ضمیر تهی 'It' (مهم است که...)
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use 'It' as a placeholder subject when the real subject is a long clause or when talking about weather, time, or distance.
- Use 'It' for weather, time, and distance: 'It is raining.'
- Use 'It' to move long infinitive or 'that' clauses to the end: 'It is vital to study.'
- Use 'It' for opinions about situations: 'It's a shame you can't come.'
مرور کلی
dummy it (که گاهی به آن anticipatory it نیز میگویند) است. در زبان فارسی، ما به عنوان یک زبان «فاعلانداز» (pro-drop language)، به راحتی میتوانیم فاعل را حذف کنیم و جمله همچنان معنای کاملی داشته باشد. برای مثال، وقتی میگوییم «سخت است که زود بیدار شویم»، در فارسی هیچ نیازی به یک ضمیر خنثی یا پرکننده در ابتدای جمله نداریم.infinitive) است، انگلیسیزبانان برای رعایت تعادل در جمله و پیروی از «اصل وزن پایانی» (end-weight principle)، آن عبارت طولانی را به انتهای جمله میبرند و در جایگاه فاعل، از ضمیر it استفاده میکنند. این it هیچ معنای ارجاعی ندارد؛ یعنی به هیچ اسم خاصی اشاره نمیکند و فقط نقش یک «صندلی خالی» را بازی میکند تا ساختار جمله از نظر دستوری کامل باشد.dummy it یک ضمیر خنثی است که نقش «نهاد صوری» (pleonastic subject) را ایفا میکند. در دستور زبان فارسی، ما برای بیان مفاهیمی که در انگلیسی با it شروع میشوند، معمولاً از فعلهای بیشخص یا ساختارهای اسمی استفاده میکنیم. برای مثال، عبارت It is important to study در فارسی به صورت «مطالعه کردن مهم است» ترجمه میشود.To study is important؛ اگرچه از نظر دستوری غلط نیست، اما بسیار رسمی و سنگین به نظر میرسد. انگلیسیزبانان ترجیح میدهند با استفاده از it به عنوان یک «پیشدرآمد»، ذهن شنونده را آماده کنند و سپس محتوای اصلی را در انتهای جمله ارائه دهند.It is interesting that he arrived early، شما ابتدا بر «جالب بودن» تأکید میکنید و سپس جزئیات را میگویید. در فارسی، ما برای این کار از ساختارهای مشابهی استفاده نمیکنیم و این تفاوت در «جریان اطلاعات» (information flow) باعث میشود که استفاده از dummy it برای فارسیزبانان کمی غیرطبیعی به نظر برسد.it به هیچچیز در متن اشاره نمیکند؛ این یک ابزار صرفاً دستوری است که «جای خالی» فاعل را پر میکند تا جمله از نظر ساختار SVO (فاعل-فعل-مفعول) در زبان انگلیسی استاندارد باشد.It + be + Adj + to-infinitive | It + is/was + صفت + مصدر با to | It is hard to learn English. |It + be + Adj + for Agent + to-inf | It + is/was + صفت + for + شخص + مصدر | It is difficult for me to wake up. |It + be + NP + that-clause | It + is/was + اسم + که + جمله | It is a fact that water boils. |Dummy Object | فاعل + فعل + it + صفت + مصدر | I find it easy to use this app. |dummy it در موقعیتهای زیر بسیار رایج است:- 1بیان قضاوت یا نظر شخصی: وقتی میخواهید نظر خود را در مورد یک رویداد بیان کنید. مثلاً در محیط کار:
It is vital to finish the report by 5 PM. - 2گزارش حقایق یا باورهای عمومی: در مقالات یا سخنرانیها برای ارجاع به یک واقعیت بدون ذکر فاعل خاص. مثلاً:
It is widely believed that climate change is real. - 3توصیف احساسات یا تجربیات: وقتی میخواهید حسی که از یک موقعیت میگیرید را بیان کنید. مثلاً:
It felt good to see my old friends at the party. - 4ساختارهای مجهول گزارشدهی: برای بیان شایعات یا اخبار غیررسمی. مثلاً:
It is said that the office will be renovated.
