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A2 noun 10 دقیقه مطالعه

dépense

مثال‌ها
توضیح dépense in your Level:
At the A1 level, 'dépense' is a word you encounter when talking about basic shopping and money. It is simply 'money going out'. You might use it in very short sentences to describe buying something. For example, 'C'est une petite dépense' (It is a small expense). At this stage, you should focus on the fact that it is a feminine noun ('la' or 'une') and that it is the opposite of 'gagner de l'argent' (earning money). You will mostly see it in the context of grocery shopping or buying a coffee. It helps you understand that when you buy something, you are making a 'dépense'. It is a useful word to know for basic survival tasks like checking a receipt or asking about the price of something in a more general way. Even at this early stage, knowing 'dépense' helps you start thinking about French in terms of nouns and actions. You don't need to know complex financial terms yet, just that 'dépense' equals 'money spent'.
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At the A2 level, you begin to use 'dépense' to talk about your daily life and routines. You can describe your budget or how much you spend on hobbies. You might say, 'Mes dépenses pour le cinéma sont importantes' (My expenses for the cinema are significant). You also learn to use adjectives with the word, remembering to make them feminine, like 'une dépense inutile' (a useless expense). This level is where you start to see 'dépense' in plural form regularly because you are talking about 'les dépenses du mois' (the expenses of the month). You can also start using it to talk about physical activity, like 'faire une dépense d'énergie' after a long day of work. It is a key word for describing your lifestyle and managing simple financial tasks in a French-speaking environment. You are expected to know how to link it with basic verbs like 'faire', 'avoir', or 'réduire'.
At the B1 level, 'dépense' becomes part of more complex discussions about personal finance, society, and health. You can discuss the pros and cons of certain expenditures. You might participate in a debate about 'la dépense publique' (public spending) or discuss 'les dépenses de santé' (healthcare expenses) in France. You should be comfortable using the word in professional contexts, such as explaining a 'note de frais' (expense report) to a colleague. At this stage, you also understand more idiomatic or nuanced uses, like 'dépense de temps' or 'dépense de force'. You can use transition words to explain why a 'dépense' was necessary or how it could be avoided. Your vocabulary expands to include synonyms like 'frais' or 'coût', and you know when to use each one accurately. You can write a short paragraph about your financial habits using 'dépense' as a central theme.
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At the B2 level, 'dépense' is used in abstract and technical arguments. You can analyze economic trends or government budgets using the word. You might discuss 'la maîtrise des dépenses' (controlling spending) or 'l'engagement des dépenses' (committing funds). You understand the social implications of 'dépenses somptuaires' (extravagant spending on luxury) and can express your opinion on fiscal policies. In a professional setting, you can manage a budget and justify 'chaque dépense' with detailed reasoning. You are also aware of the word's role in biology and physics, discussing 'la dépense métabolique de base' (basal metabolic rate). Your use of the word is fluid, and you can switch between financial, physical, and metaphorical meanings without hesitation. You can also use the word in complex sentence structures, such as 'Bien que cette dépense paraisse excessive, elle est indispensable pour notre croissance'.
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At the C1 level, you have a nuanced command of 'dépense' and its place in French rhetoric. You can use it in literary or highly formal contexts, perhaps discussing 'la dépense de soi' (giving of oneself) in a philosophical essay. You are familiar with historical and economic texts where 'dépense' is a central concept, such as Georges Bataille's 'La Notion de dépense', which explores the sociological aspect of loss and excess. You can distinguish between 'dépenses courantes' and 'dépenses d'investissement' with precision. You understand the subtle connotations of the word in different registers, from slangy ways to talk about wasting money to the most rigid bureaucratic terminology. Your ability to use 'dépense' in collocations is extensive, and you can use it to create sophisticated metaphors about life, energy, and resources. You can handle complex administrative forms related to 'ordonnancement des dépenses' with ease.
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At the C2 level, 'dépense' is a tool for absolute precision and stylistic flair. You can engage in high-level academic or professional discourse on fiscal theory, macroeconomics, or thermodynamics where 'dépense' is a key variable. You understand the etymological roots and how they influence the word's modern usage. You can play with the word in creative writing, using it to evoke themes of exhaustion, generosity, or decadence. You are fully aware of the legal nuances of the term in various jurisdictions (e.g., French vs. Belgian or Canadian French administrative law). You can critique a government's 'politique de la dépense' with sophisticated vocabulary and cultural references. At this level, the word is not just a vocabulary item but a concept you can manipulate to express the finest shades of meaning in any context, from a scientific paper to a poetic verse.
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مثال‌ها
The French noun dépense is a fundamental term in the French language, primarily referring to the act of spending money or the specific amount of money spent. At its core, it represents an outflow of resources. In a financial context, it is the direct equivalent of the English word 'expense' or 'expenditure.' However, the utility of dépense extends far beyond just coins and banknotes. It is deeply embedded in the way French speakers describe the use of energy, effort, and even time. When you are at a grocery store, the total on your receipt is a dépense. When you are running a marathon, the calories you burn are categorized as dépense énergétique. This versatility makes it a crucial word for A2 learners who are moving from basic survival French to more descriptive and functional communication.
Financial Context
The most common use is in personal or professional accounting, where it denotes any cost incurred, such as rent, food, or taxes.

