoyance). While 'Stress' can mean trouble, 'Ärger' is more specific to conflict or frustration. "Ich habe Ärger mit dem Vermieter" is more common than "Ich habe Stress mit dem Vermieter," though both are used. 'Ärger' implies you are angry; 'Stress' implies you are pressured.

"Ein bisschen Anspannung vor dem Auftritt ist normal, aber es sollte nicht in Panik ausarten."

Finally, consider die Strapaze (hardship/strain). This is usually used for physical exertion over a long period, like a "strapaziöse Reise" (a grueling journey). It's more about the physical toll than the mental pressure of 'Stress'.

How Formal Is It?

مستوى الصعوبة

قواعد يجب معرفتها

Nouns ending in -ss

Masculine gender rules

Prepositions with dative

Reflexive verbs (sich stressen)

Compound noun formation

سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل

أمثلة حسب المستوى

1

Ich habe viel Stress.

I have a lot of stress.

Simple subject-verb-object.

2

Kein Stress!

No stress! / No rush!

Common idiomatic phrase.

3

Hast du Stress?

Are you busy/stressed?

Question form.

4

Das ist Stress für mich.

That is stress for me.

Using 'für' + accusative.

5

Ich mag keinen Stress.

I don't like stress.

Negation with 'keinen' (masculine accusative).

6

Stress bei der Arbeit ist schlecht.

Stress at work is bad.

Preposition 'bei' + dative.

7

Morgen habe ich Stress.

Tomorrow I have stress.

Time adverbial at the start.

8

Warum hast du Stress?

Why do you have stress?

Interrogative 'warum'.

1

Die Arbeit ist heute sehr stressig.

Work is very stressful today.

Adjective 'stressig'.

2

Ich bin total gestresst.

I am totally stressed.

Participle 'gestresst' as an adjective.

3

Mach mir bitte keinen Stress!

Please don't stress me out!

Imperative with 'mir' (dative).

4

Ich habe Stress mit meiner Mutter.

I'm having trouble with my mother.

Colloquial use meaning 'trouble'.

5

Vor Prüfungen habe ich immer Stress.

I always have stress before exams.

Preposition 'vor' + dative.

6

Wir müssen den Stress vermeiden.

We must avoid the stress.

Modal verb 'müssen' + infinitive.

7

Das ist ein stressiger Tag.

That is a stressful day.

Attributive adjective ending '-er'.

8

Ich brauche eine Pause vom Stress.

I need a break from the stress.

Preposition 'von' + dative.

1

Ich stehe momentan unter großem Stress.

I am currently under great stress.

Idiom 'unter Stress stehen'.

2

Sport hilft mir, Stress abzubauen.

Sports help me to reduce stress.

Infinitive with 'zu'.

3

Man sollte sich nicht zu viel Stress machen.

One shouldn't stress oneself out too much.

Reflexive 'sich Stress machen'.

4

Der Terminplan verursacht viel Stress.

The schedule causes a lot of stress.

Verb 'verursachen'.

5

In der Großstadt gibt es viel Hektik und Stress.

In the big city, there is a lot of rush and stress.

'Es gibt' + accusative.

6

Ich habe Stress mit dem Chef bekommen.

I got into trouble with the boss.

Perfect tense with 'bekommen'.

7

Prüfungsstress ist bei Studenten normal.

Exam stress is normal among students.

Compound noun 'Prüfungsstress'.

8

Wie gehst du mit Stress um?

How do you deal with stress?

Separable verb 'umgehen mit'.

1

Dauerstress kann zu ernsthaften Krankheiten führen.

Chronic stress can lead to serious illnesses.

Compound noun 'Dauerstress'.

2

Viele Arbeitnehmer leiden unter Arbeitsstress.

Many employees suffer from work stress.

Verb 'leiden unter' + dative.

3

Es ist wichtig, Stressfaktoren zu identifizieren.

It is important to identify stressors.

Noun 'Stressfaktoren'.

4

Die Work-Life-Balance hilft gegen Stress.

