चक्कर در ۳۰ ثانیه
- Chakkar literally means a circle or a round lap.
- It is the standard word for dizziness or vertigo.
- Metaphorically, it refers to affairs, traps, or confusion.
- It is a masculine noun used with verbs like 'aana' and 'lagana'.
The Hindi word चक्कर (Chakkar) is a multifaceted noun that every learner must master because it transcends a single definition. At its most literal and basic level, it refers to a circle, a round, or a revolution. However, in daily conversation, its usage is far more nuanced, ranging from physical sensations to complex social situations. When you feel the world spinning around you due to illness or exhaustion, you use this word. When you are walking in circles around a park, you use this word. Even when you are caught in a complicated legal mess or a romantic scandal, this word remains the central descriptor. Understanding 'Chakkar' requires looking at the context of the motion—whether that motion is physical, biological, or metaphorical.
- Physical Sensation
- In a medical or physiological context, it means dizziness or vertigo. It describes the feeling of losing balance where the environment seems to spin. This is almost always paired with the verb 'आना' (to come).
धूप में खड़े रहने से मुझे चक्कर आ रहे हैं। (I am feeling dizzy from standing in the sun.)
- Spatial Motion
- It refers to a lap, a round, or a circuit. If you run around a track five times, you have completed five 'chakkars'. It implies a repetitive circular path.
उसने पार्क के दस चक्कर लगाए। (He did ten laps of the park.)
Furthermore, the word extends to the concept of a 'trap' or 'vicious cycle'. When someone says they are caught in the 'court-kachahri ke chakkar' (the circles of court and legalities), they are expressing frustration with a repetitive, never-ending process. It captures the essence of being stuck in a loop. Whether it is the 'chakkar' of life and death in a philosophical sense or the simple 'chakkar' of a ceiling fan, the word emphasizes the circularity of the experience. It is a masculine noun, and its plural form remains 'चक्कर' in the direct case, though it changes in the oblique case to 'चक्करों'. Mastering this word allows you to describe your health, your exercise routine, your suspicions, and your frustrations with bureaucracy all in one breath.
Using चक्कर correctly depends heavily on the auxiliary verb it is paired with. The most common pairing is with 'आना' (to come) to describe a feeling. In Hindi, you don't 'feel' a dizzy spell in the same way you do in English; rather, the dizziness 'comes to you'. This construction is essential for expressing physical discomfort. Another vital pairing is with 'लगाना' (to apply/to do), which signifies the act of going around something or making repeated trips to a place. If you have to go to the bank multiple times to get a loan, you are 'bank ke chakkar laga rahe hain'.
- The 'Affair' Context
- When used with 'होना' (to be) or 'चलना' (to go on), it implies a secret or romantic involvement. 'उनका चक्कर चल रहा है' literally translates to 'their circle is moving', but it means 'they are having an affair'.
मुझे इस बात में कुछ चक्कर लगता है। (Something seems fishy/suspicious in this matter.)
- The 'Confusion' Context
- When someone is 'chakkar mein padna' (to fall into a circle), it means they are confused or misled by someone's words or a complex situation.
तुम उसकी बातों के चक्कर में मत आओ। (Don't get fooled/trapped by his words.)
In technical settings, 'chakkar' can mean 'RPM' (revolutions per minute). For instance, an engine's speed is measured in 'chakkar prati minat'. In daily life, if you lose your way and end up back where you started, you might say you took a 'lamba chakkar' (a long detour). The word is also used to describe the 'vicious cycle' of poverty or debt. For example, 'karz ka chakkar' (the cycle of debt). By understanding these variations, you can use 'chakkar' to describe everything from a simple walk to a complex life crisis. It is a word that emphasizes movement—be it physical, emotional, or situational—that returns to its starting point or causes disorientation.
You will encounter 'चक्कर' in almost every sphere of Indian life. In a clinical setting, a doctor will ask, 'क्या आपको चक्कर आते हैं?' (Do you get dizzy spells?). This is a standard medical inquiry. In a sports field or gym, a coach might shout, 'दो चक्कर और लगाओ!' (Do two more laps!). Here, it is a unit of measurement for distance covered in a loop. On the streets, you might hear a driver complaining about a 'lamba chakkar' because a road was blocked, requiring a long detour. The word is ubiquitous in Bollywood films, often used in dialogue to describe suspicious activities or romantic triangles.
