هرچه، هرجا، هرکس (جملات تعمیمدهنده)
flexible، inclusive و natural.
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use '-ever' words to say 'it doesn't matter which' or 'any at all' without needing a specific noun.
- Add '-ever' to wh-words like what, where, and who to create a sense of 'any' or 'no matter what'.
- Use them as subjects or objects: 'Whatever you decide is fine' (Subject clause).
- Use them as connectors between two ideas: 'I'll follow you wherever you go' (Adverbial clause).
مرور کلی
-ever است؛ کلماتی مانند whoever، whatever و wherever.-ever را به کلمات پرسشی (Wh- words) اضافه میکنید، در واقع کارکرد آنها را از «پرسیدن یک سوال مشخص» به «بیان یک مفهوم کلی و همهجانبه» تغییر میدهید. این ساختار در زبان فارسی معادل بسیار آشنایی دارد: استفاده از کلمه «هر» به همراه یک اسم یا قید و کلمه «که».It doesn't matter which person you hire... تبدیل میشود به جمله بسیار شیک و روانِ Whoever you hire will need training.-ever ختم میشوند، در انگلیسی جملهوارههای وابسته (Dependent Clauses) میسازند. همانطور که میدانید، جملهواره وابسته نمیتواند به تنهایی یک جمله کامل باشد و حتماً باید به یک جملهواره اصلی (Independent Clause) متصل شود.whoever، whatever و whichever هستند.- کلمه
Whoever(هر کسی که / مهم نیست چه کسی):
Whoever finishes the report first can leave early.
whoever finishes the report first نقش فاعل را برای فعل can leave بازی میکند.)The prize will be given to whoever solves the puzzle.
to را دارد.)You can invite whoever you want to the party.
invite.)- کلمه
Whatever(هر چیزی که / هر کاری که / مهم نیست چه چیزی):
whatever برای انسان استفاده نکنید.Whatever she is cooking smells delicious.
smells.)He tends to believe whatever he reads online.
- کلمه
Whichever(هر کدام که / مهم نیست کدام):
There are three cars. Choose whichever you prefer.
wherever، whenever و however در این دسته قرار میگیرند.- کلمه
Wherever(هر جا که / مهم نیست کجا):
She finds interesting people wherever she travels.
finds.)- کلمه
Whenever(هر وقت که / هر زمان که):
You can call me whenever you need help.
- کلمه
However(هر چقدر هم که / هر طور که):
However carefully he explained, they didn't understand.
Wh- word) را با -ever ترکیب میکنید و یک جملهواره وابسته میسازید. پیچیدگی کار معمولاً در ترتیب کلمات (Word Order) و درک نقش جملهواره در کل جمله است. به جدول زیر و مقایسه آن با ساختار فارسی دقت کنید:Wh-ever | نقش گرامری | ساختار و فرمول تشکیلدهنده | مثال انگلیسی | معادل فارسی |Whoever | اسمی | Whoever + Verb Phrase (به عنوان فاعل) | Whoever wrote this is a genius. | هر کسی که این را نوشته نابغه است. |Whatever | اسمی | Whatever + Subject + Verb (به عنوان مفعول) | She can do whatever she wants. | او میتواند هر کاری که میخواهد انجام دهد. |Whichever | اسمی | Whichever (+ Noun) + Subject + Verb | Choose whichever option works best. | هر گزینهای که بهتر جواب میدهد را انتخاب کن. |Wherever | قیدی | Wherever + Subject + Verb, [Main Clause] | Wherever he went, he made friends. | هر جا که رفت، دوست پیدا کرد. |Whenever | قیدی | Whenever + Subject + Verb, [Main Clause] | Whenever the alarm rings, dogs bark. | هر زمان که دزدگیر صدا میدهد، سگها پارس میکنند. |However | قیدی | However + Adj/Adv + Subject + Verb | However fast you run, you won't win. | هر چقدر هم که سریع بدوی، برنده نخواهی شد. |- قوانین نشانهگذاری (Punctuation): در زبان انگلیسی، اگر جملهواره
-ever(که یک جملهواره وابسته است) قبل از جمله اصلی بیاید، حتماً باید بین آنها یک کاما (Comma) قرار دهید. اما اگر جمله اصلی اول بیاید، نیازی به کاما نیست. Wherever you live, you need to register.(کاما الزامی است)You need to register wherever you live.(بدون کاما)
- قانون طلایی
However: ساختارHowever + Adjective/Adverbدر این کاربرد کاملاً غیرقابلتغییر است. اگر صفت یا قید را در جای دیگری از جمله قرار دهید، جمله از نظر گرامری کاملاً غلط میشود. - درست:
However tired I am, I will study.(هر چقدر هم که خسته باشم، درس میخوانم.) - غلط:
However I am tired, I will study.(این ساختار در زبان انگلیسی بیمعنی است.)
