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B2 verb 13 Min. Lesezeit

خلاصه‌کردن

kholase kardan
Beispiele
Erklärung خلاصه‌کردن in your Level:
At the A1 beginner level, learners are just starting to build their foundational vocabulary in Persian. The concept of summarizing might seem advanced, but the word خلاصه (kholāseh) is highly useful even early on. Beginners learn that Persian relies heavily on compound verbs, which combine a noun or adjective with a simple verb like کردن (kardan - to do/make). At this stage, students focus on recognizing the word and understanding its basic meaning: to make something shorter or to tell the main points. They practice conjugating the light verb کردن in the simple present tense (می‌کنم - I do) and the simple past tense (کردم - I did). An A1 student might use this word in very simple, structured sentences, such as 'I summarize the book' (من کتاب را خلاصه می‌کنم). They are also introduced to the object marker را (rā), learning that it must follow the thing being summarized. While they might not be able to actually summarize a complex text in Persian yet, knowing how to ask someone else to 'please summarize' (لطفاً خلاصه کنید) is a valuable survival phrase when listening to native speakers who talk too fast or too much. The focus is on basic recognition, pronunciation (stressing the middle syllable of kho-LAA-seh), and simple subject-verb-object sentence construction. Teachers at this level often use visual aids, showing a long text turning into a short text, to cement the meaning of the word without requiring complex abstract thought from the learner.
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As learners progress to the A2 elementary level, their ability to use خلاصه کردن (kholāseh kardan) expands significantly. At this stage, students are stringing together multiple sentences and using a wider variety of tenses. They learn to use modal verbs like 'want to' (خواستن) and 'must' (باید) in conjunction with compound verbs. This introduces them to the subjunctive mood. An A2 student learns that 'I want to summarize' translates to می‌خواهم خلاصه کنم (mikhaaham kholāseh konam), noticing that the prefix ب (be-) is typically dropped in these compound constructions. They also begin to use prepositions more effectively, learning to say 'I summarize the story for you' (من داستان را برای شما خلاصه می‌کنم). Vocabulary building at this level includes learning related words like داستان (story), متن (text), and کتاب (book) to serve as the objects of the verb. A2 learners are often given short, simple paragraphs in class and tasked with writing a one-sentence summary, which provides practical application of the verb. They also start to recognize the passive form خلاصه شدن (to be summarized) in reading texts, even if they are not yet expected to produce it fluently. The cultural context of storytelling in Iran is introduced, and students learn that asking someone to summarize can be a useful tool when practicing listening comprehension with native speakers. The emphasis remains on practical, everyday communication and solidifying grammatical structures.
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At the B1 intermediate level, خلاصه کردن (kholāseh kardan) becomes an active, frequently used part of the learner's vocabulary. Students at this stage are engaging with more complex texts, such as news articles, short stories, and opinion pieces. Consequently, the act of summarizing becomes a regular classroom activity and a necessary real-world skill. B1 learners can confidently conjugate the verb across all major tenses, including the present perfect (خلاصه کرده‌ام - I have summarized) and the past continuous (داشتم خلاصه می‌کردم - I was summarizing). They are comfortable using the passive voice actively, saying things like 'The news was summarized' (اخبار خلاصه شد). At this level, nuanced usage begins to emerge. Students learn to differentiate خلاصه کردن from similar concepts like کوتاه کردن (to shorten physically). They start using transitional phrases and conjunctions to build cohesive summaries, employing words like در نتیجه (as a result) and بنابراین (therefore). The verb is used in more abstract contexts; for example, summarizing a person's argument or a philosophical concept rather than just a physical book. B1 students also learn colloquial expressions, such as using خلاصه as an adverb meaning 'in short' or 'anyway' at the beginning of a sentence (خلاصه، رفتیم سینما - Anyway, we went to the cinema). This dual function of the word as both a verb component and a conversational filler marks a significant step toward natural, fluent-sounding Persian communication.
