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B1 noun 7 دقیقه مطالعه

dettes

مثال‌ها dettes در ۳۰ ثانیه
توضیح dettes in your Level:
At the A1 level, you only need to know that 'dettes' means 'debts' or money you owe. It is a noun. You might hear it when people talk about the bank or money. For example, 'Il a des dettes' means 'He has debts'. It is a simple concept of owing money. As a beginner, focus on the fact that it is feminine ('une dette') and usually used in the plural ('des dettes'). You do not need to worry about complex financial terms yet, just the basic idea of owing euros or dollars to someone else. Remember that 'payer ses dettes' means 'to pay one's debts'. This is a very useful phrase to memorize. Practice saying 'Je n'ai pas de dettes' (I have no debts).
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At the A2 level, you can start using 'dettes' in more descriptive sentences. You know it means money owed, but now you can talk about who owes who. You can use adjectives like 'grandes dettes' (big debts) or 'petites dettes' (small debts). You can also start using verbs like 'rembourser' (to repay). For example, 'Elle doit rembourser ses dettes à la banque' (She must repay her debts to the bank). You will also understand it when reading simple news articles or listening to basic conversations about living expenses. At this stage, it is important to understand the preposition 'envers' (towards) to say who the debt is owed to: 'une dette envers mon ami' (a debt towards my friend).
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At the B1 level, 'dettes' becomes a much more versatile word in your vocabulary. You are now expected to discuss personal finances, the economy, and societal issues. You should understand phrases like 'contracter des dettes' (to take on debt) and 'être criblé de dettes' (to be riddled with debt). You can also understand its metaphorical uses, such as 'une dette morale' (a moral debt) or 'une dette de reconnaissance' (a debt of gratitude). You can participate in debates about student loans or national debt ('la dette publique'). You should be comfortable using various verbs and adjectives associated with 'dettes' to express complex situations and opinions clearly and accurately in both spoken and written French.
At the B2 level, your mastery of 'dettes' includes understanding its nuances in professional, academic, and journalistic contexts. You can effortlessly read articles from Le Monde or Le Figaro discussing 'la crise des dettes souveraines' (the sovereign debt crisis) or 'l'allègement de la dette' (debt relief). You can use sophisticated collocations like 'éponger ses dettes' (to wipe out one's debts) or 'restructurer une dette' (to restructure a debt). You are also fully aware of the psychological and cultural weight of the word in French society. You can write essays on the impact of consumerism on household debt ('l'endettement des ménages') and express nuanced arguments using appropriate transitional phrases and advanced grammar structures involving 'dettes'.
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At the C1 level, 'dettes' is fully integrated into your advanced vocabulary. You can manipulate the term in highly specialized contexts, such as corporate finance, macroeconomics, and legal discourse. You understand concepts like 'titrisation des dettes' (debt securitization), 'dettes chirographaires' (unsecured debts), and 'dettes subordonnées' (subordinated debts). You can follow complex debates on television about the European Central Bank's monetary policy and its effect on national debts. Furthermore, you appreciate the literary use of 'dettes', such as karmic debt or ancestral debt in literature and philosophy. Your use of the word is indistinguishable from an educated native speaker, employing idiomatic expressions and precise terminology effortlessly.
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At the C2 level, you possess absolute mastery over the word 'dettes' and its entire lexical field. You can deconstruct historical economic treaties, analyze the socio-political implications of 'la dette odieuse' (odious debt) in international law, and write academic papers on the subject. You understand the most obscure idioms and historical references related to debt in French literature and history, such as the debts of the French monarchy leading to the Revolution. You can play with the word rhetorically in speeches or essays, using it to convey deep existential, moral, or macroeconomic concepts with elegance, precision, and profound cultural awareness. You are an expert in the French language's treatment of obligation and liability.
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مثال‌ها

dettes در ۳۰ ثانیه

  • Money owed to others.
  • Financial liabilities.
  • Moral obligations or gratitude.
  • Unpaid balances or loans.
The French word dettes is the plural form of dette, translating directly to debts in English. It refers to sums of money owed or due, but its usage extends far beyond mere financial transactions. Understanding dettes requires exploring its multifaceted applications in everyday French life, economics, psychology, and social interactions. When people use the word dettes, they are often referring to financial obligations such as loans, mortgages, credit card balances, or borrowed money from friends and family. However, the concept of dettes is deeply ingrained in human relationships and societal structures.
Financial Debt
This is the most literal and common use of the word. It encompasses everything from personal loans to national sovereign debt.
In everyday conversation, you might hear someone expressing stress over their financial situation.

Il a accumulé beaucoup de dettes après avoir perdu son emploi.