- برای بیان بیتفاوتی یا عمومیت (Generality or Indifference)
I'm happy to eat whatever is easiest to prepare.
Leave the documents with whoever is at the reception desk.
- برای ارائه یک انتخاب آزاد (Open-Ended Choice)
whatever و whichever برای دادن حق انتخاب عالی هستند. فرض کنید در حال خرید آنلاین از سایتی مثل آمازون (یا دیجیکالا) هستید. اگر گزینهها محدود باشند از whichever و اگر نامحدود باشند از whatever استفاده میکنید.Here are the three laptop models. Buy whichever you prefer.
For your final project, you can research whatever you find interesting.
- برای بیان تضاد و امتیاز دادن (The Power of
However)
however + adj/adv شما یک مانع یا مشکل را میپذیرید، اما بلافاصله میگویید که با وجود آن مشکل، کار اصلی انجام خواهد شد. این دقیقاً شبیه استرسهای دوران کنکور یا امتحانات دانشگاه است:However difficult the exam may be, I am determined to pass.
However expensive the software is, we need to buy it to stay competitive.
- برای وضع قوانین، سیاستها و شرایط رسمی
Whoever fails to meet the safety standards will have their access revoked.
However (تعمیمدهنده) با However (قید ربط به معنای «اما»)however یعنی «اما». بنابراین وقتی میخواهند بگویند «هر چقدر هم که خسته باشم...»، آن را به اشتباه ترجمه میکنند. به تفاوت این دو دقت کنید:However تعمیمدهنده (هر چقدر هم که) | However قید ربط (اما / با این حال) |However + Adj/Adv + Subject + Verb | بعد از نقطه یا نقطهویرگول میآید و بعد از آن کاما میآید. |However late it is, he is still working. (هر چقدر هم که دیر باشد، او هنوز دارد کار میکند.) | It is late; however, he is still working. (دیر است؛ با این حال، او هنوز دارد کار میکند.) |However it is late, he is still working. (غلط: چون صفت late بعد از However نیامده است.) | It is late, however he is still working. (غلط: خطای Comma Splice، دو جمله مستقل با کاما وصل نمیشوند.) |it را فراموش میکنند:- اشتباه:
Whatever is, is beautiful. - درست:
Whatever it is, it is beautiful.
Whatever برای اشاره به انسانWhoever از ترکیب Whatever person استفاده کند که در انگلیسی هم از نظر گرامری غلط است و هم ممکن است توهینآمیز (غیرانسانی کردن شخص) به نظر برسد.- اشتباه:
Whatever person left this bag should come back. - درست:
Whoever left this bag should come back.
Whatever برای پرسیدن سوال-ever خاصیت پرسشی کلمه را از بین میبرد. شما نمیتوانید با whatever یک سوال مستقیم بپرسید.- اشتباه:
Whatever are you reading? - درست:
What are you reading? - کاربرد درست
-ever:I will read whatever you recommend.