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Reaching the B2 upper-intermediate level means the learner has a strong, independent command of the Persian language. The use of خلاصه کردن (kholāseh kardan) at this stage is characterized by academic and professional precision. B2 students are reading authentic, unadapted materials such as historical texts, political commentary, and literature. They are expected to not only understand these texts but to synthesize and summarize them accurately in writing and speech. The vocabulary surrounding the verb becomes much more sophisticated. Learners use phrases like 'خلاصه کردن نکات کلیدی' (summarizing the key points) or 'خلاصه کردن مباحث مطرح شده' (summarizing the raised discussions). They are highly proficient in complex grammatical structures, such as conditional sentences ('If you summarize this report, I will read it' - اگر این گزارش را خلاصه کنی، آن را می‌خوانم). At the B2 level, learners are also acutely aware of register and formality. They know how to politely ask a superior in a business setting to summarize a document, using formal pronouns and verb endings. They understand the subtle differences between خلاصه (summary), چکیده (abstract), and جمع‌بندی (conclusion), and can choose the appropriate term based on the context. The ability to summarize effectively in a foreign language requires high-level cognitive processing and a deep well of vocabulary to paraphrase original texts; thus, mastery of this verb and its associated skills is a hallmark of B2 proficiency.
At the C1 advanced level, the learner's use of خلاصه کردن (kholāseh kardan) approaches native-like fluency. The focus shifts from the mechanics of the verb to its stylistic and rhetorical applications. C1 learners engage with highly complex, abstract, and culturally dense materials, such as classical Persian poetry, dense academic treatises, and nuanced political debates. Summarizing at this level is not merely about condensing information; it is about capturing the underlying essence, tone, and subtext of the original work. Advanced students might debate whether a specific summary accurately reflects the author's intent. They use complex passive constructions and impersonal verbs effortlessly. Furthermore, C1 learners incorporate idiomatic expressions and advanced vocabulary related to brevity and conciseness. They might use phrases like 'در یک کلام خلاصه کردن' (to summarize in a single word) to create dramatic effect in their speech or writing. The verb is used seamlessly in complex subordinate clauses and passive-participial phrases. At this stage, learners also understand the cultural weight of brevity versus elaboration in Persian discourse, knowing exactly when a detailed explanation is required and when a succinct summary is more appropriate. Their ability to paraphrase using a wide array of synonyms ensures that their summaries are not just shorter versions of the text, but articulate, independent pieces of writing that demonstrate a profound mastery of Persian syntax and semantics.
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The C2 mastery level represents near-native proficiency, where the learner manipulates the Persian language with exceptional precision, elegance, and cultural awareness. At this pinnacle of language learning, the use of خلاصه کردن (kholāseh kardan) is entirely intuitive. C2 users can summarize highly technical, specialized, or culturally obscure texts on the fly, adapting their language perfectly to the target audience, whether it be a group of academics, a corporate board, or a casual gathering of friends. They play with the language, perhaps using the concept of summarizing metaphorically. For instance, they might describe a person's entire life philosophy as being 'summarized in a single glance' (تمام فلسفه زندگی‌اش در یک نگاه خلاصه می‌شد). They possess an exhaustive knowledge of synonyms, antonyms, and related literary terms, allowing them to critique the quality of a summary or an abstract (چکیده) with authoritative confidence. C2 learners understand the historical evolution of Arabic loanwords in Persian and appreciate the etymological roots of خلاصه (kh-l-s, meaning pure essence). Their summaries are characterized by flawless grammar, rich vocabulary, and an impeccable sense of style. They can effortlessly navigate the most complex syntactic structures, using the verb in highly rhetorical or poetic contexts that would challenge even some native speakers. Mastery at this level means that the verb is no longer just a tool for communication, but a brush for linguistic artistry.
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Beispiele
The Persian verb خلاصه کردن (kholāseh kardan) is an essential compound verb that translates directly to the English infinitive to summarize, to abbreviate, or to give a brief statement of the main points of a text, speech, or event. Understanding this word requires looking at its two components. The first part, خلاصه (kholāseh), is a noun and adjective borrowed from Arabic, rooted in the letters kh-l-s, which convey the meaning of purity, essence, or the core of something. When you extract the essence of a long text, you are getting its kholāseh. The second part is کردن (kardan), the highly versatile Persian light verb meaning to do or to make. Together, they literally mean to make an essence or to do a summary. This construction is extremely common in Persian, where thousands of compound verbs are formed by pairing an Arabic or Persian noun/adjective with a light verb.
Linguistic Structure
The word is a compound verb consisting of a non-verbal element (خلاصه) and a verbal element (کردن). This means that in various tenses, only the verbal part is conjugated while the non-verbal part remains completely unchanged.
You will encounter this word in numerous contexts ranging from highly formal academic environments to casual everyday conversations. In a university setting, a professor might ask students to summarize a research paper or a historical event. In the workplace, a manager might request an employee to summarize the minutes of a long meeting or a comprehensive financial report.