- 1حذف
it(به دلیل تأثیر زبان مادری): فارسیزبانان به دلیل «فاعلانداز» بودن فارسی، تمایل دارندitرا حذف کنند. مثلاً به جایIt is important to goمیگویندIs important to go. این اشتباه به دلیل تفاوت ساختاری در «نهاد اجباری» انگلیسی است. - 2قرار دادن نادرست عبارت
for + person: فارسیزبانان گاهی عبارتfor meرا در انتهای جمله میآورند. مثلاً:It is hard to do this for me. در حالی که باید بگویند:It is hard for me to do this. - 3اشتباه گرفتن با
itارجاعی: گاهی زبانآموزان سعی میکنند برایitیک مرجع پیدا کنند. به یاد داشته باشید درdummy it، هیچ مرجعی وجود ندارد. این یک ضمیر «تهی» است.
dummy it با سایر کاربردهای ضمیر it را مشاهده میکنید:Dummy It | پرکننده جایگاه فاعل | It is raining outside. |Referential It | اشاره به اسم قبلی | I bought a book. It is blue. |Dummy Object | پرکننده جایگاه مفعول | I find it hard to study. |- 1آیا همیشه باید از
itاستفاده کنیم؟ بله، در انگلیسی استاندارد، جملات بدون فاعل در این ساختارها غلط دستوری محسوب میشوند. - 2آیا میتوانم به جای
itازthisاستفاده کنم؟ خیر،thisهمیشه بار معنایی و ارجاعی دارد، اماdummy itکاملاً خنثی است. - 3آیا این ساختار فقط در متنهای رسمی کاربرد دارد؟ خیر، در مکالمات روزمره مانند
It’s nice to meet youنیز از همین ساختار استفاده میشود.
Common Dummy 'It' Structures
| Structure | Function | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
It + be + Adjective + to-infinitive
|
Giving an opinion on an action
|
It is hard to say goodbye.
|
|
It + be + Adjective + that-clause
|
Reporting a fact or belief
|
It is clear that he is lying.
|
|
It + take + Time + to-infinitive
|
Expressing duration
|
It takes an hour to cook.
|
|
It + seem/appear + that-clause
|
Expressing an impression
|
It seems that they are late.
|
|
It + be + Noun + that-clause
|
Emphasizing a specific part (Cleft)
|
It was John who called.
|
|
It + be + Weather/Time/Distance
|
Describing the environment
|
It is windy today.
|
Contractions with Dummy 'It'
| Full Form | Contraction | Usage |
|---|---|---|
|
It is
|
It's
|
Very common in speech/informal writing
|
|
It was
|
N/A
|
Rarely contracted in standard English
|
|
It will
|
It'll
|
Common in spoken English
|
|
It has
|
It's
|
Used in present perfect (e.g., It's been a long day)
|
Meanings
The dummy 'it' is a pronoun that has no semantic meaning of its own but serves as a grammatical subject to satisfy the English requirement that every sentence must have a subject.
Ambient/Environmental
Used to describe weather, time, temperature, and distance where no specific agent is performing an action.
“It is nearly midnight.”
“It's freezing in this room.”
Extraposition
Used to shift a heavy subject (like an infinitive phrase or a 'that' clause) to the end of the sentence for better flow.
“It is unlikely that they will arrive on time.”
“It was a mistake to trust him with the secret.”
Identifying People
Used to identify a person when their identity is not yet established or when speaking on the phone/intercom.
“It's me, Sarah!”
“Who is it at the door?”