Wh-ever با No matter wh-No matter کمی تأکید بیشتری روی «اهمیت نداشتن موضوع» دارد.-ever | ساختار با No matter | معادل فارسی |Whatever you do, don't press that button. | No matter what you do, don't press that button. | هر کاری که میکنی / مهم نیست چه کاری میکنی، آن دکمه را فشار نده. |Wherever she goes, she takes her dog. | No matter where she goes, she takes her dog. | هر جا که میرود / مهم نیست کجا میرود، سگش را میبرد. |However hard I try, I can't open this jar. | No matter how hard I try, I can't open this jar. | هر چقدر هم که تلاش کنم / مهم نیست چقدر تلاش کنم، نمیتوانم این شیشه را باز کنم. |Whatever (نامحدود) با Whichever (محدود)Whatever | نامحدود (Open) | Order whatever you want from the menu. | از منو هر چیزی که میخواهی سفارش بده. (کل منو در اختیار توست) |Whichever | محدود (Limited) | We have tea or coffee. Have whichever you prefer. | چای یا قهوه داریم. هر کدام را که ترجیح میدهی بخور. (انتخاب فقط بین دو گزینه است) |whoever استفاده کنم یا whomever؟ تفاوتشان چیست؟whoever و اگر نقش مفعول دارد از whomever استفاده کنید. (مثال: I will hire whomever you recommend).whomever به شدت رسمی (Formal) و کمی قدیمی به نظر میرسد. در مکالمات عادی و حتی بسیاری از محیطهای کاری امروزی، استفاده از whoever برای هر دو حالت (فاعل و مفعول) کاملاً پذیرفته شده و رایجتر است. فقط در رایتینگهای بسیار رسمی آکادمیک به این تفاوت دقت کنید.Whatever به تنهایی، بیادبانه است؟Whatever! به تنهایی به عنوان یک جواب کوتاه استفاده میکنند. در این حالت، معنای آن چیزی شبیه به «به من چه!»، «هر جور راحتی!» یا «اصلاً برام مهم نیست» است و معمولاً با چرخاندن چشمها (Eye roll) همراه است.Whatever یا Whoever شروع کنم؟Whoever parked their car here will get a ticket. (هر کسی که ماشینش را اینجا پارک کرده جریمه خواهد شد.) همچنین اگر به عنوان جملهواره قیدی در ابتدای جمله بیایند (همراه با کاما)، شروع جمله با آنها کاملاً صحیح و بسیار هم شیک است: Whatever happens, I will support you. (هر اتفاقی که بیفتد، من از تو حمایت خواهم کرد.)forever هم جزو همین دسته از کلمات است؟forever به -ever ختم میشود، اما یک قید زمان (Adverb of Time) به معنای «برای همیشه / تا ابد» است و هیچ ربطی به جملهوارههای تعمیمدهنده و گرامر این درس ندارد. شما نمیتوانید با forever یک جملهواره وابسته بسازید.The '-ever' Word Family
| Word | Refers To | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Whoever
|
People (Subject)
|
Any person who
|
Whoever knows, tell me.
|
|
Whomever
|
People (Object)
|
Any person whom
|
Invite whomever you like.
|
|
Whatever
|
Things/Actions
|
Anything that
|
Do whatever is necessary.
|
|
Whichever
|
Specific Choice
|
Any one of a set
|
Take whichever you prefer.
|
|
Wherever
|
Place
|
Anywhere that
|
Sit wherever you want.
|
|
Whenever
|
Time
|
Any time that
|
Come whenever you can.
|
|
However
|
Manner/Degree
|
In any way that
|
However you do it, do it well.
|
Common Conversational Shortenings
| Full Phrase | Short Form | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|
|
It doesn't matter what.
|
Whatever.
|
Can be dismissive or neutral.
|
|
At any time you like.
|
Whenever.
|
Very common in casual plans.
|
|
In any place you like.
|
Wherever.
|
Used when giving freedom of choice.
|
Meanings
A group of compound pronouns and adverbs used to refer to an unknown or non-specific person, thing, or place, often implying that the specific identity is unimportant.
Indifference/Any Choice
Used to express that any option from a set is acceptable or possible.
“Eat whatever you like from the fridge.”
“You can sit wherever there is an empty seat.”