استاد از ما خواست که مقاله را خلاصه‌کردن تمرین کنیم. (The professor asked us to practice summarizing the article.)

Even in daily life, when a friend is telling a very long and overly detailed story, you might interrupt them and ask them to summarize what happened so you can get to the point faster. The flexibility of this verb makes it a cornerstone of effective communication in Persian. It is important to note that summarizing is considered a high-level cognitive skill, and therefore, using this word correctly demonstrates a solid command of the Persian language. When you summarize something, you are expected to retain the most critical information while discarding the superfluous details.
Cultural Nuance
In Persian culture, storytelling can sometimes be elaborate and poetic. Asking someone to summarize might be seen as slightly blunt if not phrased politely, so it is often preceded by courteous phrases.
For example, instead of just demanding a summary, one might say, 'If it is possible, please summarize this for me.'

لطفاً داستان را برای من خلاصه کنید. (Please summarize the story for me.)

Furthermore, the concept of summarizing extends beyond just texts. You can summarize a situation, a philosophy, a historical era, or even a person's character in a few words. This broad applicability is why the verb is introduced at the intermediate level and mastered at the advanced level.
Academic Usage
In academic writing, summarizing is often paired with citing sources. The ability to condense complex arguments into concise Persian sentences is highly valued in Iranian universities.

من باید این کتاب صد صفحه‌ای را خلاصه کنم. (I must summarize this one-hundred-page book.)

As you continue to learn Persian, you will find that mastering compound verbs like this one will significantly unlock your ability to express complex thoughts and manage the flow of conversation.

او توانست تمام مشکلات را در یک جمله خلاصه کند. (He was able to summarize all the problems in one sentence.)

خبرنگار اخبار امروز را خلاصه کرد. (The reporter summarized today's news.)

Ultimately, understanding when and how to deploy this verb will make you sound much more natural and fluent to native Persian speakers, allowing you to navigate both formal and informal environments with greater ease and confidence.
Using خلاصه کردن (kholāseh kardan) correctly in a Persian sentence requires a solid understanding of Persian syntax, specifically the placement of objects, prepositions, and the conjugation of compound verbs. Because it is a transitive verb, it requires a direct object—something must be summarized. In Persian, definite direct objects are marked by the postposition را (rā). Therefore, the most common sentence structure you will build is: Subject + Object + را (rā) + خلاصه + conjugated form of کردن.
Direct Object Marker
The word را (rā) is crucial. If you are summarizing a specific book, you must say 'کتاب را خلاصه کردم' (I summarized the book). Omitting 'rā' would make the sentence sound unnatural or change the meaning to summarizing books in general.

دانش‌آموز متن را خلاصه کرد. (The student summarized the text.)

When conjugating this verb, remember that خلاصه (kholāseh) remains static. It does not take any prefixes or suffixes. All the grammatical information about tense, person, and mood is carried by the verb کردن (kardan). For the present simple or continuous, you use می‌ (mi-) + present stem کن (-kon-) + personal endings. For example, خلاصه می‌کنم (kholāseh mikonam) means I summarize or I am summarizing.

ما هر هفته گزارش‌ها را خلاصه می‌کنیم. (We summarize the reports every week.)

For the simple past, you use the past stem کرد (kard) + personal endings. خلاصه کردم (kholāseh kardam) means I summarized.
Subjunctive Mood
When expressing desire, obligation, or possibility, Persian uses the subjunctive mood. For compound verbs with کردن, the subjunctive prefix ب (be-) is often omitted, so 'I want to summarize' is 'می‌خواهم خلاصه کنم' (mikhaaham kholaaseh konam), not 'بکنم'.

باید این فصل را تا فردا خلاصه کنم. (I must summarize this chapter by tomorrow.)

Another important grammatical feature is the use of prepositions. If you want to say you are summarizing something for someone, you use the preposition برای (barāye). The structure becomes: Subject + Object + را + برای + Person + خلاصه + Verb.