- News and Media
- In crime reporting, you will often hear about 'ghotalon ka chakkar' (the web of scams) or how a suspect is 'police ke chakkar mein' (under police scrutiny/trouble).
वह पिछले तीन साल से कोर्ट के चक्कर काट रहा है। (He has been making rounds of the court for the last three years.)
In a household, a mother might tell her child not to go out in the sun, saying 'चक्कर आ जाएगा' (You will get dizzy). In a marketplace, a shopkeeper might explain a complex deal as a 'paisa ka chakkar' (a matter of money). The word is also prominent in spiritual discourses, referring to the 'sansar chakra' or the wheel of worldly existence. Whether you are at a doctor's clinic, a police station, a playground, or a temple, 'chakkar' is the word that connects the physical act of spinning with the mental state of confusion and the situational reality of repetitive cycles. It is a word that captures the 'whirl' of life in all its forms.
One of the most frequent mistakes English speakers make is using the verb 'feel' (mehsoos karna) with 'chakkar'. While in English we say 'I feel dizzy', in Hindi, we say 'Dizziness is coming to me'. Saying 'Main chakkar mehsoos kar raha hoon' is grammatically possible but sounds very unnatural and clinical. The idiomatic way is always 'Mujhe chakkar aa rahe hain'. Another common error is confusing 'chakkar' with 'ghoomna'. While 'ghoomna' means to roam or to turn, 'chakkar' is the noun representing the completed circle or the sensation itself.
- Confusion with 'Ghera'
- Learners often use 'ghera' (boundary/circle) instead of 'chakkar'. 'Ghera' refers to the physical boundary or circumference, whereas 'chakkar' refers to the motion of going around.
Incorrect: उसने मैदान का एक घेरा लगाया। (He applied a boundary to the field.)
Correct: उसने मैदान का एक चक्कर लगाया। (He did a lap of the field.)
Another mistake is the gender of the word. Some learners assume it is feminine because it ends in a sound that they associate with feminine nouns in other languages, but 'चक्कर' is strictly masculine. Therefore, you must use masculine adjectives like 'बड़ा चक्कर' (big circle/trouble) and masculine verb endings. Lastly, in the context of an affair, don't use 'chakkar' in formal writing. It is a colloquialism. In a formal report, use 'sambandh' (relationship). Using 'chakkar' in a formal speech about a dignitary would be seen as disrespectful or overly gossipy. Understanding these boundaries ensures you use the word naturally and appropriately.
While 'चक्कर' is incredibly versatile, there are specific words that should be used when you want to be more precise. If you are talking about a literal geometric circle, the word is वृत्त (Vrit) or गोला (Gola). If you are discussing a spiritual or cosmic cycle, such as the cycle of time, चक्र (Chakra) is the preferred Sanskritized term. While 'chakkar' is derived from 'chakra', the latter is used for more formal, technical, or religious contexts (like the Ashoka Chakra on the Indian flag).
- Chakkar vs. Bhraman
- 'Bhraman' means wandering or travel. Use 'chakkar' for a specific round trip or lap, but 'bhraman' for a general journey or tour.
- Chakkar vs. Ghoornan
- 'Ghoornan' is the scientific term for rotation or spinning on an axis. Use 'chakkar' for everyday spinning and 'ghoornan' for physics or geography (like the Earth's rotation).
Comparison:
1. मुझे चक्कर आ रहे हैं (Informal/Common: I feel dizzy).
2. मुझे भ्रम हो रहा है (Formal/Literary: I am experiencing a delusion/vertigo).
In the context of trouble or a trap, synonyms include झमेला (Jhamela) or जाल (Jaal). If you are stuck in 'kachahri ke chakkar', you could also say 'kachahri के झमेले' to emphasize the messiness and annoyance of the situation. For a detour, the word फेर (Pher) is sometimes used, especially in the phrase 'हेर-फेर' (manipulation/shuffling). However, 'chakkar' remains the most common and widely understood term across all dialects of Hindi. Choosing the alternative depends entirely on whether you wish to be scientific, formal, or more descriptive about the type of 'round' you are taking.
چقدر رسمی است؟
نکته جالب
The English word 'Chakra' (used in yoga) and the Hindi word 'Chakkar' share the same Sanskrit ancestor.