Réduire chaque dépense inutile est essentiel pour économiser de l'argent cette année.

In daily life, French people are often quite conscious of their dépenses. Discussions about the 'pouvoir d'achat' (purchasing power) and how to manage the 'budget familial' (family budget) are frequent in both private conversations and national news. Understanding this word allows you to participate in these vital societal dialogues.
Physical Context
In sports and biology, it refers to the consumption of energy or calories during physical activity.

La dépense calorique varie selon l'intensité de l'exercice physique choisi.

Furthermore, the word appears in formal administrative settings. The 'ministère des Finances' deals with 'dépenses publiques' (public spending). If you are working in France, you might hear about 'notes de frais,' which are essentially records of professional dépenses that need reimbursement.
Abstract Context
It can also describe the 'spending' of time or emotional energy, though this is slightly more literary or formal.

C'est une grande dépense de temps pour un résultat aussi minime et décevant.

Mes dépenses mensuelles ont augmenté à cause de l'inflation galopante.

Il faut noter chaque dépense dans ce petit carnet pour rester organisé.

In summary, whether you are discussing your bank account, your workout routine, or government policy, 'dépense' is the go-to term for describing what is being 'put out' or 'used up' to achieve a goal or sustain a lifestyle.
Using dépense correctly requires an understanding of its grammatical role and the verbs it typically pairs with. As a feminine noun, it follows the standard rules for articles: 'la dépense' (the expense), 'une dépense' (an expense), and 'les dépenses' (the expenses). When you want to say you are spending money, you use the verb 'faire' (to do/make) or 'engager' (to incur/start). For example, 'J'ai fait une grosse dépense hier' (I made a big expenditure yesterday).
Common Verb Pairings
Faire une dépense (to make an expense), Réduire les dépenses (to reduce expenses), Contrôler ses dépenses (to monitor one's spending).

Nous devons limiter nos dépenses si nous voulons partir en vacances cet été.

When describing the nature of the expense, you often use the preposition 'de' or 'en'. For instance, 'une dépense de santé' (a health expense) or 'une dépense en électricité' (an electricity expense). The plural form is particularly useful for discussing budgets: 'les dépenses de fonctionnement' (operating expenses) or 'les dépenses imprévues' (unforeseen expenses).
Adjective Agreement
Since it is feminine, adjectives must be feminine: 'excessive', 'inutile', 'obligatoire', 'lourde'.

C'est une dépense inutile que nous aurions pu facilement éviter.

Les dépenses publiques sont un sujet de débat politique constant.

In more technical or scientific contexts, you might use 'dépense' to describe the consumption of a resource. 'La dépense en eau de cette usine est trop élevée' (The water consumption of this factory is too high). Here, 'dépense' acts as a synonym for 'consommation'.
Preposition Usage
Use 'pour' to indicate the purpose: 'une dépense pour la maison'. Use 'de' for the category: 'une dépense de loisirs'.