من جلسه را برای رئیس خلاصه کردم. (I summarized the meeting for the boss.)

You might also want to specify how or where you are summarizing something. For instance, 'to summarize in a few words' translates to در چند کلمه خلاصه کردن (dar chand kalameh kholāseh kardan).
Passive Voice
To form the passive voice (to be summarized), the light verb کردن is replaced with شدن (shodan - to become). So, 'The book was summarized' becomes 'کتاب خلاصه شد' (ketaab kholaaseh shod).

تمام اطلاعات در این جدول خلاصه شده است. (All the information has been summarized in this table.)

Mastering these sentence patterns allows you to use the verb dynamically. Whether you are issuing a command (خلاصه کن! - Summarize!), expressing a future intention (خلاصه خواهم کرد - I will summarize), or describing a completed action in the past perfect (خلاصه کرده بودم - I had summarized), the non-verbal element خلاصه anchors the meaning while the verbal element کردن dances through the tenses. This predictability is one of the beautiful and logical aspects of Persian grammar that makes learning compound verbs a highly rewarding endeavor for language learners.
The verb خلاصه کردن (kholāseh kardan) is ubiquitous in the Persian-speaking world, bridging the gap between highly formal discourse and everyday casual conversation. You will hear this word in a multitude of environments, making it a high-frequency vocabulary item for any intermediate to advanced learner. One of the most common places you will encounter this verb is in the educational system. From primary schools to universities across Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan, teachers and professors constantly assign tasks that require students to condense information.
Educational Context
In academic settings, summarizing is a core competency. Students are frequently asked to summarize chapters, synthesize research papers, or provide a brief overview of historical events during exams and presentations.

استاد گفت که باید پایان‌نامه خود را در ده دقیقه خلاصه کنیم. (The professor said we must summarize our thesis in ten minutes.)

Beyond the classroom, the professional world heavily relies on this concept. In corporate offices, government ministries, and business meetings, time is of the essence. Professionals use this verb when requesting executive summaries, debriefings after long conferences, or condensed versions of extensive financial reports.

مدیر از من خواست نتایج پروژه را خلاصه کنم. (The manager asked me to summarize the project results.)

Media and journalism are also prime domains for this word. News anchors on Persian television channels, radio broadcasters, and podcast hosts frequently use this verb when giving a rundown of the day's top stories before diving into the details, or when wrapping up a lengthy interview.
Media and News
Journalists often have to condense hours of footage or pages of press releases into a two-minute segment. They explicitly state that they are summarizing the events for the viewers' convenience.

مجری برنامه اخبار مهم هفته را خلاصه کرد. (The program host summarized the important news of the week.)

In everyday social interactions, Iranians are known for their rich storytelling and detailed conversational style. However, when someone is in a rush or a story is dragging on, friends or family members might use this verb to politely (or sometimes impatiently) ask the speaker to get to the point.

وقت نداریم، لطفاً حرفت را خلاصه کن. (We don't have time, please summarize your speech.)

Finally, you will see this word in literature and literary criticism. When discussing a novel, a play, or a film, critics and readers talk about the summary of the plot. Writing a summary of a book is a common practice in book clubs and literary reviews.
Literary Reviews
In literary contexts, summarizing is not just about shortening; it is about capturing the thematic essence of the work without losing its fundamental message.

منتقد داستان فیلم را در یک پاراگراف خلاصه کرد. (The critic summarized the film's story in one paragraph.)

Recognizing this word in these diverse contexts will not only improve your listening comprehension but also provide you with a powerful tool to manage information effectively in your own Persian communication.
When English speakers learn the Persian verb خلاصه کردن (kholāseh kardan), they often make several predictable grammatical and syntactical errors due to the differences between English and Persian sentence structures. One of the most frequent mistakes is the omission of the definite object marker را (rā). In English, you simply say 'I summarized the book.' In Persian, because 'the book' is a specific, definite object receiving the action of the verb, it must be followed by را.
Missing Object Marker
Learners often say 'من کتاب خلاصه کردم' (man ketāb kholāseh kardam). While a native speaker will understand this, it sounds grammatically incorrect or implies 'I did book-summarizing' in a general sense. The correct form is 'من کتاب را خلاصه کردم' (man ketāb rā kholāseh kardam).