Beyond finance, dettes can signify a moral or emotional obligation. A dette morale is a debt of gratitude or a moral obligation to repay a kindness.
Moral Debt
A feeling of owing someone for their help, support, or sacrifice, which cannot necessarily be repaid with money.

J'ai une immense dette envers mes parents pour mon éducation.

Another modern usage is dette de sommeil, meaning sleep debt. This reflects the physical toll of not getting enough rest over time.
Sleep Debt
The cumulative effect of not getting enough sleep, leading to mental and physical fatigue.

Pendant les examens, les étudiants accumulent souvent une grande dette de sommeil.

Le gouvernement tente de réduire les dettes publiques.

Rembourser ses dettes est une priorité absolue.

Understanding these nuances is crucial for mastering French at a B1 level and beyond. The word dettes is not just vocabulary; it is a window into how French speakers conceptualize obligation, responsibility, and interconnectedness in both public and private spheres. By recognizing whether the context is financial, moral, or physical, learners can employ the word dettes with precision and cultural appropriateness.
Using the word dettes correctly in sentences involves understanding its grammatical properties and common collocations. Since dettes is a feminine plural noun, it requires feminine plural adjectives and articles. For example, you would say les dettes, des dettes, mes dettes, or de lourdes dettes.
Verbs of Accumulation
Dettes is frequently paired with verbs meaning to accumulate, contract, or create.

L'entreprise a contracté de nouvelles dettes pour financer son expansion.

Conversely, when discussing the resolution of debt, specific verbs are employed.
Verbs of Resolution
Verbs like rembourser (to repay), éponger (to wipe out), or annuler (to cancel) are standard.

Il travaille dur pour rembourser toutes ses dettes.

When describing the burden of debt, adjectives play a key role.
Descriptive Adjectives
Adjectives such as lourd (heavy), écrasant (crushing), or public (public) modify the noun to provide context.

Ces dettes écrasantes l'empêchent de dormir la nuit.

Les dettes publiques de la nation ont atteint un niveau record.

Nous devons éviter de faire des dettes inutiles.

Prepositions also dictate how dettes connects to other parts of the sentence. You can be en dette (in debt) or have des dettes envers (debts towards) someone. Mastering these sentence structures ensures that your French sounds natural and sophisticated, allowing you to discuss financial and moral obligations with clarity and precision.
The word dettes is ubiquitous in the French-speaking world, appearing across a wide spectrum of contexts from casual conversations to formal news broadcasts. If you listen to French radio or watch television news, you will frequently encounter the term in economic segments.
News and Politics
Journalists and politicians constantly discuss the national economy, utilizing this term heavily.

Le ministre des Finances a présenté un plan pour réduire les dettes de l'État.

In everyday life, you will hear dettes discussed among friends or family members when talking about personal finances, purchasing a home, or managing student loans.
Personal Finance
Discussions about managing personal budgets, credit cards, and bank loans.

Ils ne peuvent pas acheter cette maison à cause de leurs dettes antérieures.

In literature and cinema, dettes often serves as a central plot device, driving characters to desperate measures or highlighting themes of honor and redemption.
Arts and Culture
Books and movies frequently use debt as a source of conflict.

Le protagoniste du roman passe sa vie à fuir ses dettes de jeu.

Elle a contracté des dettes pour sauver le commerce familial.

Les dettes karmiques sont un concept spirituel populaire.

Furthermore, in the workplace, dettes might be mentioned during corporate meetings regarding the company's balance sheet (le bilan). Whether you are listening to a podcast about the global economy, watching a dramatic French film, or simply eavesdropping on a conversation in a Parisian café, dettes is a word that frequently surfaces, reflecting its undeniable importance in modern society.
When learning the word dettes, English speakers often make a few predictable errors related to gender, pronunciation, and prepositions. The most common mistake is misidentifying the gender of the noun.
Gender Agreement
Dette is feminine. Therefore, any adjectives must agree in the feminine form.

Il a de nombreuses dettes (not 'de nombreux dettes').

Another frequent error involves the pronunciation of the double consonant.
Pronunciation
The 'e' before the double 'tt' is pronounced as an open /ɛ/, similar to the 'e' in the English word 'bet'.

Le mot dettes rime avec 'raquettes'.

Prepositional usage also trips up many learners. In English, you say you are 'in debt', but in French, the expression is 'avoir des dettes' or 'être endetté'.
Direct Translation Errors
Translating 'in debt' literally to 'en dette' is incorrect in most contexts; use 'endetté' instead.

Je suis lourdement endetté à cause de mes dettes d'études.

Payer ses dettes est une obligation légale.

Il a effacé ses dettes grâce à un héritage.

