این صفحه به زبان شما

English

العربية

Deutsch

Español

Français

日本語

한국어

Português

中文

हिन्दी

B2 noun #31 پرکاربردترین 12 دقیقه مطالعه

immunity

رتبه 31

At the A1 level, 'immunity' is a very difficult word. You probably won't use it much. Think of it as a 'super shield' for your body. When you are sick, your body fights the germs. If your body is very good at fighting, you have immunity. You can think of it like this: If you have immunity to a cold, you don't get the cold. It is like a secret power that keeps you healthy. You might hear it when talking about doctors or medicine. For example, 'The medicine gives you immunity.' This means the medicine helps you stay strong so you don't get sick. It is a big word for a simple idea: being safe from germs. At this level, just remember that immunity means 'not getting sick.' You don't need to know the legal meaning yet. Just focus on the body and health. If you see this word in a book, look for words like 'doctor,' 'sick,' or 'medicine' nearby. This will help you understand that it is about health. It is a noun, so you 'have' it. You can say, 'I have immunity.' It is a positive thing because it means you are healthy and strong. Don't worry about the spelling too much, just try to remember the sound: im-mune-i-ty.

At the A2 level, you can start to understand 'immunity' in the context of vaccinations. You might know the word 'immune system.' Immunity is the noun that describes what your immune system does. It protects you. When you get a 'shot' or a 'vaccine' at the doctor, the goal is to give you immunity. This means your body learns how to fight a specific virus. For example, 'The flu vaccine gives you immunity to the flu.' You can also use it to talk about people who don't get sick easily. 'He has great immunity; he never catches a cold.' In this level, we use 'immunity to' most of the time. You can also think about it in games. In some games, if you have 'immunity,' the enemies cannot hurt you for a short time. This is a good way to remember the word. It means you are safe from something bad. It is a formal word, so you will see it in news reports about health. If you hear a news reporter talking about a new virus, they will definitely use the word 'immunity.' Try to remember that it is a noun. The adjective is 'immune.' So you can say 'I am immune' or 'I have immunity.' Both are correct and mean almost the same thing.

At the B1 level, you should be able to use 'immunity' in both health and more general contexts. You are likely familiar with 'immune system' and 'immunity' from biology classes or news articles. You can now use it to describe a state of being unaffected by something. For example, 'After years of working in a noisy office, she developed an immunity to the sound of phones ringing.' This is a metaphorical use, meaning she doesn't notice the noise anymore. You might also start to see the word in legal contexts, especially if you watch crime shows or read the news. You might hear about 'diplomatic immunity.' This is a special rule where people from other countries (diplomats) don't have to follow all the local laws. It's a bit like a 'get out of jail free' card in a game. You should also be aware of the phrase 'herd immunity,' which is when so many people are immune to a disease that the disease cannot spread anymore. This is a very common phrase in modern English. When using the word, remember the prepositions: 'immunity to' a disease, but 'immunity from' a legal problem. This distinction is important for sounding more natural. You can also 'build up' your immunity by eating well and exercising.

At the B2 level, you are expected to understand the nuances of 'immunity' and use it accurately in various contexts. You should be comfortable with its primary biological meaning, including the difference between 'natural immunity' (from getting sick) and 'acquired immunity' (from a vaccine). You should also understand 'herd immunity' and the scientific discussions surrounding it. In the legal sphere, you should understand terms like 'diplomatic immunity' and 'sovereign immunity.' You might encounter these in more complex news stories or political discussions. For example, you might read an article about whether a former president has 'immunity from prosecution' for actions taken while in office. This requires a deeper understanding of how the word functions as a legal shield. You should also be able to use the word figuratively with confidence. 'The company seems to have an immunity to market fluctuations' means the company stays successful even when the economy is bad. At this level, you should pay attention to collocations like 'grant immunity,' 'waive immunity,' and 'compromised immunity.' You should also be careful not to confuse 'immunity' with 'impunity.' While related, 'impunity' specifically refers to the lack of punishment, while 'immunity' is the legal status that provides that protection. Your vocabulary should be precise enough to choose the right word for the right situation.

At the C1 level, your understanding of 'immunity' should be sophisticated and include technical and idiomatic applications. In biology, you should be able to discuss 'innate' versus 'adaptive' immunity and understand how the 'immune response' works at a cellular level. You might read academic papers where 'immunity' is used to describe the body's reaction to transplants or autoimmune diseases. In law, you should be familiar with 'qualified immunity,' a specific and often controversial legal doctrine in the United States that protects government officials from being sued. You should be able to debate the pros and cons of such a doctrine using precise language. Your metaphorical use of the word can be more creative. You might describe a person's 'psychological immunity' to trauma or a society's 'immunity' to certain types of propaganda. You should also be aware of the historical etymology of the word, coming from the Latin 'immunitas,' and how its meaning has evolved from tax exemption to biological protection. At this level, you should be able to recognize when 'immunity' is being used ironically or sarcastically. For example, 'He seems to think his wealth gives him immunity from the laws of physics.' You should also be able to use the word in formal writing, such as legal briefs or scientific reports, with perfect grammatical accuracy, including the correct use of complex prepositional phrases and collocations.