Work-life balance helps against stress.

Preposition 'gegen' + accusative.

5

Er ist sehr stressresistent und bleibt immer ruhig.

He is very stress-resistant and always stays calm.

Adjective 'stressresistent'.

6

Die ständige Erreichbarkeit erzeugt digitalen Stress.

Constant availability creates digital stress.

Adjective 'digitaler'.

7

Stressbewältigung ist ein wichtiges Thema in der Psychologie.

Stress management is an important topic in psychology.

Compound noun 'Stressbewältigung'.

8

Manche Menschen brauchen Stress, um produktiv zu sein.

Some people need stress to be productive.

Conjunction 'um...zu'.

1

Die psychische Belastung durch Stress wird oft unterschätzt.

The psychological strain caused by stress is often underestimated.

Passive voice 'wird unterschätzt'.

2

In unserer Leistungsgesellschaft ist Stress allgegenwärtig.

In our achievement-oriented society, stress is omnipresent.

Adjective 'allgegenwärtig'.

3

Chronischer Stress beeinträchtigt das Immunsystem.

Chronic stress impairs the immune system.

Verb 'beeinträchtigen'.

4

Wir müssen Strategien zur Stressprävention entwickeln.

We must develop strategies for stress prevention.

Compound noun 'Stressprävention'.

5

Der Begriff Stress stammt ursprünglich aus der Materialprüfung.

The term stress originally comes from materials testing.

Historical context.

6

Eustress kann die kognitive Leistungsfähigkeit steigern.

Eustress can increase cognitive performance.

Technical term 'Eustress'.

7

Die Grenze zwischen gesundem Ehrgeiz und krankhaftem Stress ist fließend.

The line between healthy ambition and pathological stress is thin.

Metaphorical usage.

8

Meditation ist eine bewährte Methode zur Stressreduktion.

Meditation is a proven method for stress reduction.

Genitive/Compound 'Stressreduktion'.

1

Die soziokulturelle Dimension von Stress bedarf einer tiefergehenden Analyse.

The socio-cultural dimension of stress requires a deeper analysis.

Verb 'bedürfen' + genitive.

2

Stress fungiert oft als Katalysator für psychosomatische Beschwerden.

Stress often functions as a catalyst for psychosomatic complaints.

Metaphorical 'Katalysator'.

3

Die Kommerzialisierung von Anti-Stress-Produkten ist ein lukrativer Markt.

The commercialization of anti-stress products is a lucrative market.

Complex noun phrase.

4

Phänomenologisch betrachtet ist Stress eine Störung der Zeitwahrnehmung.

Phenomenologically speaking, stress is a disturbance of time perception.

Philosophical adverb 'phänomenologisch'.

5

Die Interdependenz von Stress und urbaner Lebensweise ist evident.

The interdependence of stress and urban lifestyle is evident.

Academic vocabulary 'Interdependenz'.

6

Stressoren in der modernen Arbeitswelt sind oft diffuser Natur.

Stressors in the modern working world are often of a diffuse nature.

Genitive attribute 'diffuser Natur'.

7

Eine resiliente Grundhaltung mindert die Anfälligkeit für Stress.

A resilient attitude reduces susceptibility to stress.

Adjective 'resilient'.

8

Die physiologische Stressreaktion ist ein evolutionäres Erbe.

The physiological stress response is an evolutionary heritage.

Scientific context.

المرادفات

der Druck die Belastung die Hektik die Anspannung die Überforderung der Ärger die Strapaze die Not

الأضداد

die Entspannung die Ruhe die Gelassenheit die Erholung

تلازمات شائعة

Stress abbauen
Stress haben
Stress vermeiden
unter Stress stehen
Stress verursachen
positiver Stress
chronischer Stress
Stress bewältigen
Stress empfinden
im Stress sein

العبارات الشائعة

Kein Stress!
Mach dir keinen Stress!
Ich bin voll im Stress.
Stress mit jemandem haben.
Viel Stress um nichts.
Den Stress vergessen.
Vom Stress abschalten.
Stress pur.
Immer dieser Stress!
Stress lass nach!