Reference Table
| نوع کاربرد | ساختار گرامری | مثال انگلیسی | هدف از استفاده |
|---|---|---|---|
|
نظر یا قضاوت
|
It + is + adjective + to-infinitive
|
It's wonderful to meet you.
|
بیان احساسات شخصی به صورت کلی
|
|
حقیقت یا واقعیت
|
It + is + adjective + that-clause
|
It is true that honesty is best.
|
بیان حقایق عینی و ثابت
|
|
ضرورت یا اجبار
|
It + is + necessary/important + to-infinitive
|
It is essential to stay hydrated.
|
نشان دادن کاری که حتماً باید انجام شه
|
|
سختی یا آسانی
|
It + is + easy/hard + to-infinitive
|
It's easy to get lost here.
|
توصیف سطح چالش یک فعالیت
|
|
مشاهدات
|
It + seems/appears + adjective + to-infinitive
|
It seems difficult to explain.
|
بیان یک برداشت یا مشاهده اولیه
|
|
بیانات رسمی
|
It + is + believed/said + that-clause
|
It is widely believed that practice helps.
|
گزارش کردن یک باور عمومی یا اجماع
|
طیف رسمیت
It is anticipated that the situation will prove challenging. (Discussing a problem)
It is going to be a difficult situation. (Discussing a problem)
It's gonna be tough. (Discussing a problem)
It's gonna be a beast. (Discussing a problem)
کاربرد Dummy It در عمل
ساختار
- It + فعل (to be) It is / It was
- + صفت یا عبارت اسمی It's important / It's a shame
- + فاعل واقعی (to-infinitive) to finish the report
- + فاعل واقعی (that-clause) that she passed the exam
کاربردهای رایج
- نظرات و قضاوتها It's great to see you.
- حقایق و واقعیتها It is known that…
- ضرورت و اجبار It's crucial to prepare.
- سختی و آسانی It's hard to decide.
چرا استفاده کنیم؟
- روانی جمله Avoids awkward long subjects.
- تاکید Highlights the adjective/noun phrase.
- وضوح Easier for listeners/readers to process.
- طبیعی بودن Makes English sound more native.
تفاوت Dummy It و Personal It
آیا باید از Dummy It استفاده کنم؟
آیا جملهات به فاعل نیاز دارد؟
آیا فاعل واقعی یک عبارت 'to-infinitive' یا 'that-clause' است؟
صفتها و فعلهای پرکاربرد با Dummy It
صفتهای رایج
- • important
- • easy
- • difficult
- • clear
- • possible
- • true
- • great
- • necessary
- • good
- • challenging
فعلهای رایج
- • is
- • was
- • seems
- • appears
- • proves
- • makes
زمینههای کاربرد
- • نظرات
- • حقایق
- • ضرورت
- • سختی
- • زمان
- • آب و هوا
- • مشاهدات
- • قضاوتها
مثالها بر اساس سطح
It is 9:00 AM.
Son las 9:00 AM.
It is cold today.
Hace frío hoy.
It is a big house.
Es una casa grande.
Is it Monday?
¿Es lunes?
It is nice to see you.
Es un gusto verte.
It's a long way to the city.
Es un largo camino a la ciudad.
It was dark in the room.
Estaba oscuro en la habitación.
It is easy to cook pasta.
Es fácil cocinar pasta.
It is important to finish your homework.
Es importante terminar tu tarea.
It takes 20 minutes to walk there.
Toma 20 minutos caminar allá.
It doesn't matter if you are late.
No importa si llegas tarde.
It seems that she is busy.
Parece que ella está ocupada.
It is often argued that social media is addictive.
A menudo se argumenta que las redes sociales son adictivas.
It occurred to me that I had forgotten my keys.
Se me ocurrió que había olvidado mis llaves.
It is vital that we reach a consensus.
Es vital que lleguemos a un consenso.
It makes no difference what they think.
No hace ninguna diferencia lo que ellos piensen.
It was with great reluctance that he accepted the offer.
Fue con gran renuencia que aceptó la oferta.