At the C2 level, you have a masterly command of 'immunity' and can use it with the same flexibility and precision as a highly educated native speaker. You understand the most obscure legal applications, such as 'transactional immunity' versus 'use and derivative use immunity' in criminal law. You can navigate complex discussions about 'sovereign immunity' in international courts and how it intersects with human rights law. In the scientific realm, you can discuss the 'immunological memory' and the 'thresholds of herd immunity' with expert-level detail. You are also sensitive to the political and social weight the word carries. For instance, you understand how the term 'immunity' can be a flashpoint in discussions about police reform or pandemic response. Your figurative language is seamless; you might use 'immunity' to describe the way a classic piece of literature has an 'immunity to the passage of time,' remaining relevant across centuries. You can also identify and use rare word forms or related terms like 'immunomodulatory' or 'immunocompromised' in their correct technical contexts. At this level, the word is not just a vocabulary item but a tool for precise, nuanced expression in any field, from the most technical scientific discourse to the most abstract philosophical or legal debate. You can use it to construct complex arguments about the nature of protection, the limits of the law, and the biological realities of the human condition.

تمرین کن مثال‌ها نکات و راهنمایی‌ها

immunity در ۳۰ ثانیه

Immunity is the body's biological defense system against pathogens like viruses and bacteria, often developed through prior exposure or vaccination.
In a legal context, immunity provides an individual or entity with an exemption from prosecution, lawsuits, or specific legal duties.
The word can be used figuratively to describe someone who is unaffected by external influences, such as criticism or social pressure.
Key types include natural, acquired, and herd immunity in biology, and diplomatic, sovereign, and qualified immunity in the legal field.

The term immunity is a multifaceted noun that functions primarily in two distinct spheres: biology and law. In its biological sense, it refers to the body's sophisticated ability to resist harmful microorganisms or toxins. This isn't just a passive shield; it is an active, dynamic system involving white blood cells, antibodies, and complex signaling pathways. When a person has immunity to a disease like measles, their immune system 'remembers' the pathogen and can neutralize it before it causes illness. This concept is central to public health discussions, especially regarding vaccinations and the phenomenon of herd immunity, where a large portion of a population becomes immune, thereby protecting those who are not. In the legal and political realm, immunity takes on a different but equally powerful meaning. It describes a status where an individual or entity is protected from legal action, prosecution, or specific duties that ordinary citizens must fulfill. For instance, diplomatic immunity allows foreign representatives to work in a host country without being subject to its local laws. This ensures that international relations can function without the threat of politically motivated arrests. Similarly, a witness might be granted immunity from prosecution in exchange for their testimony against a more significant criminal figure. In both contexts, the core idea is 'exemption' or 'protection' from a force that would otherwise affect the individual.

Biological Context: The capacity of an organism to resist a particular infection or toxin by the action of specific antibodies or sensitized white blood cells. This can be innate (present from birth) or adaptive (developed after exposure).
Legal Context: A legal status where an individual or entity is exempt from the normal operation of law, such as being free from prosecution or the obligation to pay taxes.
Metaphorical Context: The state of being unaffected or influenced by something, such as 'immunity to criticism' or 'immunity to the charms of advertising.'

After receiving the booster shot, her immunity against the virus was significantly strengthened.

The ambassador claimed diplomatic immunity to avoid the traffic fines issued by the city police.

The CEO seemed to have an immunity to the negative press that would have ruined any other executive.

Natural immunity is often more robust than that provided by early-generation vaccines.

The whistleblower was granted full immunity in exchange for providing evidence of corporate fraud.

Understanding the nuances of immunity is crucial for navigating modern discourse. In the 21st century, discussions about 'herd immunity' became a staple of daily news, highlighting how individual health choices impact the collective safety of a community. Simultaneously, legal debates often center on 'qualified immunity' for police officers or government officials, a controversial doctrine that protects them from being sued for actions performed within their official capacity unless they violated 'clearly established' law. This dual relevance makes 'immunity' a high-frequency word in both scientific journals and legal briefs. Whether you are discussing the efficacy of a new mRNA vaccine or the ethical implications of a politician avoiding trial, the concept of immunity provides the necessary framework for understanding how protection and exemption operate in our society. It is a word that bridges the gap between the microscopic world of our cells and the macroscopic world of our legal systems, representing the fundamental human desire for safety and freedom from harm or consequence.