Lastly, confusing dettes with emprunts (loans) is common. An emprunt is the act of borrowing or the loan itself, whereas la dette is the resulting state of owing money. By paying attention to these common pitfalls, you can use the word dettes confidently and accurately in any situation.
The French language offers several synonyms and related terms for dettes, each with its own specific nuance and context. Knowing when to use dettes versus one of its alternatives demonstrates a higher level of fluency and precision.
Emprunts vs Dettes
Emprunts refers specifically to loans, the actual money borrowed from a bank or institution, while dettes is the broader concept of what is owed.

Ses emprunts bancaires ont créé de lourdes dettes.

Another related term is créances. This is the exact opposite perspective of a debt.
Créances vs Dettes
A créance is money owed to you by someone else (a receivable), whereas a dette is money you owe to someone else.

L'entreprise a plus de créances que de dettes, ce qui est positif.

The word passif is also used in business contexts to mean liabilities, which encompasses dettes.
Passif
A formal accounting term for all liabilities and debts a company holds.

Le passif de la société inclut toutes ses dettes fournisseurs.

Il a des dettes envers plusieurs banques.

Les arriérés sont des dettes en retard de paiement.

Arriérés specifically means arrears or overdue debts. Understanding these distinctions enriches your vocabulary and allows you to communicate complex financial and personal situations with native-like accuracy. Selecting the right alternative to dettes depends entirely on the specific legal, emotional, or financial context of your sentence.
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مثال‌ها بر اساس سطح

1

Il a des dettes.

He has debts.

Plural noun with indefinite article 'des'.

2

Je n'ai pas de dettes.

I have no debts.

Negative 'de' instead of 'des'.

3

La dette est grande.

The debt is big.

Feminine singular noun.

4

Elle paie ses dettes.

She pays her debts.

Possessive adjective 'ses'.

5

C'est une mauvaise dette.

It is a bad debt.

Adjective 'mauvaise' agrees with 'dette'.

6

Nous avons des dettes.

We have debts.

First person plural verb 'avons'.

7

Où sont mes dettes ?

Where are my debts?

Question structure.

8

Les dettes sont là.

The debts are there.

Definite article 'Les'.

1

Il doit rembourser ses dettes rapidement.

He must repay his debts quickly.

Use of the verb 'rembourser'.

2

Mes dettes s'élèvent à mille euros.

My debts amount to a thousand euros.

Pronominal verb 's'élever à'.

3

Elle a beaucoup de dettes à cause de sa voiture.

She has a lot of debts because of her car.

Expression of quantity 'beaucoup de'.

4

Ils ne peuvent pas payer leurs dettes ce mois-ci.

They cannot pay their debts this month.

Negative with modal verb 'pouvoir'.

5

Avez-vous des dettes envers la banque ?

Do you have debts towards the bank?

Preposition 'envers'.

6

Ses dettes sont trop importantes pour lui.

His debts are too big for him.

Adjective 'importantes' agreeing with feminine plural.

7

Je veux vivre sans dettes.

I want to live without debts.

Preposition 'sans'.

8

Les dettes de mon frère m'inquiètent.

My brother's debts worry me.

Object pronoun 'm'' before verb.

1

L'entreprise a contracté de lourdes dettes pour financer son projet.

The company contracted heavy debts to finance its project.

Collocation 'contracter des dettes'.

2

Il est criblé de dettes et ne sait plus quoi faire.

He is riddled with debt and no longer knows what to do.

Idiomatic expression 'criblé de dettes'.

3

Le gouvernement tente de réduire la dette publique.

The government is trying to reduce the public debt.

Term 'dette publique'.

4

J'ai une dette morale envers mon ancien professeur.

I have a moral debt towards my former teacher.

Concept of 'dette morale'.

5

Si tu ne paies pas tes dettes, tu auras des problèmes avec la justice.

If you don't pay your debts, you will have problems with justice.

Conditional 'si' clause.

6

Elle a réussi à éponger toutes ses dettes en cinq ans.

She managed to wipe out all her debts in five years.

Verb 'éponger' used metaphorically.

7

L'annulation des dettes des pays pauvres est une question complexe.

The cancellation of poor countries' debts is a complex issue.

Noun 'annulation'.

8

Le rachat de dettes peut être une solution pour éviter la faillite.

Debt consolidation can be a solution to avoid bankruptcy.

Term 'rachat de dettes'.

1

La crise des dettes souveraines a profondément affecté l'économie européenne.

The sovereign debt crisis deeply affected the European economy.

Advanced term 'dettes souveraines'.

2

Il a dû restructurer ses dettes pour éviter la saisie de sa maison.

He had to restructure his debts to avoid the foreclosure of his house.

Verb 'restructurer'.

3

L'endettement excessif mène inévitablement à une spirale de dettes.

Excessive indebtedness inevitably leads to a debt spiral.

Concept of 'spirale de dettes'.

4

Les créanciers exigent le remboursement immédiat des dettes échues.