Il a justifié chaque dépense avec une facture détaillée.

La dépense totale s'élève à deux cents euros taxes comprises.

By mastering these patterns, you can accurately describe your financial situation or physical activity levels in a variety of social and professional settings.
You will encounter dépense in a wide array of everyday situations in France. One of the most common places is at the bank or when using a banking app. Your 'relevé de compte' (bank statement) will categorize your transactions, often grouping them under 'dépenses' versus 'recettes' (income). If you go to a 'comptable' (accountant), they will ask for your 'justificatifs de dépense' (proof of expenditure/receipts).
In the Media
News reports frequently discuss 'les dépenses de l'État' (state spending) or 'le pouvoir d'achat des ménages' in relation to their daily 'dépenses'.

Le gouvernement a promis de réduire la dépense publique pour combler le déficit.

In the workplace, 'dépense' is used during budget meetings. A manager might say, 'Nous n'avons plus de budget pour cette dépense,' meaning the funds are exhausted. It is also found in legal and administrative documents, such as rental agreements or insurance policies, which might outline which 'dépenses' are covered and which are the responsibility of the 'locataire' (tenant).
Daily Life
Parents might talk to their children about 'l'argent de poche' and how to manage their small 'dépenses'.

Faire du sport permet une dépense d'énergie saine après une longue journée de bureau.

Attention, cette dépense n'était pas prévue dans notre budget mensuel.

You might also hear it in a more metaphorical sense in social settings. Someone might say, 'C'est une telle dépense d'énergie de discuter avec lui,' implying that a conversation is exhausting. This shows the word's flexibility in expressing not just financial loss, but any form of depletion.
At the Supermarket
Loyalty programs often track your 'dépenses totales' to reward you with points or discounts.

La dépense moyenne par client a augmenté de dix pour cent ce mois-ci.

Vérifiez bien votre ticket de caisse pour éviter toute dépense erronée.

Whether in a formal speech or a casual chat about the cost of groceries, 'dépense' is an omnipresent term in the francophone world.
One of the most frequent errors for English speakers is confusing the noun dépense with the verb dépenser. In English, 'spending' can be both a noun and a gerund of a verb, but in French, the distinction is strict. You cannot say 'Je dépense est haut'; you must say 'Ma dépense est élevée' or 'Je dépense beaucoup'. Another common mistake is gender. Many learners assume words ending in '-e' are always feminine, which is true here, but they often forget to make the associated adjectives feminine. Saying 'un dépense' or 'une dépense cher' (instead of 'chère') are common pitfalls.
Confusion with 'Dépendre'
Learners sometimes mix up 'dépense' (expense) with 'dépend' (depends). They sound slightly similar in fast speech but have unrelated meanings.

Incorrect: C'est une dépense nécessaire (pronounced as 'dépend'). Correct: C'est une dépense nécessaire.

A third mistake involves the use of 'frais' vs 'dépense'. While often interchangeable, 'frais' usually refers to specific fees or costs associated with a service (like 'frais bancaires' or 'frais de port'), while 'dépense' is the more general act of spending. Using 'dépense' when 'frais' is expected can sound slightly unnatural in business contexts.
Misusing Prepositions
Avoid saying 'dépense sur'. Use 'dépense pour' (expense for) or 'dépense de' (expense of).

Incorrect: Ma dépense sur la nourriture. Correct: Ma dépense pour la nourriture.

Une dépense imprévue (Check the feminine agreement on 'imprévue').

Finally, watch out for the plural. In English, we often say 'my spending is high' (singular), but in French, it is much more natural to say 'mes dépenses sont élevées' (plural) when talking about your general lifestyle costs. Using the singular 'ma dépense' in this context can sound like you are referring to one specific purchase rather than your overall habits.
False Friends
Don't confuse 'dépense' with 'dispense' (exemption). They are totally different concepts.

Il a une dépense folle (He has crazy spending habits).

Toute dépense doit être justifiée par un reçu.