Using the word immunity correctly requires an understanding of its grammatical patterns and the specific context of the sentence. As a noun, it often acts as the subject or object, and its meaning is heavily influenced by the adjectives that precede it or the prepositions that follow it. In medical contexts, we frequently see 'immunity to' a specific disease. For example, 'Most people develop a lifelong immunity to chickenpox after having it once.' Here, 'immunity' is the result of a biological process. You can also 'build' or 'acquire' immunity. In more formal scientific writing, you might encounter 'innate immunity' (the defense system you are born with) or 'adaptive immunity' (the system that learns to recognize new threats). Transitioning to the legal sphere, the preposition shifts. We talk about 'immunity from' something negative, like prosecution, liability, or taxation. 'The witness was granted immunity from prosecution' implies a legal agreement. The word can also be used with 'sovereign' or 'diplomatic' to describe specific legal protections granted to states or their representatives. For instance, 'Sovereign immunity prevents a citizen from suing the government without its consent.' This usage is formal and precise.

Common Adjectives: Natural, acquired, herd, diplomatic, sovereign, qualified, absolute, lifelong, temporary.
Common Verbs: Grant, gain, build, lose, claim, waive, provide, strengthen, compromise.
Prepositional Phrases: Immunity to (disease), immunity from (prosecution), immunity against (infection).

The judge decided to grant the informant immunity in exchange for his cooperation in the high-profile case.

Scientists are still investigating how long immunity lasts after a person recovers from the new strain of flu.

By the time he reached his thirties, he had developed a certain immunity to his mother's constant nagging.

In metaphorical or figurative usage, 'immunity' describes a person's psychological or social resistance to external influences. You might say a seasoned politician has 'immunity to public opinion,' meaning they are not easily swayed by what people think. Or, a child might have 'immunity to the cold,' seemingly able to play outside in freezing temperatures without a coat. This usage is less formal but very common in descriptive writing. When constructing sentences, remember that 'immunity' is an uncountable noun when referring to the state of being immune, but it can occasionally be used in a more specific sense in legal pluralities, though this is rare. For the most part, treat it as a singular concept. The strength of the word lies in its ability to convey a sense of being 'untouchable' or 'safe' within a specific context. Whether it is the microscopic battle of antibodies against a virus or the legal maneuvering of a lawyer seeking a deal for their client, 'immunity' remains the central term for describing a privileged state of protection.

The word immunity is a staple of several high-stakes environments, making it a frequent guest in news broadcasts, courtroom dramas, and scientific documentaries. If you turn on a news channel during a global health crisis, you will hear 'immunity' mentioned in almost every segment. Health officials discuss 'herd immunity thresholds,' 'waning immunity' from vaccines, and the 'immune response' of different age groups. In this context, the word is associated with safety, recovery, and public policy. It is often paired with 'boost' or 'compromise,' as in 'stress can compromise your immunity.' This biological usage is perhaps the most common way the general public interacts with the word today. However, if you switch to a legal or political news program, the context shifts entirely. You might hear about a 'grant of immunity' for a witness in a congressional hearing or a debate over 'qualified immunity' for law enforcement officers. In these scenarios, 'immunity' is linked to justice, accountability, and the limits of the law. It often carries a more controversial tone, as the public debates whether certain individuals should be 'above the law' or protected from the consequences of their actions.

In the Hospital: 'We need to check your antibody levels to see if you have developed immunity to the virus after the vaccination.'
In the Courtroom: 'The prosecution is offering the defendant transactional immunity if they testify against the cartel leader.'
In Pop Culture: 'In the show Survivor, winning the challenge gives you individual immunity, meaning you cannot be voted off at the next Tribal Council.'

'The president's lawyers argued that he has absolute immunity from civil lawsuits while in office.'

'To achieve herd immunity, we need at least 80% of the population to be vaccinated.'

Beyond these professional fields, 'immunity' has entered the lexicon of everyday life through popular culture. Fans of reality competition shows like 'Survivor' or 'Big Brother' are intimately familiar with 'immunity idols' or 'immunity challenges.' In these games, 'immunity' is the ultimate prize, representing a temporary reprieve from the risk of elimination. This has popularized the word among younger audiences who might not yet be interested in legal theory or immunology. Furthermore, in the world of technology and cybersecurity, experts might talk about 'digital immunity,' referring to a system's ability to automatically detect and neutralize malware. This metaphorical extension shows how the core concept of the word—resistance to a harmful agent—remains consistent even as the 'agent' changes from a virus to a computer worm or a legal subpoena. Whether you are reading a medical journal, watching a legal thriller, or playing a video game, 'immunity' is a word that signals a state of being protected, privileged, and prepared.

Despite its frequent use, immunity is often the subject of several common linguistic and conceptual errors. One of the most frequent mistakes is confusing 'immunity' with 'immunization.' While they are related, they are not interchangeable. 'Immunization' is the *process* (usually through vaccination) of making someone immune, whereas 'immunity' is the *state* of being protected. You receive an immunization to achieve immunity. Another common error involves the misuse of prepositions. As mentioned previously, learners often say 'immunity from a disease' when 'immunity to' or 'against' is the standard medical phrasing. Conversely, using 'immunity to prosecution' is less common than 'immunity from prosecution.' Getting these prepositions wrong can make a sentence sound unnatural to native speakers. Conceptually, people often misunderstand 'herd immunity,' thinking it means the virus has disappeared. In reality, it means the virus can no longer spread easily because it keeps hitting 'dead ends' in immune individuals, but the virus may still exist in the environment.