راهنمای تلفظ
سطح دشواری
Easy to read, but meanings vary by context.
Requires knowledge of the correct auxiliary verbs (aana vs lagana).
Very common in speech, easy to pronounce.
Must distinguish between literal and metaphorical use in fast speech.
بعداً چه یاد بگیریم؟
پیشنیازها
بعداً یاد بگیرید
پیشرفته
گرامر لازم
Dative Subject with 'Aaana'
Subjects feeling sensations like 'chakkar' take the 'ko' postposition (Mujhe/Usse chakkar aa rahe hain).
Masculine Noun Agreement
Adjectives must be masculine: 'Bada chakkar', 'Lamba chakkar'.
Oblique Case Plural
In 'chakkar' + postposition, it becomes 'chakkarom': 'In chakkarom mein mat pado'.
Compound Verb Usage
Using 'chakkar kaatna' as a single unit of meaning for 'making rounds'.
Reduplication
Using 'chakkar-vakkkar' for 'dizziness etc.' in informal speech.
مثالها بر اساس سطح
पंखे का चक्कर तेज़ है।
The fan's rotation is fast.
Here 'chakkar' refers to the physical rotation.
मैदान का एक चक्कर लगाओ।
Take one round of the ground.
'Lagao' is the imperative form of 'lagana'.
मुझे चक्कर आ रहा है।
I am feeling dizzy.
Note the use of 'aa raha hai' (is coming).
यह गोल चक्कर है।
This is a round circle.
'Gol' is an adjective meaning round.
बच्चे चक्कर काट रहे हैं।
The children are going in circles.
'Chakkar kaatna' is an idiom for going around.
गाड़ी ने चक्कर लगाया।
The car took a turn/round.
Past tense of 'lagana'.
एक चक्कर और।
One more round.
'Aur' here means 'more'.
क्या तुम्हें चक्कर आए?
Did you feel dizzy?
Interrogative sentence in past tense.
धूप की वजह से उसे चक्कर आ गए।
He felt dizzy because of the sun.
'Vajah se' means 'because of'.
हमें एक लंबा चक्कर लेना पड़ा।
We had to take a long detour.
'Lena pada' indicates necessity in the past.
वह पार्क के पाँच चक्कर लगाता है।
He does five laps of the park.
Present habitual tense.
इस मशीन के चक्कर कम करो।
Reduce the revolutions of this machine.
'Kam karo' is the imperative to reduce.
जल्दी में वह चक्कर भूल गया।
In a hurry, he forgot the round/trip.
'Jaldi mein' means 'in a hurry'.
क्या यहाँ कोई गोल चक्कर है?
Is there a roundabout here?
'Gol chakkar' is the standard term for a traffic roundabout.
उसे चक्कर आने की बीमारी है।
He has a dizziness illness.
'Aane ki' acts as a gerund phrase.
रास्ते के चक्कर में हम लेट हो गए।
We got late because of the detour.
'Ke chakkar mein' can mean 'due to' or 'because of'.
उसका बाज़ार में किसी के साथ चक्कर है।
He has an affair with someone in the market.
Informal/slang usage for an affair.
मैं बैंक के चक्कर लगाकर थक गया हूँ।
I am tired of making rounds to the bank.
Expresses repetitive, frustrating action.
ये सब पैसों का चक्कर है।
It's all a matter of money.
Used to explain a suspicious or complex situation.
तुम उसकी बातों के चक्कर में मत पड़ना।
Don't fall into the trap of his words.
'Chakkar mein padna' means to be misled.
पुलिस के चक्कर में कौन पड़ना चाहता है?
Who wants to get involved with the police?
Rhetorical question indicating avoidance of trouble.
दाल में कुछ काला है, कोई तो चक्कर है।
Something is fishy, there is some secret deal.
Combines two idioms for suspicion.
वह सरकारी दफ्तरों के चक्कर काट रहा है।
He is making rounds of government offices.
'Kaatna' here means to perform a repetitive task.
मुझे इस स्कीम में कोई चक्कर लगता है।
I feel there's something fishy in this scheme.
'Lagta hai' expresses an opinion or feeling.
यह इंजन प्रति मिनट हज़ार चक्कर काटता है।
This engine completes a thousand revolutions per minute.