It is incumbent upon us to protect the environment.
Nos incumbe a nosotros proteger el medio ambiente.
It remains to be seen whether the plan will work.
Queda por ver si el plan funcionará.
It is no exaggeration to say she is a genius.
No es exagerado decir que ella es una genio.
It is high time the government addressed this issue.
Ya es hora de que el gobierno aborde este problema.
It behooves the board to reconsider their stance.
Le corresponde a la junta reconsiderar su postura.
It is not so much that he failed, but that he didn't try.
No es tanto que fallara, sino que no lo intentó.
It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man must be in want of a wife.
Es una verdad universalmente reconocida que un hombre soltero debe necesitar una esposa.
بهراحتی اشتباه گرفته میشود
Learners use 'This' to start general sentences. 'This' refers to a specific object you can point to; 'It' is for general situations.
Both are placeholders, but 'There' is for existence and 'It' is for identity/state.
Using 'It' for people. While 'It' identifies someone ('It's me'), you must switch to 'He/She' once the person is known.
اشتباهات رایج
Is raining.
It is raining.
Today is Monday.
It is Monday today.
Is 5 o'clock.
It is 5 o'clock.
Is hot.
It is hot.
Is important to study.
It is important to study.
This is cold today.
It is cold today.
Is far to the beach.
It is far to the beach.
To learn English is easy.
It is easy to learn English.
There is important to go.
It is important to go.
Is seems that he is late.
It seems that he is late.
It is likely for him to win.
It is likely that he will win.
الگوهای جملهسازی
It is ___ to ___.
It takes ___ to ___.
It is ___ that ___.
It was ___ who ___.
Real World Usage
It's fine, don't worry about it!
It is my belief that my skills align with this role.
It is currently 72 degrees and sunny.
It is widely recognized that further research is needed.
It takes about 10 minutes to reach the station.
It's the way he looks at her for me! 😍
اول کلی بگو، بعد برو سراغ جزئیات
فاعل رو هیچوقت ننداز!
از صفتهای خفنتر استفاده کن
مثل یه نیتیو حرف بزن
It seems that we have a misunderstanding.
Smart Tips
Flip it! Use 'It is [adjective] to [verb]' to sound 10x more natural.
Ask: Am I saying 'Something exists' or 'Something is like this'? If it's 'like this', use 'It'.
Use 'It is argued that' instead of 'I think' to sound more professional and objective.
Always use 'It's [Name]'. Never say 'I am [Name]'.
تلفظ
The 'It's' Reduction
In fast speech, 'It is' or 'It's' often sounds like a very short /ts/ or /ɪts/.
Linking 'It' to Verbs
When 'it' is followed by a verb starting with a vowel, they link together.
Extraposition Stress
It is VITAL to GO.
Stress falls on the adjective and the main verb of the extraposed clause, not on 'it'.
حفظ کنید
روش یادسپاری
Remember: 'It' is the 'Invisible Tenant'—he doesn't own the house (the meaning), but he has to be there for the house to stand!
تداعی تصویری
Imagine a small robot named 'IT' holding up a heavy sign that says 'TO LEARN ENGLISH'. The robot is small and doesn't do much, but without him, the heavy sign would fall on the floor.
Rhyme
When the subject is a clause or the weather is a bit... start your sentence with a dummy 'it'!
Story
Once there was a sentence that wanted to talk about the rain, but it had no subject. It tried 'Is raining,' but the Grammar Police stopped it. Then, a little word named 'It' volunteered to stand at the front. 'I don't mean anything,' said It, 'but I'll keep the seat warm for you.'
شبکه واژگان
چالش
Look out the window and describe the weather, the time, and one opinion about your day using only 'It' as the subject. (e.g., 'It is cloudy. It is 2 PM. It is nice to be home.')
نکات فرهنگی
British people famously use the dummy 'it' to talk about the weather as a social icebreaker. 'It's a bit nippy out, isn't it?' is a classic conversation starter.