Immunity vs. Resistance: 'Resistance' often implies a partial ability to fight something off, while 'immunity' usually implies a more complete or specific protection. Bacteria become 'resistant' to antibiotics; humans develop 'immunity' to viruses.
Immunity vs. Impunity: 'Impunity' specifically refers to exemption from punishment for a wrong committed. 'Immunity' is a broader legal status. You act with 'impunity' because you have 'immunity'.

Incorrect: He has immunity from the flu because of the vaccine.
Correct: He has immunity to the flu because of the vaccine.

In legal contexts, a common mistake is failing to distinguish between different types of immunity. For example, 'diplomatic immunity' does not mean a diplomat can do anything they want; it is a specific protection for their official duties, and their home country can 'waive' that immunity if they commit a serious crime. Similarly, 'qualified immunity' for police is often misunderstood as 'absolute immunity.' Qualified immunity only protects officials if their actions didn't violate a clearly established right. Misunderstanding these nuances can lead to incorrect conclusions in debates about social justice and legal reform. Finally, in casual speech, people sometimes use 'immunity' when they mean 'invincibility.' No biological immunity is 100% perfect forever; it can wane over time or be bypassed by new variants. Using the word with a sense of absolute, permanent protection is often a scientific oversimplification. By paying attention to these distinctions—process vs. state, prepositional usage, and the specific legal boundaries—you can use 'immunity' with the precision it requires.

To truly master the word immunity, it is helpful to compare it with its synonyms and related terms. Depending on whether you are speaking about biology, law, or general resistance, different alternatives might be more appropriate. In a medical sense, 'resistance' is the closest synonym, but it often refers to a more general or less complete protection. For example, a healthy diet might increase your 'resistance' to infections, but a vaccine provides 'immunity' to a specific one. 'Protection' is a broader, more common word that can replace immunity in many casual contexts, such as 'protection against the sun' or 'protection from the rain.' In legal settings, 'exemption' is a powerful alternative. While 'immunity' sounds like a status, 'exemption' sounds like a specific rule being bypassed, such as a 'tax exemption.' Another legal term is 'privilege,' which refers to a special right or advantage, though it doesn't always imply the same level of protection from prosecution that 'immunity' does.

Immunity vs. Resistance: Immunity is usually specific and absolute (e.g., to a virus), while resistance is often general and relative (e.g., to cold weather).
Immunity vs. Exemption: Exemption is often used for duties or rules (tax exemption), while immunity is used for legal consequences or biological threats.
Immunity vs. Impunity: Impunity is the *result* of having immunity; it is the state of not being punished for one's actions.

The athlete's natural resistance to fatigue allowed him to win the marathon.

When choosing an alternative, consider the 'register' or formality of your writing. 'Immunity' is a formal, technical term. If you are writing a casual email, 'protection' or 'being safe from' might be better. In a high-level academic paper, you might use 'insusceptibility' to describe a lack of vulnerability to a certain condition. In political science, 'sovereign inviolability' is a more technical way to describe the immunity of a state leader. Furthermore, consider the nuance of 'indemnity,' which is a legal term for security against loss or damage, often in the form of insurance or a contractual agreement. While 'immunity' protects you from being sued, 'indemnity' ensures you won't lose money if you are. Understanding these subtle differences allows you to tailor your vocabulary to your audience, ensuring that you don't just communicate your meaning, but do so with the precision and authority of a native speaker. Whether you are discussing biology, law, or personal resilience, having a range of synonyms at your disposal will make your English more flexible and expressive.

چقدر رسمی است؟

رسمی

خنثی

غیر رسمی

Child friendly

عامیانه

نکته جالب

The biological use of 'immunity' didn't appear until the late 19th century. Before then, it was almost exclusively a legal and political term. It was adopted by scientists like Louis Pasteur to describe the body's 'exemption' from disease.

راهنمای تلفظ

UK /ɪˈmjuː.nə.ti/

US /ɪˈmjuː.nə.t̬i/

The primary stress is on the second syllable: im-MU-ni-ty.

هم‌قافیه با

community opportunity impunity unity disunity importunity vicinity infinity

خطاهای رایج

Stressing the first syllable (IM-mu-ni-ty).
Pronouncing the 'u' like 'uh' (im-mun-i-ty).
Confusing the pronunciation with 'community'.
Dropping the 'n' sound.
Making the final 'y' sound too short.

سطح دشواری

خواندن 4/5

The word appears frequently in news and science articles, which can be dense.

نوشتن 5/5

Using the correct prepositions (to vs. from) requires careful attention.