No Matter What/Who/Where
Used to introduce a concessive clause, showing that the main clause remains true regardless of the condition.
“Whatever happens, stay calm.”
“Wherever he goes, he makes friends.”
Sarcastic Indifference
A one-word response used to show that the speaker does not care about what was just said.
“A: 'You're late again!' B: 'Whatever.'”
“I don't care, whatever.”
Unknown Identity
Used when the speaker truly does not know the identity of the person or thing.
“Whoever broke the window must pay for it.”
“I'll buy whatever is cheapest.”
Reference Table
| کلمه با -ever | معنی (هر...) | مثال انگلیسی |
|---|---|---|
|
Whoever
|
هر کسی که / فرقی نمیکنه کی
|
Whoever arrives first can choose the music.
|
|
Whatever
|
هر چیزی که / هر چی
|
You can pick whatever movie you want.
|
|
Wherever
|
هر جایی که / هر جا
|
I'll meet you wherever is convenient.
|
|
Whenever
|
هر زمانی که / هر وقت
|
Call me whenever you're free.
|
|
However
|
هر چقدر هم که (با صفت/قید)
|
However difficult it seems, keep trying.
|
|
Whichever
|
هر کدوم که (انتخاب محدود)
|
Choose whichever dessert looks best.
|
طیف رسمیت
You may select whichever option you deem most appropriate. (Decision making)
You can choose whatever you want. (Decision making)
Pick whatever. (Decision making)
Whatever, man. (Decision making)
مفاهیم اصلی کلمات -Ever
معنای اصلی
- فرقی نمیکنه کی/چی/کجا Indifference to specifics
- هر + (اسم/قید) Open choice/generalization
فرمهای اصلی
- Whoever People (subject)
- Whatever Things/situations
- Wherever Places
- Whenever Times
- However Manner/Degree (with adj/adv)
- Whichever Limited choices
مقایسه WHATEVER و WHICHEVER
کدوم However؟ (تعمیمدهنده یا کلمه ربط؟)
آیا بلافاصله بعد از however صفت یا قید اومده؟ (مثل however fast)
آیا however دو جمله مستقل رو به هم وصل میکنه؟ (مثل 'اما')
کاربرد کلمات -Ever در عمل
حق انتخاب و انعطاف
- • Order whatever looks good on the menu.
- • Meet whenever works for you.
- • Sit wherever you're comfortable.
تاکید و امتیاز دادن
- • However tired you are, you must finish.
- • Whoever objects, the decision stands.
- • Whatever the cost, we need to do it.
مثالها بر اساس سطح
Eat whatever you want.
Eat anything you want.
Go wherever you like.
Go to any place you like.
Whoever is next, please come in.
The next person should come in.
Call me whenever.
Call me at any time.
Whatever you do, don't be late.
It doesn't matter what you do, just don't be late.
I will buy whichever one is cheaper.
I will buy the one that costs less money.
Wherever he lives, it is far from here.
His home is far, no matter where it is.
Whoever knows the answer, please speak.
Any person who knows the answer should talk.
You can invite whoever you want to the party.
You have permission to invite any person.
Whenever I see that movie, I cry.
Every single time I watch that movie, I cry.
Whichever path you take, be careful.
Regardless of the road you choose, stay safe.
Whatever the reason, he shouldn't have lied.
The reason is not important; the lie was wrong.
Whatever the outcome of the meeting, we must remain professional.
Regardless of what happens in the meeting, we need to stay professional.
Whoever is responsible for this error needs to fix it immediately.
The person who made the mistake must correct it now.
You may choose whichever of these three options suits you best.
Pick the one option from this specific list that you prefer.
Wherever you may find yourself in ten years, I hope you are happy.
No matter where your life takes you, I wish you happiness.
However much it costs, we have to buy it.
The price is irrelevant; the purchase is necessary.
Whomever the board appoints will have a difficult task ahead.
The person chosen by the board faces a challenge.
Whatever happens to be the case, the facts remain unchanged.