Technical usage for RPM.
वह कोर्ट-कचहरी के चक्कर में फँस गया है।
He is trapped in the cycles of the court.
'Phans gaya' means 'got trapped'.
किरायेदारों के चक्कर में मकान मालिक परेशान है।
The landlord is troubled by the mess with the tenants.
'Ke chakkar mein' here means 'due to the complications with'.
चुनाव के चक्कर में नेता घर-घर जा रहे हैं।
Due to the elections, leaders are going door-to-door.
Indicates the motivation behind an action.
ज़िंदगी के इस चक्कर से बाहर निकलना मुश्किल है।
It is hard to get out of this cycle of life.
Metaphorical use for life's complexities.
उसने अपनी बातों के चक्कर में सबको उलझा दिया।
He entangled everyone in the web of his words.
'Uljha dena' means to entangle or confuse.
गलत संगति के चक्कर में उसका भविष्य बर्बाद हो गया।
His future was ruined due to bad company.
Indicates cause and effect.
यह सारा चक्कर सिर्फ एक गलतफहमी का था।
This whole mess was just because of a misunderstanding.
'Saara chakkar' means 'the whole situation'.
भारतीय दर्शन में जन्म-मृत्यु का चक्कर सर्वोपरि है।
In Indian philosophy, the cycle of birth and death is paramount.
Philosophical usage.
राजनीतिक दांव-पेंच के चक्कर में जनता पिस रही है।
The public is being crushed in the web of political maneuvers.
Metaphorical use for political traps.
लेखक ने उपन्यास में काल के चक्कर को खूबसूरती से दर्शाया है।
The author has beautifully depicted the cycle of time in the novel.
Literary analysis usage.
शेयर बाज़ार के चक्कर में कई घर बर्बाद हो गए।
Many homes were ruined due to the volatility/trap of the stock market.
Context of financial risk.
उसने अपने तर्क के चक्कर में खुद को ही फँसा लिया।
He trapped himself in the circle of his own logic.
Intellectual irony.
माया के चक्कर से मुक्त होना ही मोक्ष है।
Liberation is to be free from the trap of illusion (Maya).
Spiritual/Theological context.
बदले की भावना के चक्कर में उसने अपना ही नुकसान किया।
In the pursuit of revenge, he only harmed himself.
Psychological motivation.
प्रकृति का चक्कर निराला है, यहाँ सब कुछ लौटकर आता है।
Nature's cycle is unique; everything comes back here.
Observation of natural laws.
ब्रह्मांड के अनंत चक्करों की व्याख्या करना विज्ञान के लिए भी कठिन है।
Explaining the infinite revolutions of the universe is difficult even for science.
Scientific/Cosmological scale.
इतिहास के चक्कर में वही गलतियाँ बार-बार दोहराई जाती हैं।
In the cycle of history, the same mistakes are repeated over and over.
Historiographical observation.
उसकी बातों में ऐसा चक्कर था कि सत्य ओझल हो गया।
There was such a twist/labyrinth in his words that the truth became obscured.
Abstract metaphorical usage.
सत्ता के चक्कर में नैतिकता की बलि चढ़ा दी गई।
In the pursuit of power, morality was sacrificed.
Sociopolitical critique.
कर्मों के चक्कर से कोई भी जीव बच नहीं सकता।
No living being can escape the cycle of deeds (Karma).
Absolute philosophical statement.
वह अपनी ही महत्त्वाकांक्षाओं के चक्कर में घिर कर रह गया है।
He has remained surrounded/trapped by his own ambitions.
Internal psychological conflict.
भाषा के इस चक्कर को समझना हर किसी के बस की बात नहीं।
Understanding this labyrinth of language is not everyone's cup of tea.
Linguistic complexity.
समय के चक्कर ने राजा को रंक और रंक को राजा बना दिया।
The cycle of time turned the king into a beggar and the beggar into a king.
Classic literary trope about fate.
ترکیبهای رایج
عبارات رایج
— What is the matter? or What is going on? Used when suspicious.
तुम यहाँ छुपकर क्या कर रहे हो? क्या चक्कर है?
— There is no problem / There is no secret deal.
चिंता मत करो, कोई चक्कर नहीं है।
— To confuse someone or put them in a fix.