صحبت کردن 3/5

The pronunciation is straightforward once the stress is mastered.

گوش دادن 3/5

Easily recognizable in context, though can be confused with 'community'.

بعداً چه یاد بگیریم؟

پیش‌نیازها

protect safe sick law free

بعداً یاد بگیرید

vulnerability prosecution pathogen exemption liability

پیشرفته

immunology jurisprudence indemnity impunity insusceptibility

گرامر لازم

Nouns followed by 'to' vs 'from'

Immunity to (disease) vs Immunity from (prosecution).

Passive voice with 'grant'

He was granted immunity (common in legal writing).

Uncountable nouns

'Immunity is' (singular) rather than 'Immunities are' (unless referring to specific types).

Adjective-Noun collocations

Using 'natural', 'acquired', or 'diplomatic' to specify the type of immunity.

Gerunds after prepositions

Immunity from being sued (using 'being' + past participle).

مثال‌ها بر اساس سطح

The doctor says I have good immunity.

Il dottore dice che ho una buona immunità.

Noun used as an object.

Immunity helps you stay healthy.

L'immunità ti aiuta a rimanere in salute.

Noun used as a subject.

Do you have immunity to this cold?

Hai l'immunità a questo raffreddore?

Question form with 'to'.

The vaccine gives you immunity.

Il vaccino ti dà l'immunità.

Verb 'gives' + indirect object + direct object.

Strong immunity is important.

Una forte immunità è importante.

Adjective 'strong' modifying the noun.

She has immunity because she was sick before.

Lei ha l'immunità perché è stata malata prima.

Conjunction 'because' explaining the cause.

I want to have immunity to the flu.

Voglio avere l'immunità all'influenza.

Infinitive phrase 'to have immunity'.

Immunity is like a shield.

L'immunità è come uno scudo.

Simile using 'like'.

The baby gets immunity from her mother's milk.

Il bambino riceve l'immunità dal latte materno.

Present simple tense.

You can build your immunity by sleeping well.

Puoi costruire la tua immunità dormendo bene.

Modal verb 'can' + base form.

Some people have natural immunity to certain diseases.

Alcune persone hanno un'immunità naturale a certe malattie.

Adjective 'natural' + noun.

The game gives you immunity for ten seconds.

Il gioco ti dà l'immunità per dieci secondi.

Prepositional phrase of time 'for ten seconds'.

Without immunity, you will get sick often.

Senza immunità, ti ammalerai spesso.

Prepositional phrase 'Without immunity'.

The doctor checked her immunity levels.

Il dottore ha controllato i suoi livelli di immunità.

Compound noun 'immunity levels'.

We need immunity to stop the virus.

Abbiamo bisogno dell'immunità per fermare il virus.

Infinitive of purpose 'to stop'.

He lost his immunity after the surgery.

Ha perso la sua immunità dopo l'intervento.

Past simple tense.

The witness was granted immunity from prosecution.

Al testimone è stata concessa l'immunità dal perseguimento penale.

Passive voice 'was granted'.

Diplomatic immunity allows them to travel freely.

L'immunità diplomatica permette loro di viaggiare liberamente.

Subject-verb agreement.

Herd immunity is achieved when most people are vaccinated.

L'immunità di gregge si ottiene quando la maggior parte delle persone è vaccinata.

Passive voice 'is achieved'.

She has developed an immunity to his constant complaints.

Ha sviluppato un'immunità alle sue continue lamentele.

Present perfect tense.

The vaccine provides long-term immunity against the virus.

Il vaccino fornisce un'immunità a lungo termine contro il virus.

Compound adjective 'long-term'.

He claimed immunity because of his official position.

Ha rivendicato l'immunità a causa della sua posizione ufficiale.

Verb 'claimed' + object.

The body's immunity can be weakened by stress.

L'immunità del corpo può essere indebolita dallo stress.

Passive modal 'can be weakened'.

They are studying the immunity of survivors.

Stanno studiando l'immunità dei sopravvissuti.

Present continuous tense.

The court debated whether the official had qualified immunity.

La corte ha dibattuto se l'ufficiale avesse l'immunità qualificata.

Indirect question with 'whether'.

Waning immunity is a concern for the elderly population.

L'immunità in calo è una preoccupazione per la popolazione anziana.

Gerund 'waning' used as an adjective.

The diplomat's immunity was waived by his home country.

L'immunità del diplomato è stata revocata dal suo paese d'origine.

Passive voice 'was waived'.

The new strain of the virus might bypass existing immunity.

Il nuovo ceppo del virus potrebbe aggirare l'immunità esistente.

Modal verb 'might' + base form.

Sovereign immunity protects states from being sued in foreign courts.

L'immunità sovrana protegge gli stati dall'essere citati in giudizio in tribunali stranieri.

Gerund phrase 'from being sued'.

The treatment aims to boost the patient's cellular immunity.