او سخنرانی را به خوبی خلاصه کرد. (He summarized the speech very well.)

Another common error involves the conjugation of the compound verb, specifically in the subjunctive mood. In Persian, verbs following modal verbs like 'want to' (خواستن) or 'must' (باید) must be in the subjunctive form. For simple verbs, this involves adding the prefix ب (be-). However, for compound verbs formed with کردن, the ب is usually dropped in modern Persian.

ما باید این مقاله طولانی را خلاصه کنیم. (We must summarize this long article.)

Learners also sometimes confuse the active verb خلاصه کردن (to summarize something) with the passive verb خلاصه شدن (to be summarized). If you want to say 'The text was summarized,' you cannot use کردن. You must change the light verb to شدن.
Active vs. Passive
Using the active form when the passive is required completely changes the meaning. 'کتاب خلاصه کرد' means 'The book summarized (something else),' which is nonsensical. It must be 'کتاب خلاصه شد' (The book was summarized).

تمام بحث در این دو خط خلاصه می‌شود. (The entire discussion is summarized in these two lines.)

A more subtle mistake is related to vocabulary choice. While خلاصه کردن means to summarize, learners sometimes use it when they actually mean 'to shorten' (کوتاه کردن - kootaah kardan) or 'to abbreviate' a word (مخفف کردن - mokhaffaf kardan). You summarize a story or a text, but you shorten a pair of pants, and you abbreviate a long title into an acronym.

نمی‌توانی یک رمان هزار صفحه‌ای را در یک صفحه خلاصه کنی. (You cannot summarize a thousand-page novel in one page.)

Finally, a minor pronunciation error occurs when learners put the stress on the wrong syllable. In the noun/adjective خلاصه, the stress is on the middle syllable (kho-LAA-seh). In the compound verb, the primary stress often falls on the non-verbal part, while the verbal part carries secondary stress. Misplacing the stress can make your Persian sound less fluent, even if the grammatical construction is entirely correct. Paying attention to these nuances will greatly refine your language skills.
Pronunciation Stress
Ensure that when you say خلاصه کردن, the flow is smooth and the emphasis is placed correctly on the 'LAA' syllable of kholāseh, rather than heavily stressing the verb kardan.

لطفاً حرفت را خلاصه کن تا به قطار برسیم. (Please summarize your speech so we can catch the train.)

Avoiding these common pitfalls will help you use this essential Persian verb with confidence and precision.
While خلاصه کردن (kholāseh kardan) is the most direct and common translation for 'to summarize' in Persian, the language offers a rich variety of synonyms and related terms that allow for more precise and nuanced expression depending on the context. Understanding these alternatives will significantly elevate your Persian vocabulary from an intermediate to an advanced level. One closely related concept is جمع‌بندی کردن (jam'bandi kardan), which translates to 'to conclude' or 'to wrap up.' While summarizing is about condensing information, jam'bandi is about bringing all the points together to form a final conclusion.
Summarizing vs. Concluding
Use خلاصه کردن when you want a shorter version of the whole text. Use جمع‌بندی کردن at the end of a meeting or essay when you are tying up loose ends and stating the final outcome.

در پایان جلسه، رئیس بحث را جمع‌بندی کرد. (At the end of the meeting, the boss wrapped up the discussion.)

Another important alternative is مختصر کردن (mokhtasar kardan), which means 'to abbreviate' or 'to make brief.' Mokhtasar is an Arabic loanword that emphasizes brevity. While خلاصه implies keeping the core essence, مختصر simply implies making something shorter in length.

لطفاً توضیحات خود را مختصر کنید. (Please make your explanations brief.)

In academic and highly formal writing, you might encounter the noun چکیده (chekideh), which means 'abstract' (like the abstract of a research paper). The verb form چکیده نوشتن (chekideh neveshtan) means to write an abstract. This is a purely Persian word derived from the verb چکیدن (chekidan - to drip), metaphorically meaning the concentrated drops of information extracted from a larger work.
Academic Contexts
While you can use خلاصه for academic summaries, چکیده is specifically reserved for the formal abstract published at the beginning of scholarly articles and dissertations.