Regardless of the situation, the facts are the same.
Whenever the opportunity arises, one should take it.
One should seize any chance that appears.
Whithersoever they wandered, the echoes of the past followed.
No matter where they traveled, they were haunted by history.
The law applies to all, whoever they may be and whatever their status.
Legal rules are universal, regardless of identity or rank.
He was free to act howsoever he saw fit.
He could act in any way he decided was appropriate.
Whatever the merits of the argument, the delivery was flawed.
Even if the argument was good, the presentation was bad.
بهراحتی اشتباه گرفته میشود
Learners use 'whatever' for everything, but 'whichever' is required for limited choices.
Learners are unsure when to use the 'm' version.
Learners confuse 'However, I like it' with 'However much I like it'.
اشتباهات رایج
What you want is okay.
Whatever you want is okay.
I go where you go.
I go wherever you go.
Who is there can come.
Whoever is there can come.
When you want, call me.
Whenever you want, call me.
Take whatever of these two.
Take whichever of these two.
Whatever he is rich, he is unhappy.
However rich he is, he is unhappy.
I'll find you where ever you are.
I'll find you wherever you are.
Whoever you choose, I'll like them.
Whomever you choose, I'll like them.
Whatever you do? I don't care.
Whatever you do, I don't care.
I will buy whatever is the cheapest.
I will buy whichever is the cheapest.
He can do howsoever he likes.
He can do however he likes.
Whatever the weather will be, we will go.
Whatever the weather is, we will go.
Whomever wants to go can go.
Whoever wants to go can go.
Whatever of the options you pick...
Whichever of the options you pick...
الگوهای جملهسازی
Whatever ___, I will ___.
You can ___ whichever ___ you prefer.
Whoever ___ must ___.
Wherever you ___, you will find ___.
Real World Usage
A: 'Should we eat pizza or sushi?' B: 'Whatever you want is fine with me!'
I am willing to relocate to wherever the company needs me most.
Whichever plan you choose, you'll get the first month free.
You can hop on or off the bus whenever you like.
The tenant is responsible for any damage whatsoever.
Post whatever makes you happy! #livelife
فکر کن داری میگی 'فرقی نمیکنه'
مواظب لحن کلمه Whatever باش!
Whatever! به تنهایی توی مکالمه میتونه خیلی بیادبانه یا بیتفاوت به نظر بیاد. حواست باشه کجا و با کی ازش استفاده میکنی: "Whatever, I don't care."دو چهرهی متفاوت However
کاربرد در همه جا
فرق Whichever و Whatever
Choose whichever shirt you like.
Smart Tips
Use 'whichever' to sound more precise and helpful.
Add 'whatsoever' at the end of the sentence.
Always check for the comma after the first clause.
Use 'whenever' or 'whichever' to give the other person the power to choose.
تلفظ
Stress on the second syllable
In all '-ever' words, the primary stress falls on the 'ev' syllable.
The Schwa ending
The final 'er' is usually a weak schwa sound in British English, while the 'r' is pronounced in American English.
Rising-Falling on '-ever'
What-EV-er. ↘
Conveys sarcasm or dismissiveness.
Flat intonation in clauses
Whatever you do, ↗ don't move. ↘
Indicates the first part is a condition for the second.
حفظ کنید
روش یادسپاری
W-H-E-V-E-R: What, Who, Where, Which, When + EVER = Everything, Everyone, Everywhere, Every choice, Every time.
تداعی تصویری
Imagine a giant 'Open' sign that works for any person, at any time, in any place. The '-ever' suffix is the key that unlocks all the doors at once.
Rhyme
Wherever you go, whatever you do, whoever you meet, stay true to you.
Story
A traveler arrives in a magical city. The guard says, 'You can eat whatever you find, sleep wherever you land, and talk to whoever you meet. Whenever you are ready to leave, just say whichever word you like.'
شبکه واژگان
چالش
Write three sentences about your dream vacation using 'wherever', 'whatever', and 'whenever'.