तुम्हारी बातों ने मुझे चक्कर में डाल दिया।
— Government-related bureaucratic delays or rounds.
सरकारी चक्करों में बहुत समय बर्बाद होता है।
— Dizziness and related symptoms (reduplicative phrase).
क्या तुम्हें कोई चक्कर-वक्कर आ रहे हैं?
اغلب اشتباه گرفته میشود با
Chakra is formal/Sanskrit; Chakkar is the common Hindi version.
Ghera is the boundary; Chakkar is the movement around it.
Pher implies a shift or turn; Chakkar implies a full circle.
اصطلاحات و عبارات
— To be deceived or trapped by someone's cunning.
बेचारा सीधा आदमी उसके चक्कर में आ गया।
Informal— To make repeated, often futile, visits to a place.
वह नौकरी के लिए दफ्तरों के चक्कर काट रहा है।
Neutral— To feel extremely confused or dizzy.
इतने कठिन सवाल देखकर मेरा सिर चक्कर खाने लगा।
Neutral— To baffle or perplex someone.
जादूगर ने अपने करतबों से सबको चक्कर में डाल दिया।
Neutral— The cycle of 8.4 million births (reincarnation).
इंसान चौरासी के चक्कर से मुक्ति चाहता है।
Spiritual— The lure of money that leads to trouble or obsession.
पैसे के चक्कर में उसने अपने दोस्त को धोखा दिया।
Neutral— To take a quick stroll or a short round.
चलो, बाज़ार का एक चक्कर मारते हैं।
Informal— To take a very long route or detour.
पुल टूटने की वजह से हमें लंबा चक्कर काटना पड़ा।
Neutralبهراحتی اشتباه گرفته میشود
It is the verb form of chakkar.
Chakkar is the noun (the sensation), Chakraana is the action of your head spinning.
मेरा सिर चकरा रहा है।
Both involve circular or roaming motion.
Ghoomna is general roaming; Chakkar is a specific lap or dizziness.
मैं पार्क में घूम रहा हूँ (I am roaming) vs मैं पार्क के चक्कर लगा रहा हूँ (I am doing laps).
الگوهای جملهسازی
मुझे [Noun] आ रहा है।
मुझे चक्कर आ रहा है।
[Place] के [Number] चक्कर लगाओ।
मैदान के तीन चक्कर लगाओ।
यह सब [Noun] का चक्कर है।
यह सब किस्मत का चक्कर है।
[Person] के चक्कर में [Result] हुआ।
उसके चक्कर में मेरा काम बिगड़ गया।
خانواده کلمه
اسمها
فعلها
صفتها
مرتبط
نحوه استفاده
Extremely high in daily conversation.
-
Mujhe chakkar aa rahi hai.
→
Mujhe chakkar aa rahe hain.
Chakkar is masculine; 'aa rahi hai' is feminine.
-
Main chakkar hoon.
→
Mujhe chakkar aa rahe hain.
You cannot 'be' a dizziness; it must 'come' to you.
نکات
Verb Pairing
Remember: 'Aaana' for feeling, 'Lagana/Kaatna' for doing rounds.
Detours
Use 'lamba chakkar' when you have to take a long way around.
حفظ کنید
روش یادسپاری
Imagine a 'Checker' piece moving in a 'Chakkar' (circle) on the board until it gets dizzy.
تداعی تصویری
Visualize a ceiling fan spinning. Each rotation is a 'chakkar'. Now imagine the fan making you feel dizzy—that is also 'chakkar'.
شبکه واژگان
چالش
Try to use 'chakkar' in three different ways today: one for exercise, one for health, and one for a confusing situation.
ریشه کلمه
Derived from the Sanskrit word 'चक्र' (Chakra), meaning wheel or circle.
معنای اصلی: A wheel, a discus, or a circular object.
Indo-Aryanبافت فرهنگی
Be careful using 'chakkar' for 'affair' in formal settings as it can be seen as derogatory or gossipy.
English speakers often use 'dizziness' or 'rounds', but rarely use the same word for both. In Hindi, 'chakkar' bridges the physical and the situational.
تمرین در زندگی واقعی
موقعیتهای واقعی
At the Doctor's
- मुझे चक्कर आ रहे हैं
- सिर घूम रहा है
- कमजोरी से चक्कर
- दवाई से चक्कर
At the Park
- कितने चक्कर लगाए?