دانشجویان باید برای مقاله خود یک چکیده بنویسند. (Students must write an abstract for their article.)

If you want to talk about shortening physical objects or durations of time, you must use کوتاه کردن (kootaah kardan - to shorten). You cannot summarize a piece of string or a haircut; you must shorten them.

آرایشگر موهای او را خیلی کوتاه کرد. (The hairdresser cut her hair very short.)

Lastly, for abbreviating words (like NATO or UN), the correct term is مخفف کردن (mokhaffaf kardan).
Acronyms and Abbreviations
Mokhaffaf kardan is used strictly for linguistics and grammar when creating acronyms or shortening titles, unlike kholaseh kardan which deals with narratives and ideas.

سازمان ملل متحد را به سازمان ملل مخفف می‌کنند. (They abbreviate the United Nations to the UN.)

By distinguishing between summarizing, concluding, abstracting, shortening, and abbreviating, you demonstrate a sophisticated grasp of Persian semantics and cultural context, allowing you to choose the perfect word for every situation.
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Beispiele nach Niveau

1

من کتاب را خلاصه می‌کنم.

I summarize the book.

Simple present tense. Subject + Object + rā + Verb.

2

تو داستان را خلاصه کردی.

You summarized the story.

Simple past tense, second person singular.

3

او درس را خلاصه می‌کند.

He/She summarizes the lesson.

Third person singular, present tense.

4

ما متن را خلاصه کردیم.

We summarized the text.

First person plural, simple past.

5

آنها فیلم را خلاصه می‌کنند.

They summarize the movie.

Third person plural, present tense.

6

لطفاً این را خلاصه کنید.

Please summarize this.

Imperative form, polite/plural.

7

من نمی‌توانم خلاصه کنم.

I cannot summarize.

Negative present compound with 'tavānestan' (can).

8

آیا تو کتاب را خلاصه کردی؟

Did you summarize the book?

Interrogative sentence in the simple past.

1

من می‌خواهم این مقاله را خلاصه کنم.

I want to summarize this article.

Subjunctive mood after 'want to' (mi-khāham).

2

باید گزارش را تا فردا خلاصه کنیم.

We must summarize the report by tomorrow.

Subjunctive mood after 'must' (bāyad).

3

او داستان را برای من خلاصه کرد.

He summarized the story for me.

Use of preposition 'barāye' (for) before the person.

4

دانش‌آموزان توانستند درس را خلاصه کنند.

The students were able to summarize the lesson.

Past tense of 'can' followed by subjunctive.

5

ما در حال خلاصه کردن اخبار هستیم.

We are in the process of summarizing the news.

Present continuous structure using 'dar hāl-e'.

6

آیا می‌توانی این متن بلند را خلاصه کنی؟

Can you summarize this long text?

Question with modal verb 'can' and adjective 'long'.

7

من هنوز کتاب را خلاصه نکرده‌ام.

I have not summarized the book yet.

Present perfect tense, negative form.

8

استاد از ما خواست که فصل اول را خلاصه کنیم.

The professor asked us to summarize the first chapter.

Complex sentence with 'khāst ke' (asked that) + subjunctive.

1

اگر وقت داری، لطفاً جلسه را برایم خلاصه کن.

If you have time, please summarize the meeting for me.

Conditional type 1 sentence with imperative.

2

گزارش مالی توسط مدیر مالی خلاصه شد.

The financial report was summarized by the financial manager.

Passive voice using 'tavasot-e' (by) and 'shodan'.

3

داشتم کتاب را خلاصه می‌کردم که تلفن زنگ زد.

I was summarizing the book when the phone rang.

Past continuous tense interrupted by simple past.

4

بهتر است این اطلاعات پیچیده را در یک جدول خلاصه کنیم.

It is better that we summarize this complex information in a table.

'Behtar ast' (it is better) followed by subjunctive.

5

او مهارت خوبی در خلاصه کردن متون طولانی دارد.

He has a good skill in summarizing long texts.

Using the infinitive 'kholāseh kardan' as a noun phrase.

6

پیش از شروع ارائه، مطالب قبلی را خلاصه خواهم کرد.

Before starting the presentation, I will summarize the previous materials.

Future tense using 'khāham' + past stem.

7

بدون خلاصه کردن این مقاله، فهمیدن آن سخت است.

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