Il trattamento mira a potenziare l'immunità cellulare del paziente.

Infinitive of purpose 'to boost'.

He seemed to have an immunity to the charms of the city.

Sembrava avere un'immunità al fascino della città.

Figurative usage.

The lawyer negotiated a deal for full immunity.

L'avvocato ha negoziato un accordo per la piena immunità.

Prepositional phrase 'for full immunity'.

The doctrine of qualified immunity has come under intense scrutiny.

La dottrina dell'immunità qualificata è finita sotto un intenso scrutinio.

Present perfect with 'come under'.

Innate immunity provides the first line of defense against pathogens.

L'immunità innata fornisce la prima linea di difesa contro i patogeni.

Technical terminology.

The witness was offered transactional immunity in exchange for testimony.

Al testimone è stata offerta l'immunità transazionale in cambio della testimonianza.

Specific legal term 'transactional immunity'.

The virus's ability to mutate poses a threat to global immunity.

La capacità del virus di mutare rappresenta una minaccia per l'immunità globale.

Subject-verb-object structure.

The president's claim of absolute immunity was rejected by the Supreme Court.

La rivendicazione di immunità assoluta del presidente è stata respinta dalla Corte Suprema.

Passive voice with agent 'by the Supreme Court'.

Autoimmune diseases occur when the body's immunity attacks its own tissues.

Le malattie autoimmuni si verificano quando l'immunità del corpo attacca i propri tessuti.

Complex sentence with 'when' clause.

The legislation seeks to limit the immunity of tech companies.

La legislazione cerca di limitare l'immunità delle aziende tecnologiche.

Verb 'seeks' + infinitive.

Her immunity to peer pressure made her a natural leader.

La sua immunità alla pressione dei pari l'ha resa un leader naturale.

Metaphorical usage in a complex subject.

The intricate interplay between innate and adaptive immunity is still being mapped.

L'intricata interazione tra immunità innata e adattativa è ancora in fase di mappatura.

Passive continuous 'is still being mapped'.

The concept of sovereign immunity is a cornerstone of international law.

Il concetto di immunità sovrana è una pietra miliare del diritto internazionale.

Metaphor 'cornerstone'.

The whistleblower's immunity was contingent upon the veracity of their claims.

L'immunità dell'informatore era subordinata alla veridicità delle sue affermazioni.

Adjective 'contingent upon'.

The pathogen evolved mechanisms to evade the host's humoral immunity.

Il patogeno ha sviluppato meccanismi per eludere l'immunità umorale dell'ospite.

Technical term 'humoral immunity'.

The debate over qualified immunity highlights the tension between order and accountability.

Il dibattito sull'immunità qualificata evidenzia la tensione tra ordine e responsabilità.

Abstract nouns as subject/object.

Some philosophers argue that no one should possess absolute immunity from moral judgment.

Alcuni filosofi sostengono che nessuno dovrebbe possedere l'immunità assoluta dal giudizio morale.

Modal 'should' + base form.

The rapid development of vaccines was a triumph for immunological science and global immunity.

Il rapido sviluppo dei vaccini è stato un trionfo per la scienza immunologica e l'immunità globale.

Compound noun phrase.

The suspect's immunity deal was rescinded after he was found to have lied.

L'accordo di immunità del sospettato è stato annullato dopo che si è scoperto che aveva mentito.

Passive voice with 'rescinded'.

مترادف‌ها

resistance exemption protection invulnerability indemnity freedom

متضادها

susceptibility vulnerability liability

ترکیب‌های رایج

herd immunity

diplomatic immunity

grant immunity

natural immunity

qualified immunity

sovereign immunity

compromised immunity

lifelong immunity

waive immunity

build immunity

عبارات رایج

immunity to change

immunity from prosecution

boost your immunity

waning immunity

absolute immunity

transactional immunity

use immunity

immunity idol

innate immunity

acquired immunity

اغلب اشتباه گرفته می‌شود با

immunity vs immunization

Immunization is the process; immunity is the result.

immunity vs impunity

Impunity is the lack of punishment; immunity is the legal status.

immunity vs resistance

Resistance is often general; immunity is often specific.

اصطلاحات و عبارات

"above the law"

Not subject to the laws of a country. This is often used to describe someone who has too much immunity.

No one, not even the president, should be above the law.

informal

"get out of jail free card"

A metaphor for having immunity or a way to avoid punishment for a mistake. It comes from the game Monopoly.

His father's influence was a get out of jail free card for his reckless behavior.

informal

"thick-skinned"

To have a metaphorical immunity to criticism or insults. It means not being easily offended.

You need to be thick-skinned to survive in politics.

informal

"water off a duck's back"

Used to describe how criticism or warnings have no effect on someone, as if they have an immunity to them.

The teacher's scolding was like water off a duck's back to the rebellious student.

informal

"sacred cow"

Something that is considered immune from criticism or change because it is so highly respected.