- एक चक्कर और
- गोल चक्कर
- दौड़ का चक्कर
In the City
- रास्ते का चक्कर
- ट्रैफिक का चक्कर
- गोल चक्कर से मुड़ें
- लंबा चक्कर
Bureaucracy
- दफ्तर के चक्कर
- कागज़ों का चक्कर
- कोर्ट के चक्कर
- चक्कर काटना
Suspicious Situations
- क्या चक्कर है?
- गड़बड़ चक्कर
- पैसों का चक्कर
- झूठ का चक्कर
شروعکنندههای مکالمه
"क्या आपको कभी अचानक चक्कर आते हैं?"
"आप रोज़ पार्क के कितने चक्कर लगाते हैं?"
"क्या आपने कभी किसी सरकारी काम के लिए चक्कर काटे हैं?"
"रास्ते में कोई लंबा चक्कर तो नहीं लेना पड़ा?"
"फिल्म की कहानी में क्या चक्कर था, क्या आपको समझ आया?"
موضوعات نگارش
आज मैंने पार्क के इतने चक्कर लगाए और मुझे कैसा महसूस हुआ...
एक बार जब मैं किसी कानूनी या कागज़ी चक्कर में फँस गया था...
मेरे जीवन का सबसे लंबा चक्कर (detour) कब था?
क्या कभी किसी ने आपको अपनी बातों के चक्कर में फँसाया है?
चक्कर शब्द के विभिन्न उपयोगों पर एक छोटी कहानी लिखें।
سوالات متداول
5 سوالIt is a masculine noun. You should use masculine adjectives and verb forms with it, like 'bada chakkar' or 'chakkar aata hai'.
The most natural way is 'Mujhe chakkar aa rahe hain'. Avoid saying 'Main chakkar mehsoos kar raha hoon'.
Yes, 'gol chakkar' is the standard Hindi term for a traffic roundabout or a circus in a city layout.
No, it only means an affair in specific informal contexts. Usually, the context of the sentence makes it clear.
Chakra is the Sanskrit root and is used in formal, religious, or technical contexts. Chakkar is the everyday Hindi word.
خودت رو بسنج 21 سوال
Write a sentence using 'chakkar' to mean 'laps of a park'.
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Translate: 'I had to take a long detour because the road was closed.'
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Say 'I am feeling dizzy' in natural Hindi.
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
/ 21 درست
نمره کامل!
Summary
The word 'चक्कर' (Chakkar) is essential for expressing both physical dizziness and the repetitive cycles of life. Example: 'Mujhe chakkar aa rahe hain' means 'I am feeling dizzy', while 'Park ke chakkar lagao' means 'Do laps of the park'.
- Chakkar literally means a circle or a round lap.
- It is the standard word for dizziness or vertigo.
- Metaphorically, it refers to affairs, traps, or confusion.
- It is a masculine noun used with verbs like 'aana' and 'lagana'.
Verb Pairing
Remember: 'Aaana' for feeling, 'Lagana/Kaatna' for doing rounds.
Detours
Use 'lamba chakkar' when you have to take a long way around.
مثال
मुझे चक्कर आ रहे हैं।
محتوای مرتبط
واژههای بیشتر health
आंबुलेंस
C1وسیله نقلیهای که بهطور ویژه برای انتقال بیماران یا مجروحان به بیمارستانها مجهز شده است.
आहार संबंधी
C1مربوط به رژیم غذایی یا تغذیه.
आहार विशेषज्ञ
B1A person who is an expert on diet and nutrition.
आहार योजना
B1A plan for what to eat; diet plan.
आईसीयू
B1Intensive Care Unit, a specialized hospital ward.
आकस्मिक
B1Sudden, accidental, emergency.
आँखों का डॉक्टर
A2چشم پزشک؛ دکتری که بیماریهای چشم را درمان میکند.
आनुवंशिक इंजीनियरिंग
C1The deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material.
आनुवंशिक परामर्श
C1فرآیند مشاوره به افراد یا خانوادههای تحت تأثیر یا در معرض خطر اختلالات ژنتیکی.
आनुवंशिक उत्परिवर्तन
C1تغییر دائمی در توالی DNA که یک ژن را تشکیل میدهد.