يُخلط عادةً مع

der Stress vs anstrengend

der Stress vs Hektik

der Stress vs Ärger

تعبيرات اصطلاحية

"Sich Stress an die Backe nähen"
"In Stress geraten"
"Jemanden unter Stress setzen"
"Den Stress an jemandem auslassen"
"Stress ohne Ende"
"Sich vom Stress auffressen lassen"
"Den Stress weglächeln"
"Stressresistenz beweisen"
"Voll im Stress schwimmen"
"Stressresistent wie eine Eiche sein"

سهل الخلط

der Stress vs

der Stress vs

der Stress vs

der Stress vs

der Stress vs

أنماط الجُمل

سجّل مجاناً لرؤية جميع الأمثلة

كيفية الاستخدام

plural

Use 'Stresssituationen' instead of 'Stresse'.

colloquial

'Stress' can mean a fight.

أخطاء شائعة
  • Saying 'Ich bin stressig' instead of 'Ich bin gestresst'.
  • Using the wrong article (die/das Stress).
  • Using 'in Stress' instead of 'im Stress'.
  • Confusing 'Stress' with 'Ärger'.
  • Trying to use the plural 'Stresse'.

نصائح

Gender

Always remember 'der Stress'. Masculine nouns often relate to abstract concepts of force.

Adjectives

Use 'stressig' for the day, 'gestresst' for yourself. Never 'Ich bin stressig'.

Idiom

Say 'Kein Stress!' when someone apologizes for being slow. It's very natural.

Workplace

Complaining about stress is a common way to bond with German colleagues.

Trouble

If someone says 'Willst du Stress?', they are being aggressive. Be careful!

Compounds

Create your own words like 'Hausaufgabenstress' to sound more advanced.

Management

Learn the phrase 'Stress abbauen' for health-related discussions.

Under vs In

Use 'unter Stress' for the feeling of weight, 'im Stress' for the state of being busy.

Effort

Don't call a hard workout 'Stress' if you enjoyed it. Use 'anstrengend'.

Stressen

The verb 'stressen' is often used by teens: 'Stress mich nicht!' (Don't annoy me!).

احفظها

أصل الكلمة

English 'stress'

السياق الثقافي

A health retreat often prescribed for stress-related issues.

The traditional German end-of-work time.

تدرّب في الحياة الواقعية

سياقات واقعية

بدايات محادثة

"Hast du gerade viel Stress?"

"Was machst du, um Stress abzubauen?"

"Ist dein Job sehr stressig?"

"Hattest du heute einen stressigen Tag?"

"Glaubst du, dass Stress krank macht?"

مواضيع للكتابة اليومية

Was war die stressigste Situation in dieser Woche?

Wie fühlst du dich, wenn du unter Stress stehst?

Beschreibe deinen perfekten stressfreien Tag.

Ist Stress in deinem Land ein großes Thema?

Welche Stressfaktoren möchtest du in deinem Leben reduzieren?

الأسئلة الشائعة

10 أسئلة

Nein, es gibt auch Eustress, der motivierend wirken kann.

Ich bin gestresst oder Ich habe Stress.

Es bedeutet 'Keine Eile' oder 'Mach dir keine Sorgen'.

Theoretisch ja, aber in der Praxis nutzt man fast nur den Singular.

Wenn man zu viele Termine in der Freizeit hat.

Durch Sport, Meditation oder Hobbys.

Es ist ein Lehnwort aus dem Englischen.

Etwas, das Stress verursacht, wie Lärm oder Zeitdruck.

Jemanden drängen oder Ärger verursachen.

Druck ist oft die Ursache, Stress die Reaktion.

سجّل مجاناً للنصائح والملاحظات

اختبر نفسك 180 أسئلة

/ 180 correct

Perfect score!

سجّل مجاناً للتدريب

محتوى ذو صلة

هل كان هذا مفيداً؟

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