The social security program is a sacred cow that no politician wants to touch.

informal

"untouchable"

A person who has so much power or immunity that they cannot be punished or criticized.

The CEO felt he was untouchable until the scandal broke.

neutral

"bulletproof"

Used metaphorically to describe a plan or a person that has total immunity to failure or attack.

Her legal defense was bulletproof; the prosecution didn't stand a chance.

informal

"free pass"

Permission to do something that is usually not allowed, or immunity from a rule.

Being the star player gave him a free pass when it came to team discipline.

informal

"cast-iron"

Used to describe an immunity or an excuse that is very strong and cannot be broken.

He had a cast-iron alibi for the night of the crime.

neutral

"safe harbor"

A legal provision that provides immunity from liability if certain conditions are met.

The new law provides a safe harbor for companies that report data breaches immediately.

formal

به‌راحتی اشتباه گرفته می‌شود

immunity vs Community

Similar sound and spelling.

Community refers to a group of people; immunity refers to protection.

The community worked together to build immunity through vaccination.

immunity vs Impunity

Similar sound and legal context.

Impunity is the act of doing something wrong without being punished. Immunity is the legal protection that allows it.

Because of his diplomatic immunity, he could break the law with impunity.

immunity vs Immunization

Related meaning.

Immunization is the action (getting a shot). Immunity is the state of being protected.

Her immunization led to a strong immunity against the disease.

immunity vs Resistance

Overlapping meaning in biology.

Resistance is often used for bacteria (antibiotic resistance) or general physical strength. Immunity is used for viruses and specific antibodies.

The bacteria developed resistance, but the humans developed immunity.

immunity vs Exemption

Synonym in legal contexts.

Exemption is usually for a specific rule or tax. Immunity is usually for a whole category of legal action.

He has a tax exemption, but the diplomat has full immunity.

الگوهای جمله‌سازی

I have immunity to [noun].

I have immunity to the flu.

[Noun] gives you immunity.

The vaccine gives you immunity.

He was granted immunity from [noun].

He was granted immunity from prosecution.

Developing immunity takes [time].

Developing immunity takes several weeks.

The [adjective] immunity protects [noun].

The diplomatic immunity protects the ambassador.

Immunity is contingent upon [noun/gerund].

Immunity is contingent upon testifying truthfully.

The doctrine of [adjective] immunity [verb].

The doctrine of qualified immunity prevents lawsuits.

To evade the host's [adjective] immunity, the [noun] [verb].

To evade the host's adaptive immunity, the virus mutated.

خانواده کلمه

اسم‌ها

فعل‌ها

صفت‌ها

مرتبط

نحوه استفاده

frequency

High in medical, legal, and news domains.

اشتباهات رایج

I have immunity from the flu. → I have immunity to the flu.
In medical contexts, we use 'to' or 'against' to indicate the disease being resisted.
The doctor gave me an immunity. → The doctor gave me an immunization.
The shot is the immunization; the result is immunity. You can't 'give' a state, but you can give the process.
He acted with immunity. → He acted with impunity.
Impunity means acting without fear of punishment. Immunity is the status that allows it. You 'have' immunity and 'act with' impunity.
My immune is very strong. → My immunity is very strong. / My immune system is very strong.
'Immune' is an adjective, not a noun. You need the noun form 'immunity' or the compound 'immune system'.
The diplomat has immunity to the law. → The diplomat has immunity from the law.
In legal contexts, we use 'from' to indicate the thing the person is exempt from.

نکات

Preposition Choice

Remember: Immunity TO a disease, but immunity FROM a lawsuit. Using the wrong one is a common mistake for learners.

Immune vs Immunity

Use 'immune' as an adjective (I am immune) and 'immunity' as a noun (I have immunity). Don't mix them up!

Boosting Immunity

In casual English, people love the phrase 'boost your immunity.' Use it when talking about vitamins, sleep, or healthy food.

Granting Immunity

In legal contexts, immunity is almost always 'granted' by a person in power, like a judge or a prosecutor.

Herd Immunity

This is a very 'hot' topic. If you use it in a conversation, be prepared for a long discussion about public health policy.

Stress the 'MU'

The middle of the word is the loudest part. im-MU-ni-ty. Practice saying it slowly to get the rhythm right.

Figurative Use

Using 'immunity' metaphorically (e.g., immunity to fashion trends) makes your writing sound more advanced and creative.

Diplomatic Immunity

This is a great term to know for international news. It explains why some people don't get in trouble in foreign countries.

Word Family

Learn 'immunize' and 'immunization' at the same time. They all share the same root and will help you expand your vocabulary faster.

Identify the Domain

When you hear 'immunity', immediately check if the speaker is talking about a hospital, a court, or a TV show.

حفظ کنید

روش یادسپاری

Think of 'IM-MUNE'. 'IM' like 'In' and 'MUNE' like 'Money'. If you have immunity, you are 'In' a state where you don't have to pay the 'Money' (taxes) or the price (sickness).