نکات فرهنگی
The word 'Whatever' became a major cultural catchphrase in the 1990s (popularized by movies like Clueless) to express 'I don't care' or 'Your argument is invalid'. It is still used today but can be seen as very rude if said to an elder or boss.
In legal documents, 'whosoever' and 'whatsoever' are used to ensure there are no loopholes, emphasizing that the rule applies to absolutely everyone and everything.
You might hear 'wherever at' or 'whenever at', though this is non-standard. Generally, '-ever' words are used similarly across all major English dialects.
Derived from Old English 'swa hwa swa' (so who so), which evolved into 'who-so-ever' and finally 'whoever'.
شروعکنندههای مکالمه
If you could travel wherever you wanted right now, where would you go?
What is something you would do whatever the cost?
Whoever is your biggest inspiration, what have they taught you?
Whenever you feel stressed, what is your go-to activity?
موضوعات نگارش
اشتباهات رایج
Test Yourself
___ you do, don't forget to submit your assignment by midnight.
Find and fix the mistake:
Who ever is responsible for this, needs to fix it immediately.
Choose the correct sentence:
Translate into English: 'هر وقت خواستی زنگ بزن.'
Answer starts with: ["C...
Score: /4
تمرینهای عملی
8 exercisesYou can sit ___ you like in the cinema; it's almost empty.
___ wins the race will receive a gold medal.
Find and fix the mistake:
Whatever of these two books you choose, you will enjoy it.
It doesn't matter what he says, I don't believe him.
1. Whenever, 2. Wherever, 3. Whichever
A: 'When should I call you?' B: '___ is best for you.'
Choose the word for limited sets.
'Whomever' is used as the subject of a sentence.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesThe manager said ___ finishes the report first can leave early.
You can pick what ever flavor you prefer from the ice cream case.
کدوم جمله از نظر گرامری درسته؟
ترجمه کن: 'هر چی بگی، من نظرم رو عوض نمیکنم.'
کلمات رو مرتب کن:
هر کلمه رو به کاربردش وصل کن:
You can start the project ___ you feel ready, but don't delay too long.
I don't care what you do, just make sure it's done.
کدوم جمله درسته؟
ترجمه کن: 'هر جا بری، من دنبالت میام.'
جمله رو مرتب کن:
Take ___ coat you want from the closet; they all fit.
Score: /12
سوالات متداول (8)
No, it depends on the context. In a sentence like `Whatever you want is fine`, it is helpful. As a one-word reply to a question, it is often seen as dismissive.
`Whoever` is a subject (like 'he' or 'she'), while `whomever` is an object (like 'him' or 'her'). In modern English, `whoever` is often used for both in casual speech.
Yes! `Wherever you go, I will follow` is a perfectly correct and common way to structure a sentence.
Use `whichever` when there is a limited number of options (e.g., 'Whichever of these two shirts...'). Use `whatever` when the options are open-ended.
If the '-ever' clause comes at the beginning of the sentence, you usually need a comma before the main clause: `Whatever she says, don't believe her.`
It is very rare and mostly found in legal or very old religious texts. In modern English, just use `however` or `in whatever way`.
Yes, but they express surprise or confusion: `Whatever are you doing?` (meaning 'What on earth are you doing?').
It is an emphatic version of 'at all', usually used in negative sentences: `I have no interest whatsoever.`
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Cualquiera / Quienquiera / Dondequiera
English uses the indicative mood, while Spanish often uses the subjunctive.
N'importe qui / Quiconque / Où que
French uses a phrase ('n'importe quoi') where English uses a single word ('whatever').
Wer auch immer / Was auch immer
German separates the parts ('was auch immer') while English combines them ('whatever').
〜でも (Nandemo, Dokodemo)
Japanese uses particles at the end of the word, whereas English uses a suffix.
أيّما / مهما (Ayyama / Mahma)
Arabic has distinct particles that don't always look like the question words.
无论...都 (Wúlùn... dōu)
Chinese requires a correlative 'dou' in the second clause to complete the meaning.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
ویدیوهای مرتبط
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