Creditors are demanding immediate repayment of past-due debts.

Adjective 'échues' (past due).

5

Bien qu'il ait hérité d'une grande fortune, il a hérité aussi des dettes de son père.

Although he inherited a great fortune, he also inherited his father's debts.

Subjunctive 'Bien qu'il ait'.

6

La dette écologique que nous laissons aux générations futures est incommensurable.

The ecological debt we leave to future generations is immeasurable.

Metaphorical 'dette écologique'.

7

Pour assainir ses finances, la société a émis de nouvelles dettes sur les marchés.

To clean up its finances, the company issued new debts on the markets.

Verb 'émettre' in financial context.

8

Le recouvrement des dettes est souvent confié à des agences spécialisées.

Debt collection is often entrusted to specialized agencies.

Term 'recouvrement des dettes'.

1

La titrisation des dettes a été l'un des facteurs déclenchants de la crise financière mondiale.

The securitization of debts was one of the triggering factors of the global financial crisis.

Highly technical term 'titrisation'.

2

Il s'agit de dettes chirographaires, qui ne sont garanties par aucune sûreté réelle.

These are unsecured debts, which are not guaranteed by any real collateral.

Legal term 'dettes chirographaires'.

3

La mutualisation des dettes au sein de la zone euro reste un sujet de discorde politique majeur.

The mutualization of debts within the eurozone remains a major subject of political discord.

Term 'mutualisation'.

4

Le fardeau des dettes subordonnées pèse lourdement sur le bilan de la banque.

The burden of subordinated debts weighs heavily on the bank's balance sheet.

Financial term 'dettes subordonnées'.

5

L'apurement des dettes passées est une condition sine qua non pour la reprise des investissements.

The clearing of past debts is a strict condition for the resumption of investments.

Formal noun 'apurement'.

6

Cette théorie économique postule que la monnaie elle-même n'est qu'un système de dettes circulantes.

This economic theory postulates that money itself is merely a system of circulating debts.

Academic phrasing 'postule que'.

7

Il a contracté une dette d'honneur qu'il est tenu de régler sous peine de déchéance sociale.

He contracted a debt of honor that he is bound to settle under penalty of social downfall.

Concept of 'dette d'honneur'.

8

Le moratoire sur les dettes a offert un répit temporaire aux entreprises au bord du gouffre.

The moratorium on debts offered a temporary respite to companies on the brink of the abyss.

Term 'moratoire'.

1

L'effacement pur et simple des dettes odieuses contractées par des régimes despotiques relève de la justice transitionnelle.

The outright cancellation of odious debts contracted by despotic regimes falls under transitional justice.

Legal concept 'dettes odieuses'.

2

Dans l'imaginaire balzacien, les dettes constituent le moteur tragique de la comédie humaine, broyant les illusions des protagonistes.

In the Balzacian imagination, debts constitute the tragic engine of the human comedy, crushing the protagonists' illusions.

Literary analysis vocabulary.

3

La fongibilité des dettes souveraines sur les marchés secondaires occulte la réalité tangible des économies nationales sous-jacentes.

The fungibility of sovereign debts on secondary markets obscures the tangible reality of the underlying national economies.

Advanced economic term 'fongibilité'.

4

Il argua que la dette intergénérationnelle, loin d'être une simple écriture comptable, est une aporie morale insurmontable.

He argued that intergenerational debt, far from being a simple accounting entry, is an insurmountable moral aporia.

Philosophical term 'aporie'.

5

La restructuration drastique des dettes a entraîné un effet d'éviction massif sur l'investissement privé.

The drastic restructuring of debts led to a massive crowding-out effect on private investment.

Economic concept 'effet d'éviction'.

6

S'acquitter de ses dettes karmiques exigeait, selon sa doctrine, une ascèse rigoureuse et un renoncement total au matérialisme.

Discharging one's karmic debts required, according to his doctrine, rigorous asceticism and a total renunciation of materialism.

Spiritual vocabulary 'ascèse'.

7

L'exigibilité immédiate des dettes a précipité la déconfiture de ce conglomérat jadis florissant.

The immediate exigibility of the debts precipitated the collapse of this once-flourishing conglomerate.

Legal term 'exigibilité'.

8

La dialectique du maître et de l'esclave se rejoue insidieusement dans la relation asymétrique liant le créancier aux dettes du débiteur.

The master-slave dialectic is insidiously replayed in the asymmetrical relationship binding the creditor to the debtor's debts.

Philosophical reference 'dialectique'.

ترکیب‌های رایج

contracter des dettes
rembourser ses dettes
criblé de dettes
effacer les dettes
lourdes dettes
dettes publiques
éponger des dettes
dette de sommeil
dette morale
spirale des dettes
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