Keeping these nuances in mind will help you sound more like a native speaker and avoid the most common grammatical traps.
While dépense is the most versatile word for 'expense', French offers several synonyms depending on the register and context. Understanding these will enrich your vocabulary and allow for more precise expression.
Frais vs Dépense
'Frais' (always plural) usually refers to specific costs or fees, like 'frais d'inscription' (registration fees). 'Dépense' is broader.

Les dépenses de voyage incluent les frais d'hôtel et de transport.

Another alternative is 'débours', which is more formal and literally means 'money out of pocket'. You might see this in legal or accounting texts. For more informal situations, especially when talking about spending a lot of money, you might hear 'un gouffre financier' (a financial pit), which describes a massive, ongoing dépense.
Coût vs Dépense
Use 'coût' for the price tag: 'Le coût de la vie'. Use 'dépense' for the action: 'Ma dépense mensuelle'.

Le coût est fixe, mais la dépense peut varier selon l'usage.

In the context of energy, 'consommation' is a very close synonym. While you can say 'dépense d'énergie', 'consommation d'énergie' is often used for appliances or buildings. However, for human bodies, 'dépense' is preferred.
Charge vs Dépense
'Charges' usually refers to recurring monthly costs like utilities or taxes on a property.

Mes charges locatives sont incluses dans mon loyer.

C'est un investissement rentable, pas une simple dépense.

In a more literary sense, you might find 'prodigalité' to describe excessive or wasteful spending. On the opposite side, 'économie' (saving) is the most common antonym. Comparing these words helps you understand that 'dépense' is the neutral, standard term from which all these other nuances branch out.
Mise vs Dépense
'Mise' is specifically for a bet in gambling or an initial stake in a project.

Le débours initial a été remboursé par l'entreprise.

Une dépense somptuaire est un achat de grand luxe.

By choosing the right word, you can specify if a cost is a burden, a necessity, a price, or a professional fee.
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1

C'est une petite dépense.

It is a small expense.

Feminine singular noun with 'une' and 'petite'.

2

La dépense est de dix euros.

The expense is ten euros.

Definite article 'la' used for a specific amount.

3

Je note ma dépense.

I note my expense.

Possessive adjective 'ma' (feminine).

4

Une dépense pour le pain.

An expense for bread.

Preposition 'pour' indicates the object of spending.

5

Quelle est la dépense ?

What is the expense?

Interrogative adjective 'Quelle' (feminine).

6

Pas de dépense aujourd'hui.

No spending today.

Negative structure with 'pas de'.

7

C'est ma seule dépense.

It is my only expense.

Adjective 'seule' agrees with feminine 'dépense'.

8

Regarde cette dépense.

Look at this expense.

Demonstrative adjective 'cette' (feminine).

1

Je dois limiter mes dépenses ce mois-ci.

I must limit my expenses this month.

Plural form 'dépenses' with possessive 'mes'.

2

Le sport favorise la dépense d'énergie.

Sport promotes energy expenditure.

Abstract use of 'dépense' for energy.

3

C'est une dépense inutile pour la maison.

It is a useless expense for the house.

Adjective 'inutile' follows the noun.

4

Nous avons fait une grosse dépense hier.

We made a big expenditure yesterday.

Verb 'faire' used to express the action of spending.

5

Il vérifie chaque dépense sur son compte.

He checks every expense on his account.

'Chaque' is used for singular emphasis.

6

Les dépenses de loyer sont fixes.

Rent expenses are fixed.

Plural noun acting as a subject.

7

Elle a une dépense imprévue avec sa voiture.

She has an unforeseen expense with her car.

Feminine adjective 'imprévue'.

8

Réduire la dépense en électricité est possible.

Reducing electricity spending is possible.

Infinitive 'Réduire' as a subject.

1

L'entreprise doit justifier toute dépense professionnelle.

The company must justify every professional expense.

Adjective 'professionnelle' agrees with 'dépense'.

2

La dépense publique est un sujet complexe.

Public spending is a complex subject.

Formal use of 'dépense' in political context.

3

Il y a une dépense excessive de ressources naturelles.