In Western academic culture, using 'It is argued' or 'It is believed' is a way to show humility and objectivity, avoiding the 'I' which can seem too aggressive or biased.
In casual American English, 'It' is often dropped in very informal speech, though it remains grammatically required in writing.
Derived from the Old English 'hit', which functioned as a neuter third-person pronoun.
شروعکنندههای مکالمه
It's a beautiful day, isn't it?
It's important to have a work-life balance. Do you agree?
It seems that technology is changing too fast. What do you think?
It is often said that travel broadens the mind. Has it been true for you?
موضوعات نگارش
اشتباهات رایج
Test Yourself
___ is essential to proofread your essays before submission.
Find and fix the mistake:
To get a good job is challenging in today's market.
ترجمه کن به انگلیسی: 'مهمه که رویاهات رو به یاد داشته باشی.'
Answer starts with: ["I...
Arrange the words in the correct order:
All words placed
Click words above to build the sentence
Score: /4
تمرینهای عملی
8 exercises___ is very cold in this room.
Find and fix the mistake:
Is important to be on time.
Which sentence sounds best to a native speaker?
takes / it / to / an / hour / cook / dinner
Translate the Spanish phrase into English.
1. It's 5:00. 2. It's raining. 3. It's far.
Complete the sentence using a that-clause.
Identify the dummy 'it'.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
11 exercises___ is vital that you understand the terms and conditions.
Seems difficult to concentrate with all this noise.
کدوم جمله درستتر و طبیعیتره؟
ترجمه کن: 'حیفه که نمیتونم شرکت کنم.'
کلمات رو مرتب کن:
بخشهای جمله رو به هم وصل کن:
___ is common knowledge that exercise is beneficial for health.
That we missed the deadline was regrettable.
کدوم گزینه درسته؟
ترجمه کن: 'برای اون سخت بود که حقیقت رو بپذیره.'
جمله رو مرتب کن:
Score: /11
سوالات متداول (8)
No. We always use `it` for weather. Saying `This is raining` sounds like you are pointing at a specific puddle rather than the weather in general.
English is a 'non-pro-drop' language, meaning every sentence needs a subject to be grammatically complete. `It` is a placeholder that satisfies this rule.
In modern English, `It is me` is the standard and most natural form. `It is I` is extremely formal and rarely used today.
Extraposition is moving a long subject to the end of the sentence and putting `it` at the start. For example: `It is hard to believe he left.`
Yes! You can use it with verbs like `seem`, `appear`, `happen`, `matter`, and `take`. Example: `It doesn't matter.`
Not always. `It's` can be `It is` or `It has` (in the present perfect). Example: `It's been a long time` means `It has been a long time.`
In very informal texting, people sometimes drop the 'it', but it's better to keep it to avoid sounding like a non-native speaker.
It's a sentence where you use `It is... that` to emphasize one part. Example: `It was my brother who ate the cake` (not my sister).
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Null subject
Spanish omits the subject entirely; English requires 'It'.
Il / Ce
French distinguishes between 'Il' and 'Ce' where English mostly uses 'It'.
Es
The usage is almost identical.
Zero pronoun
Japanese has no equivalent to a dummy placeholder.
Null subject / Hidden pronoun
Arabic uses verb conjugation to imply the subject instead of a placeholder word.
Topic-comment structure
Chinese focuses on the event rather than the grammatical subject.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
ویدیوهای مرتبط
04:20 Your phone’s camera isn’t as good as you think - Rachel Yang
05:57 The epic Nordic legend of the monster slayer - Iseult Gillespie
02:01 Why Most People Can No Longer Comment
آموزش گرامر It به عنوان فاعل ظاهری (Dummy Subject)
English with Farzad
کاربرد It در ابتدای جمله - گرامر کاربردی انگلیسی
Zaban Yad
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