تداعی تصویری

Imagine a knight in a suit of armor. The armor is his 'immunity'. Arrows (viruses) and swords (lawsuits) just bounce off him without causing harm.

شبکه واژگان

Vaccine Lawyer Shield Antibody Exempt Safe Diplomat Health

چالش

Try to write a paragraph using 'immunity' in three different ways: biologically, legally, and metaphorically. For example: 'The diplomat's **immunity** protected him from the law, while his strong **immunity** protected him from the local flu, and his **immunity** to guilt let him sleep soundly.'

ریشه کلمه

The word 'immunity' originates from the Latin 'immunitas', which is the noun form of the adjective 'immunis'. In Ancient Rome, 'immunis' described a person who was exempt from public service or the payment of taxes. The prefix 'in-' (meaning 'not') was combined with 'munis' (meaning 'serving' or 'performing a duty'). Thus, the original meaning was literally 'not serving' or 'free from burden'.

معنای اصلی: Exemption from public service, duties, or taxes.

Italic -> Latin -> Old French -> Middle English.

بافت فرهنگی

Be careful when discussing 'immunity' in the context of police reform, as 'qualified immunity' is a very sensitive and polarizing topic in many communities.

In the US and UK, 'herd immunity' became a common household phrase during the COVID-19 pandemic, often sparking intense political debate.

The TV show 'Survivor' (Immunity Idols). The 1987 film 'Lethal Weapon 2' (where the villain famously shouts 'Diplomatic immunity!'). The legal doctrine of 'Sovereign Immunity' in the US Constitution.

تمرین در زندگی واقعی

موقعیت‌های واقعی

Healthcare & Medicine

boost your immunity
herd immunity
natural immunity
compromised immunity

Legal & Law Enforcement

immunity from prosecution
qualified immunity
grant immunity
waive immunity

International Relations

diplomatic immunity
sovereign immunity
state immunity
consular immunity

Psychology & Social Behavior

immunity to criticism
immunity to peer pressure
psychological immunity
emotional immunity

Pop Culture & Games

immunity idol
immunity challenge
temporary immunity
individual immunity

شروع‌کننده‌های مکالمه

"Do you think herd immunity is the best way to handle a pandemic?"

"Should politicians have absolute immunity from prosecution while in office?"

"What are some natural ways you use to boost your immunity during winter?"

"Have you ever felt like you had an immunity to someone's bad mood?"

"What do you think about the concept of diplomatic immunity in modern times?"

موضوعات نگارش

Reflect on a time when you felt 'immune' to a problem that was affecting everyone else. How did that feel?

Write about the importance of vaccines in creating global immunity and the challenges involved.

Discuss whether you believe qualified immunity for police officers is necessary or harmful to society.

Describe a person you know who seems to have an immunity to criticism. Is this a good or bad trait?

If you could have immunity from one specific thing (physical or legal), what would it be and why?

سوالات متداول

10 سوال

Natural immunity is what you get after you actually catch a disease and recover. Your body 'remembers' the virus. Acquired immunity is what you get from a vaccine, where your body learns to fight the virus without you having to get sick first. Both are important for long-term health.

Yes, this is called 'waning immunity.' Over time, the number of antibodies in your blood can decrease, or the virus can change (mutate) so your body doesn't recognize it anymore. This is why people sometimes need booster shots for vaccines like the flu or COVID-19.

Diplomatic immunity protects foreign diplomats from being prosecuted or sued in the country where they are working. However, it is not a 'license to commit crimes.' Their home country can waive the immunity, or the host country can expel them (declare them 'persona non grata').

Herd immunity happens when a large enough percentage of a population (usually 70-90%) becomes immune to a disease. This makes it hard for the disease to spread, which protects people who cannot get vaccinated, like newborn babies or people with very weak immune systems.

In a legal sense, you usually use the preposition 'from.' For example: 'The judge granted the witness immunity from prosecution.' This means the witness will not be charged with a crime if they tell the truth in court.

It is mostly uncountable, meaning you don't usually say 'immunities.' However, in legal contexts, you might hear 'the immunities of the crown,' referring to several different types of legal protection. In most cases, treat it as uncountable.

Qualified immunity is a legal rule in the US that protects government officials, like police officers, from being sued for their actions on the job. It only applies if they didn't violate a 'clearly established' law or constitutional right. It is a very debated topic today.

Being immunocompromised means your immune system is weak and cannot fight off infections well. This can be caused by diseases like HIV, treatments like chemotherapy, or organ transplants. These people have very low immunity.

This is a metaphorical use. It means that a person does not care what others say about them. Their feelings are not hurt by negative comments. It's like they have a shield around their emotions.

It comes from the Latin word 'immunitas,' which meant being free from public service or taxes. The idea of 'being free' or 'exempt' moved from taxes to the legal system and finally to the medical world in the 1800s.