There is an excessive expenditure of natural resources.

Environmental context for 'dépense'.

4

Gérer ses dépenses demande de la discipline.

Managing one's spending requires discipline.

Gerund-like use of 'Gérer' with the noun.

5

Cette dépense n'est pas remboursable par l'assurance.

This expense is not reimbursable by insurance.

Passive-like structure with 'remboursable'.

6

La dépense calorique est plus forte le matin.

Caloric expenditure is higher in the morning.

Scientific/Health context.

7

Nous avons analysé les dépenses de l'année dernière.

We analyzed last year's expenses.

Past tense 'avons analysé' with plural object.

8

C'est une dépense nécessaire pour réussir le projet.

It is a necessary expense to succeed in the project.

Purpose clause with 'pour'.

1

Le contrôle des dépenses est crucial pour la survie de la PME.

Expense control is crucial for the survival of the SME.

Noun phrase 'le contrôle des dépenses'.

2

L'État a engagé une dépense massive pour l'éducation.

The state has committed massive spending for education.

Verb 'engager' (to commit/launch).

3

La dépense de force était trop grande pour lui.

The expenditure of strength was too great for him.

Metaphorical use for physical strength.

4

Il faut équilibrer les recettes et les dépenses.

It is necessary to balance income and expenses.

Economic terminology: Recettes vs Dépenses.

5

Cette dépense fiscale permet de réduire vos impôts.

This tax expenditure allows you to reduce your taxes.

Technical term: dépense fiscale.

6

Les dépenses courantes ne doivent pas dépasser le budget.

Current expenses must not exceed the budget.

Adjective 'courantes' (recurring/current).

7

Une dépense de prestige n'est pas toujours utile.

A prestige expenditure is not always useful.

Sociological concept: dépense de prestige.

8

La dépense énergétique globale diminue en hiver.

Global energy expenditure decreases in winter.

Macro-level usage.

1

La dépense de soi est le fondement de l'altruisme.

The giving of oneself is the foundation of altruism.

Philosophical/Abstract use of 'dépense de soi'.

2

Le gouvernement prône une rationalisation de la dépense.

The government advocates for a rationalization of spending.

Formal administrative noun 'rationalisation'.

3

Cette dépense somptuaire a choqué l'opinion publique.

This extravagant spending shocked public opinion.

Rare adjective 'somptuaire'.

4

On observe une dépense de temps inutile dans ce processus.

A useless expenditure of time is observed in this process.

Process management context.

5

L'ordonnancement de la dépense suit des règles strictes.

The scheduling of expenditure follows strict rules.

Technical legal term 'ordonnancement'.

6

La dépense physique intense libère des endorphines.

Intense physical expenditure releases endorphins.

Biological/Scientific register.

7

Il ne faut pas confondre dépense et investissement.

One must not confuse spending with investment.

Conceptual distinction.

8

L'augmentation de la dépense de santé inquiète les experts.

The increase in health spending worries experts.

Social policy context.

1

Bataille explore la dépense comme une part maudite de l'économie.

Bataille explores expenditure as a cursed part of the economy.

Literary/Philosophical reference.

2

La dépense de munitions fut colossale durant la bataille.

The expenditure of ammunition was colossal during the battle.

Historical/Military context.

3

Toute dépense sans contrepartie affaiblit les réserves.

Any spending without compensation weakens reserves.

Macroeconomic principle.

4

Il s'agit d'une dépense de prestige visant à asseoir son autorité.

It is a prestige expenditure aimed at establishing his authority.

Sociopolitical analysis.

5

La dépense de flux est régulée par des vannes automatiques.

The flow expenditure is regulated by automatic valves.

Engineering/Technical context.

6

L'érosion des sols est une dépense de capital naturel.

Soil erosion is an expenditure of natural capital.

Environmental economics.

7

Le mécénat est une forme noble de dépense de fortune.

Patronage is a noble form of spending one's fortune.

Cultural/Elevated register.

8

La dépense de l'esprit se manifeste par la création artistique.

The spending of the mind manifests through artistic creation.

Poetic/Metaphorical usage.

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